scholarly journals The Complex Interplay of Inflammation, Metabolism, Epigenetics, and Sex in Calcific Disease of the Aortic Valve

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Ferrari ◽  
Maurizio Pesce

Calcification of the aortic valve is one of the most rapidly increasing pathologies in the aging population worldwide. Traditionally associated to cardiovascular risk conditions, this pathology is still relatively unaddressed on a molecular/cellular standpoint and there are no available treatments to retard its progression unless valve substitution. In this review, we will describe some of the most involved inflammatory players, the metabolic changes that may be responsible of epigenetic modifications and the gender-related differences in the onset of the disease. A better understanding of these aspects and their integration into a unique pathophysiology context is relevant to improve current therapies and patients management.

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anjana R Nair ◽  
Aiswarya J Pillai ◽  
Nandini Nair

: Menopause is associated with changes consistent with cardiovascular aging. The effects on cardiac disease is multifaceted affecting endothelial function, coronary artery physiology and metabolic dysfunction leading to structural changes in the coronary anatomy. A systematic review of literature from 1986 to 2019 was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar. The search was directed to retrieve papers that addressed the changes in cardiovascular physiology in menopause and the current therapies available to treat cardiovascular manifestations of menopause. The metabolic and clinical factors secondary to menopause such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, fat redistribution and systemic hypertension contribute to the accelerated risk for cardiovascular aging and disease. Atherosclerosis appears to be the end result of the interaction between cardiovascular risk factors and their accentuation during the perimenopausal period. Additionally, complex interactions between oxidative stress and levels of L-arginine and ADMA may also influence endothelial dysfunction in menopause. The increased cardiovascular risk in menopause stems from the exaggerated effects of changing physiology on the cardiovascular system affecting peripheral, cardiac and cerebrovascular beds. The differential effects of menopause on cardiovascular disease at the subclinical, biochemical and molecular levels form the highlights of this review.


2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Domingues ◽  
M Oliveira-Santos ◽  
M Castelo-Branco ◽  
R Silva ◽  
A Gomes ◽  
...  

Abstract 18F-sodium fluoride (18F-NaF) has been used to evaluate aortic stenosis. It is know that its uptake is related with microcalcification. The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between 18F-NaF uptake by the aortic valve and by the main arterial vessels and cardiovascular risk. Twenty-five hypertensive patients without known cardiovascular disease or aortic stenosis underwent PET-CT with 18F-NaF. Cardiovascular risk was assessed through the ASCVD risk calculator. The patients had a mean age of 64.0±8.6 years and 56% were males. The mean ASCVD risk was of 28.8±19.0 (IQR: 10–48.5). The uptake of 18F-NaF assessed through the corrected uptake per lesion (CUL = max SUV – mean blood-pool SUV) was of 0.49±0.14 (IQR: 0.44–0.57) and the mean uptake in the aortic, coronary and carotid territories was of 0.66±0.21 (IQR: 0.53 - 0.76).The patients were classified according to the ASCVD: Group A: patients with a risk above the 50thpercentile of the ASCVD risk distribution (50thpercentile=25), 12 patients) and Group B: patients with a risk under or equal to the 50thpercentile of the ASCVD risk distribution, 13 patients. The uptake of 18F-NaF in the aortic valve (AoV)and in the main vascular territories (VT) were evaluated in both groups: A vs B: AoV CUL = 0.57±0.09 vs 0. 42±0.14, p=0.005; VT= 0.78±0.16 vs 0.54±0.20, p=0.003. We also evaluate the relation between AoV uptake and VT uptake and they were significantly related (r=0.69, p=0.0001). In conclusion on this study microcalcification of the aortic valve and in the main vessels, evaluated through 18F-NaF uptake, were related between them and with cardiovascular risk reinforcing the importance of cardiovascular risk prevention in aortic valve degeneration and vascular atherosclerosis.


Author(s):  
Nathalia Sernizon Guimarães ◽  
Júlia Fonseca de Morais Caporali ◽  
Priscila Valeria do Carmo Carvalho Reis ◽  
Pedro Rezende Tanajura ◽  
André Ribeiro Guimarães ◽  
...  

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Octavio Carvajal-Zarrabal ◽  
Cirilo Nolasco-Hipolito ◽  
M. Guadalupe Aguilar-Uscanga ◽  
Guadalupe Melo-Santiesteban ◽  
Patricia M. Hayward-Jones ◽  
...  

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of avocado oil administration on biochemical markers of cardiovascular risk profile in rats with metabolic changes induced by sucrose ingestion. Twenty-five rats were divided into five groups: a control group (CG; basic diet), a sick group (MC; basic diet plus 30% sucrose solution), and three other groups (MCao, MCac, and MCas; basic diet plus 30% sucrose solution plus olive oil and avocado oil extracted by centrifugation or using solvent, resp.). Glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, low- and high-density lipoproteins (LDL, HDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), lactic dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein concentration were analyzed. Avocado oil reduces TG, VLDL, and LDL levels, in the LDL case significantly so, without affecting HDL levels. An effect was exhibited by avocado oil similar to olive oil, with no significant difference between avocado oil extracted either by centrifugation or solvent in myocardial injury biochemical indicators. Avocado oil decreased hs-CRP levels, indicating that inflammatory processes were partially reversed. These findings suggested that avocado oil supplementation has a positive health outcome because it reduces inflammatory events and produces positive changes in the biochemical indicators studied, related to the development of metabolic syndrome.


2012 ◽  
Vol 78 (9) ◽  
pp. 3431-3441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Yin ◽  
Sihai Xiang ◽  
Jianting Zheng ◽  
Keqiang Fan ◽  
Tingting Yu ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTIn bacteria, arginine biosynthesis is tightly regulated by a universally conserved regulator, ArgR, which regulates the expression of arginine biosynthetic genes, as well as other important genes. Disruption ofargRinStreptomyces clavuligerusNP1 resulted in complex phenotypic changes in growth and antibiotic production levels. To understand the metabolic changes underlying the phenotypes, comparative proteomic studies were carried out between NP1 and itsargRdisruption mutant (designated CZR). In CZR, enzymes involved in holomycin biosynthesis were overexpressed; this is consistent with its holomycin overproduction phenotype. The effects on clavulanic acid (CA) biosynthesis are more complex. Several proteins from the CA cluster were moderately overexpressed, whereas several proteins from the 5S clavam biosynthetic cluster and from the paralog cluster of CA and 5S clavam biosynthesis were severely downregulated. Obvious changes were also detected in primary metabolism, which are mainly reflected in the altered expression levels of proteins involved in acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) and cysteine biosynthesis. Since acetyl-CoA and cysteine are precursors for holomycin synthesis, overexpression of these proteins is consistent with the holomycin overproduction phenotype. The complex interplay between primary and secondary metabolism and between secondary metabolic pathways were revealed by these analyses, and the insights will guide further efforts to improve production levels of CA and holomycin inS. clavuligerus.


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