scholarly journals Consistent Risk Management in a Changing World: Risk Equivalence in Fisheries and Other Human Activities Affecting Marine Resources and Ecosystems

2022 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Julie Roux ◽  
Daniel E. Duplisea ◽  
Karen L. Hunter ◽  
Jake Rice
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Reference Levels ◽  
Management Decisions ◽  
Conditioning Factors ◽  
Management Objectives ◽  
Environmental Considerations ◽  
Management Advice ◽  
Changing World

A changing climate makes the evaluation of human impacts on natural systems increasingly uncertain and affects the risk associated with management decisions. This influences both the achievability and meaning of marine conservation and resource management objectives. A risk-based framework that includes a risk equivalence approach in the evaluation of the potential consequences from human activity, can be a powerful tool for timely and consistent handling of environmental considerations in management advice. Risk equivalence permits a formal treatment of all sources of uncertainty, such that objectives-based management decisions can be maintained within acceptable risk levels and deliver outcomes consistent with expectations. There are two pathways to risk equivalence that can be used to account for the short-term and longer-term impacts of a changing environment: adjusting the degree of exposure to human pressure and adjusting the reference levels used to measure the risk. The first uses existing data and knowledge to derive risk conditioning factors applied to condition management advice on environmental departures from baseline conditions. The second is used to formalise the review and update of management objectives, reference levels and risk tolerances, so they remain consistent with potential consequences from human activity under new biological, ecological and socio-economic realities. A risk equivalence approach is about adapting existing practice to frame environmental considerations within objectives-based risk frameworks, systematically exploring alternative scenarios and assumptions, and conditioning management advice on environmental status. It is applicable to the management of all human activities impacting biological and ecological systems. Concepts of risk, risk conditioning factors, and incremental changes in risk, provide a common currency for the inclusion and communication of environmental effects into advice. Risk equivalence can ensure timely delivery of robust management advice accounting for demonstrated, anticipated or projected environmental effects. This can guide management decisions in a changing world, and greatly facilitate the implementation of an ecosystem approach for the management of human activities.

scholarly journals Consistent risk management in a changing world: risk equivalence in fisheries and other human activities affecting marine resources and ecosystems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Julie Roux ◽  
Daniel Duplisea ◽  
Karen L. Hunter ◽  
Jake Rice
Keyword(s):  
Human Activities ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Conditioning Factors ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Risk Levels ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Management Advice ◽  
Changing World

This manuscript addresses the need to account for climate change in the management of human activities affecting marine resources and ecosystems. A changing climate makes the evaluation of human impacts on natural systems increasingly uncertain, and affects the risks associated with management decisions. A flexible approach is proposed that involves routine formulation of alternative hypotheses for climate effects and exploration of risk equivalent management options that allow human activities to continue within acceptable risk levels despite shifting or novel conditions. The approach fits within existing risk frameworks and is applicable in all data and knowledge situations where management objectives are specified. Risk equivalence can be achieved either by conditioning the exposure to human pressures on demonstrated, anticipated or projected environmental change, or by conditioning the objectives themselves on a new environmental reality. We exemplify risk equivalence in fisheries management and discuss its applicability to the management of other human activities. Concepts of risk and risk conditioning factors provide a common language and understanding for the inclusion and communication of environmental considerations in management advice. The approach can guide robust and accountable decision-making in a changing world, and facilitate the implementation of ecosystem-based management.

Management of the Dutch Waddensea

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 485-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Vreugdenhil
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hydrological Processes ◽  
Dutch Government ◽  
Shallow Sea ◽  
Management Objectives ◽  
Late Middle Ages

It was not until the late Middle Ages that the sea penetrated far into the interior of The Netherlands, thus flooding three quarters of a million hectares of land. Since then half a million hectares have been reclaimed from the sea. The Dutch Government chose to preserve the remaining quarter of a million hectares of shallow sea with mudflats of the Waddensea as a nature reserve. The management objectives are at one hand to preserve all characteristic habitats and species with a minimal interference by human activities in geomorphological and hydrological processes, and at the other hand to guarantee the safety against the sea of the inhabitants of the adjacent mainland and islands and to facilitate certain economic and recreational uses of the Waddensea without jeopardizing the natural qualities. These objectives are being elaborated in managementplans.

scholarly journals Infrastructure resilience to navigate increasingly uncertain and complex conditions in the Anthropocene

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Chester ◽  
B. Shane Underwood ◽  
Braden Allenby ◽  
Margaret Garcia ◽  
Constantine Samaras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Activities ◽  
Resilience Theory ◽  
Infrastructure Resilience ◽  
Physical Assets ◽  
Complexity Engineering ◽  
Changing World

AbstractInfrastructure are at the center of three trends: accelerating human activities, increasing uncertainty in social, technological, and climatological factors, and increasing complexity of the systems themselves and environments in which they operate. Resilience theory can help infrastructure managers navigate increasing complexity. Engineering framings of resilience will need to evolve beyond robustness to consider adaptation and transformation, and the ability to handle surprise. Agility and flexibility in both physical assets and governance will need to be emphasized, and sensemaking capabilities will need to be reoriented. Transforming infrastructure is necessary to ensuring that core systems keep pace with a changing world.

scholarly journals SEA LEVEL CHANGES ALONG THE COASTS OF KEA ISLAND AND PALEOGEOGRAPHICAL COASTAL RECONSTRUCTION OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 453 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.D Mourtzas
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Classical Period ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Coastal Morphology ◽  
Sea Levels

Sea level changes during the Upper Holocene submerged the coasts of Kea in three different phases about 5.50m, 3.90m and 1.50m respectively below the contemporary sea level thus causing sea transgression along the shores of Kea, which varied from 8m to 78m depending on the coastal morphology. These changes caused the alteration of the earlier morphology at coastal archaeological sites of the Island, as the prehistoric settlement of Ayia Irini and Classical period port of Karthaia, as well as, submerged under the sea areas of coastal human activity during antiquity, as the ancient schist quarry at Spathi bay. The study of historical, geomorphological and sedimentological data indicative of previous sea levels allow the paleogeographical reconstruction of the coasts during the period of human activities in these areas.

Excavations at an Iron Age Defended Enclosure at Tattershall Thorpe, Lincolnshire.

1986 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 159-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Chowne ◽  
Maureen Girling ◽  
James Greig
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Plant Macrofossil ◽  
Late Iron Age

Excavation of a late Iron Age enclosure at Tattershall Thorpe, Lincolnshire, produced substantial quantities of organic material preserved in the ditch filling. Insect, pollen and plant macrofossil remains allowed reconstruction of the environment and human activity in the area. Evidence for cultivation, grassland and human activities in the enclosure is discussed.

Advances in Understanding Landscape Influences on Freshwater Habitats and Biological Assemblages

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Aquatic Biota ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Landscape Scales

<i>Abstract.</i>—Over the past decade, numerous studies have identified correlative relationships between aquatic biota and human activities at landscape scales. In addition to demonstrating the pervasive effects of these activities on aquatic biota, these findings have encouraged researchers to suggest that predictive relationships between human activities and aquatic biota could be used to enhance diagnostic power of biological assessments, predict future changes in species distributions, and inform land-use planning. However, to achieve these important goals, descriptions of human activities will need to become more detailed than the simple land use/land cover classifications frequently used. Our purpose is to highlight four sources of human activity data (existing geographic information system layers, census data, remotely sensed images, and visual landscape surveys) that can be used to increase the level of detail with which the human environment is described. Strengths and weaknesses of each data source are discussed and methods for adapting those data to aquatic studies are described by drawing on experiences from studies in the agricultural landscapes of southern Manitoba and southwestern Ontario, Canada. Based on the observations and lessons learned from our previous experiences, we make recommendations for how researchers can identify and apply the data sources that best meet their needs. We also discuss challenges and possible solutions for applying the described data sources as well as for improving data availability in the future. Moreover, we encourage aquatic researchers to allot more time to detailed description of human activities because we believe this to be an effective approach to improving our ability to predict the effects of human activity and thus better assist decision makers in protecting aquatic ecosystems.

Pascal on Happiness

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 8-19
Author(s):  
Michael Moriarty
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Motive Force ◽  
Underlying Condition ◽  
Authentic Happiness

Pascal sees happiness (bonheur) as the ultimate goal of all human activity, but argues that experience shows it to be unattainable; our underlying condition is unhappiness. In the immediate, he argues, human activities are forms of diversion or distraction, by which we seek to screen from ourselves our unhappiness and mortality and to gratify our vanity. This analysis omits the role of pleasure, which he elsewhere identifies as the motive force of all volition. In order to reconcile this anomaly, we need to distinguish between the motive of our actions, the ultimate end they have in view, and the Supreme Good. The motive of our actions is pleasure, their ultimate end happiness, and the Supreme Good God, in union with whom authentic happiness consists.

scholarly journals Invertebrates Diversity of Merta Segara and Nyangnyang Beach: Comparison Study of Two Beaches with Different Characteristics

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Buya Azmedia Istiqlal ◽  
I Wayan Kasa ◽  
Deny Suhernawan Yusup
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Substrate Type ◽  
Invertebrate Diversity ◽  
Type Frequency ◽  
Different Characteristics

The diversity of intertidal invertebrates in Bali was believed to be affected by human activities, due to high rate of development in tourism industry. In order to reveal the real natural invertebrate diversity, it is necessary to investigate it at a kind of untouched beach of Bali. This study was perform by comparing invertebrate diversity (species richness, density, community structure) and human activity (Type, frequency) in Merta Segara Beach, as the beach with frequent human activities, and Nyangnyang Beach, as the beach with little human activities. Invertebrates sample were taken within intertidal zone using line transect-quadrate during low tide. Human activities were observed in the afternoon from March to April 2016. The result showed a significant different in density and community structure between both Merta Segara and Nyangnyang beach as the consequences of different substrate type of both beaches. Walking on substrate or trampling was believed to be the most influencing activity for invertebrate diversity, especially for Merta Segara Beach. Next, a thorough study must be performed to conclusively tie the human activity to the alteration of invertebrate diversity in a coastal area. The high diversity, density and abundance of intertidal invertebrate of Nyangnyang Beach has literally shown that how diverse the biodiversity could be if the beach were protected from overexploited by tourism visitation and activity.

The Nature of Human Activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-128
Author(s):  
Tuğba Sevinç ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Western Thought ◽  
History Of

In this work I present some of Arendt’s criticisms of Marx and assess whether these criticisms are fair. I claim that Arendt reads Marx erroneously, which results in her failure to grasp certain similarities between Marx and herself, at least on some points. It is important to mention that Arendt’s interest in Marx is part of a wider project she pursues. She believes that Marx’s theory might allow us to establish a link between Bolshevism and the history of Western thought. Marx’s notion of history and progress enables Arendt to support her claim that Marx’s theory involves totalitarian elements. By way of correcting Arendt’s misreading of Marx, my purpose has been to get a better understanding of the theories of Marx and Arendt, as well as to see their incompatible views regarding the nature of human activity and of freedom. Arendt charges Marx of ignoring the most central human activity, that is ‘action’; and of denying human beings a genuine political existence and freedom. Furthermore, according to Arendt, Marx conceives labor as human being’s highest activity and ignores the significance of other two activities, namely work and action. In the last analysis, Marx and Arendt prioritizes distinct human activities as the most central (labor and action, respectively) to human beings; and as a result, they provide us two irreconcilable views of politics, history and freedom.

The Effect of Human Activity on Shorebirds in Two Coastal Bays in Northeastern United States

1986 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Burger
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Jersey ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Human Activities ◽  
Delaware Bay ◽  
Secondary Peak ◽  
Northeastern United States ◽  
Road Vehicles ◽  
Coastal Bays ◽  
Bird Populations

The effects of human activities on shorebirds migrating through Raritan and Delaware Bays (New Jersey, USA) were examined from late April to late October 1982. Less than 5% of the 471,055 shorebirds counted in the censuses were in Raritan Bay, and only eight species accounted for 95% of the total. Bird populations peaked during late May to early June, and had a secondary peak in early August. People walking accounted for 43% (Raritan Bay) and 50% (Delaware Bay) of the disturbances. Other disturbances, in descending order of abundance, were of fishermen, airplanes, dogs, clam-diggers, off-road vehicles, boats, children, and joggers.

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