Night-Restricted Feeding Improves Gut Health by Synchronizing Microbe-Driven Serotonin Rhythm and Eating Activity-Driven Body Temperature Oscillations in Growing Rabbits

The circadian misalignment of the gut microbiota caused by unusual eating times in adult animals is related to disease development. However, whether the composition and diurnal rhythm of gut microbiota can be optimized by synchronizing the window period of eating with natural eating habits to reduce the risk of diarrhea remains unclear, especially in growing animals. In this study, 108 5-week-old weaned rabbits (nocturnal animals) were randomly subjected to daytime feeding (DF) and night-restricted feeding (NRF). At age 12 weeks, six rabbits were selected from each group, and caecum and cecal contents, as well as serum samples were collected at 4-h intervals during 24 h. Overall, NRF was found to reduce the risk of diarrhea in growing rabbits, improved the diurnal rhythm and abundance of beneficial microorganisms, along with the production of beneficial metabolites, whereas reduced the abundance of potential pathogens (Synergistes, Desulfovibrio, and Alistipes). Moreover, NRF improved diurnal rhythm of tryptophan hydroxylase isoform 1 and serotonin. Furthermore, NRF strengthened the diurnal amplitude of body core temperature, and promoted the diurnal expression of intestinal clock genes (BMAL1, CLOCK, REV-ERBα, and PER1), and genes related to the regulation of the intestinal barrier (CLAUDIN-1), and intestinal epithelial cell self-proliferation and renewal (BMI1). In vitro simulation experiments further revealed that synchronization of microbial-driven serotonin rhythm and eating activity-driven body temperature oscillations, which are important zeitgebers, could promote the diurnal expression of clock genes and CLAUDIN-1 in rabbit intestinal epithelial cells (RIEC), and enhance RIEC proliferation. This is the first study to reveal that NRF reprograms the diurnal rhythm of the gut microbiome, promotes the diurnal expression of clock genes and tight junction genes via synchronization of microbial-driven serotonin rhythm and eating activity-driven body temperature oscillations, thereby improving intestinal health and reducing the risk of diarrhea in growing rabbits. Collectively, these results provide a new perspective for the healthy feeding and management of growing animals.

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miRNA-10a-5p Alleviates Insulin Resistance and Maintains Diurnal Patterns of Triglycerides and Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice

Mediators of Inflammation ◽

10.1155/2020/8192187 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Yawei Guo ◽

Xiaohui Zhu ◽

Sha Zeng ◽

Mingyi He ◽

Xiurong Xing ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Glucose Intolerance ◽

Diurnal Rhythm ◽

High Fat Diet ◽

Clock Genes ◽

Body Weight Gain ◽

Strong Positive Correlation ◽

High Fat ◽

Diurnal Patterns

miRNA-10a is rhythmically expressed and regulates genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. However, the effects of miRNA-10a on obesity and glucose intolerance, as well as on the diurnal pattern of expression of circadian clock genes, remain unknown. We explored the effects of miRNA-10a-5p on insulin resistance and on the diurnal patterns of serum triglycerides and gut microbiota in high-fat diet- (HFD-) fed mice. The results showed that oral administration of miRNA-10a-5p significantly prevented body weight gain and improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in HFD-fed mice. Administration of miRNA-10a-5p also maintained the diurnal rhythm of Clock, Per2, and Cry1 expression, as well as serum glucose and triglyceride levels. Surprisingly, the diurnal oscillations of three genera of microbes, Oscillospira, Ruminococcus, and Lachnospiraceae, disrupted by HFD feeding, maintained by administration of miRNA-10a-5p. Moreover, a strong positive correlation was found between hepatic Clock expression and relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae, both in control mice (r=0.877) and in mice administered miRNA-10a-5p (r=0.853). Furthermore, we found that along with changes in Lachnospiraceae abundance, butyrate content in the feces maintained a diurnal rhythm after miRNA-10a-5p administration in HFD-fed mice. In conclusion, we suggest that miRNA-10a-5p may improve HFD-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance through the modulation of the diurnal rhythm of Lachnospiraceae and its metabolite butyrate. Therefore, miRNA-10a-5p may have preventative properties in subjects with metabolic disorders.

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Desaturation of exhaled air in camels

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rspb.1981.0009 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 211 (1184) ◽

pp. 305-319 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Heat Exchange ◽

Body Temperature ◽

Water Vapour ◽

Mechanical Model ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Body Core Temperature ◽

Hygroscopic Properties ◽

Exhaled Air ◽

Body Core

We have found that camels can reduce the water loss due to evaporation from the respiratory tract in two ways: (1) by decreasing the temperature of the exhaled air and (2) by removal of water vapour from this air, resulting in the exhalation of air at less than 100% relative humidity (r. h.). Camels were kept under desert conditions and deprived of drinking water. In the daytime the exhaled air was at or near body core temperature, while in the cooler night exhaled air was at or near ambient air temperature. In the daytime the exhaled air was fully saturated, but at night its humidity might fall to approximately 75% r. h. The combination of cooling and desaturation can provide a saving of water of 60% relative to exhalation of saturated air at body temperature. The mechanism responsible for cooling of the exhaled air is a simple heat exchange between the respiratory air and the surfaces of the nasal passageways. On inhalation these surfaces are cooled by the air passing over them, and on exhalation heat from the exhaled air is given off to these cooler surfaces. The mechanism responsible for desaturation of the air appears to depend on the hygroscopic properties of the nasal surfaces when the camel is dehydrated. The surfaces give off water vapour during inhalation and take up water from the respiratory air during exhalation. We have used a simple mechanical model to demonstrate the effectiveness of this mechanism.

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CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN FACIAL AND AURAL TEMPERATURE USING NEURAL NETWORKS AND IR FEVER SCANNER: A RESPONSIBLE SECOND LOOK

Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology ◽

10.1142/s0219519405001370 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 05 (01) ◽

pp. 165-190 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

E. Y. K. NG ◽

COLIN CHONG ◽

G. J. L. KAW

Keyword(s):

Neural Network ◽

Body Temperature ◽

False Negative ◽

The Body ◽

Body Core Temperature ◽

Thermal Imager ◽

Facial Skin ◽

Thermal Imagers ◽

Cardinal Symptom ◽

Elevated Body Temperature

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) is a highly infectious disease caused by a coronavirus. Screening to detect potential SARS infected subject with elevated body temperature plays an important role in preventing the spread of SARS. The use of infrared (IR) thermal imaging cameras has thus been proposed as a non-invasive, speedy, cost-effective and fairly accurate means for mass blind screening of potential SARS infected persons. Infrared thermography provides a digital image showing temperature patterns. This has been previously utilized in the detection of inflammation and nerve dysfunctions. It is believed that IR cameras may potentially be used to detect subjects with fever, the cardinal symptom of SARS and avian influenza. The accuracy of the infrared system can, however, be affected by human, environmental, and equipment variables. It is also limited by the fact that the thermal imager measures the skin temperature and not the body core temperature. Thus, the use of IR thermal systems at various checkpoints for mass screening of febrile persons is scientifically unjustified such as what is the false negative rate and most importantly not to create false sense of security. This paper aims to study the effectiveness of infrared systems for its application in mass blind screening to detect subjects with elevated body temperature. For this application, it is critical for thermal imagers to be able to identify febrile from normal subjects accurately. Minimizing the number of false positive and false negative cases improves the efficiency of the screening stations. False negative results should be avoided at all costs, as letting a SARS infected person through the screening process may result in potentially catastrophic results. Hitherto, there is lack of empirical data in correlating facial skin with body temperature. The current work evaluates the correlations (and classification) between the facial skin temperatures to the aural temperature using the artificial neural network approach to confirm the suitability of the thermal imagers for human temperature screening. We show that the Train Back Propagation and Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM) can form an opinion about the type of network that is better to complement thermogram technology in fever diagnosis to drive a better parameters for reducing the size of the neural network classifier while maintaining good classification accuracy.

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Clock genes regulate the feeding schedule-dependent diurnal rhythm changes in hexose transporter gene expressions through the binding of BMAL1 to the promoter/enhancer and transcribed regions

The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry ◽

10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.02.012 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 334-343 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Ikumi Iwashina ◽

Kazuki Mochizuki ◽

Yuko Inamochi ◽

Toshinao Goda

Keyword(s):

Diurnal Rhythm ◽

Clock Genes ◽

Hexose Transporter ◽

Transporter Gene ◽

Feeding Schedule ◽

Gene Expressions

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Intestinal epithelial glycosylation in homeostasis and gut microbiota interactions in IBD

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology ◽

10.1038/s41575-020-0331-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (10) ◽

pp. 597-617

Author(s):

Matthew R. Kudelka ◽

Sean R. Stowell ◽

Richard D. Cummings ◽

Andrew S. Neish

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Intestinal Epithelial

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“Gut Microbiota-Circadian Clock Axis” in Deciphering the Mechanism Linking Early-Life Nutritional Environment and Abnormal Glucose Metabolism

International Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1155/2019/5893028 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Liyuan Zhou ◽

Lin Kang ◽

Xinhua Xiao ◽

Lijing Jia ◽

Qian Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Circadian Rhythm ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Circadian Clock ◽

Early Life ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Clock Genes ◽

Early Stage ◽

Adult Life ◽

Metabolic Memory

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has been increasing dramatically worldwide, but the pathogenesis is still unknown. A growing amount of evidence suggests that an abnormal developmental environment in early life increases the risk of developing metabolic diseases in adult life, which is referred to as the “metabolic memory” and the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis. The mechanism of “metabolic memory” has become a hot topic in the field of DM worldwide and could be a key to understanding the pathogenesis of DM. In recent years, several large cohort studies have shown that shift workers have a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and worse control of blood glucose levels. Furthermore, a maternal high-fat diet could lead to metabolic disorders and abnormal expression of clock genes and clock-controlled genes in offspring. Thus, disorders of circadian rhythm might play a pivotal role in glucose metabolic disturbances, especially in terms of early adverse nutritional environments and the development of metabolic diseases in later life. In addition, as a peripheral clock, the gut microbiota has its own circadian rhythm that fluctuates with periodic feeding and has been widely recognized for its significant role in metabolism. In light of the important roles of the gut microbiota and circadian clock in metabolic health and their interconnected regulatory relationship, we propose that the “gut microbiota-circadian clock axis” might be a novel and crucial mechanism to decipher “metabolic memory.” The “gut microbiota-circadian clock axis” is expected to facilitate the future development of a novel target for the prevention and intervention of diabetes during the early stage of life.

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IRF3 prevents colorectal tumorigenesis via inhibiting the nuclear translocation of β-catenin

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-020-19627-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Miao Tian ◽

Xiumei Wang ◽

Jihong Sun ◽

Wenlong Lin ◽

Lumin Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Nuclear Translocation ◽

Negative Regulator ◽

Intestinal Epithelial ◽

Colorectal Tumorigenesis ◽

Genetic Ablation ◽

Prognosis Marker ◽

Immune Sensing ◽

Innate Immune Sensing

AbstractOccurrence of Colorectal cancer (CRC) is relevant with gut microbiota. However, role of IRF3, a key signaling mediator in innate immune sensing, has been barely investigated in CRC. Here, we unexpectedly found that the IRF3 deficient mice are hyper-susceptible to the development of intestinal tumor in AOM/DSS and Apcmin/+ models. Genetic ablation of IRF3 profoundly promotes the proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells via aberrantly activating Wnt signaling. Mechanically, IRF3 in resting state robustly associates with the active β-catenin in the cytoplasm, thus preventing its nuclear translocation and cell proliferation, which can be relieved upon microbe-induced activation of IRF3. In accordance, the survival of CRC is clinically correlated with the expression level of IRF3. Therefore, our study identifies IRF3 as a negative regulator of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and a potential prognosis marker for Wnt-related tumorigenesis, and describes an intriguing link between gut microbiota and CRC via the IRF3-β-catenin axis.

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Administration of Exogenous Melatonin Improves the Diurnal Rhythms of the Gut Microbiota in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

mSystems ◽

10.1128/msystems.00002-20 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Jie Yin ◽

Yuying Li ◽

Hui Han ◽

Jie Ma ◽

Gang Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Gut Microbiota ◽

Circadian Clock ◽

High Fat Diet ◽

Serum Lipid ◽

Clock Genes ◽

Diurnal Rhythms ◽

High Fat ◽

Exogenous Melatonin ◽

Circadian Clock Genes

ABSTRACT Melatonin, a circadian hormone, has been reported to improve host lipid metabolism by reprogramming the gut microbiota, which also exhibits rhythmicity in a light/dark cycle. However, the effect of the administration of exogenous melatonin on the diurnal variation in the gut microbiota in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) is unclear. Here, we further confirmed the antiobesogenic effect of melatonin on mice fed an HFD for 2 weeks. Samples were collected every 4 h within a 24-h period, and diurnal rhythms of clock gene expression (Clock, Cry1, Cry2, Per1, and Per2) and serum lipid indexes varied with diurnal time. Notably, Clock and triglycerides (TG) showed a marked rhythm in the control in melatonin-treated mice but not in the HFD-fed mice. The rhythmicity of these parameters was similar between the control and melatonin-treated HFD-fed mice compared with that in the HFD group, indicating an improvement caused by melatonin in the diurnal clock of host metabolism in HFD-fed mice. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that most microbes exhibited daily rhythmicity, and the trends were different for different groups and at different time points. We also identified several specific microbes that correlated with the circadian clock genes and serum lipid indexes, which might indicate the potential mechanism of action of melatonin in HFD-fed mice. In addition, effects of melatonin exposure during daytime or nighttime were compared, but a nonsignificant difference was noticed in response to HFD-induced lipid dysmetabolism. Interestingly, the responses of microbiota-transplanted mice to HFD feeding also varied at different transplantation times (8:00 and 16:00) and with different microbiota donors. In summary, the daily oscillations in the expression of circadian clock genes, serum lipid indexes, and the gut microbiota appeared to be driven by short-term feeding of an HFD, while administration of exogenous melatonin improved the composition and diurnal rhythmicity of some specific gut microbiota in HFD-fed mice. IMPORTANCE The gut microbiota is strongly shaped by a high-fat diet, and obese humans and animals are characterized by low gut microbial diversity and impaired gut microbiota compositions. Comprehensive data on mammalian gut metagenomes shows gut microbiota exhibit circadian rhythms, which is disturbed by a high-fat diet. On the other hand, melatonin is a natural and ubiquitous molecule showing multiple mechanisms of regulating the circadian clock and lipid metabolism, while the role of melatonin in the regulation of the diurnal patterns of gut microbial structure and function in obese animals is not yet known. This study delineates an intricate picture of melatonin-gut microbiota circadian rhythms and may provide insight for obesity intervention.

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