scholarly journals Synthesis of Bio-Cellulose Acetate Membrane From Coconut Juice Residues for Carbon Dioxide Removal From Biogas in Membrane Unit

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Attaso Khamwichit ◽  
Sakkarin Wattanasit ◽  
Wipawee Dechapanya
Keyword(s):  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Cellulose Acetate Membrane ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Membrane Unit ◽  
Separation Unit

The rapid growth of energy demand and consumption from fossil fuels has been of great concern since the last decade. Renewable energy, including biogas production from wastes, has been studied to ease up the energy crisis problems. This study aims to synthesize bio-cellulose acetate (CA) membranes from agricultural waste and to study its efficiency in the removal of CO2 from biogas. The bio-CA membranes were synthesized from acetylation of bacterial cellulose (BC) and obtained from coconut juice residues (CJRs). The results showed that both chemical and physical characteristics of the bio-CA membrane were compared with those of the chemical CA membranes. The CO2 removal capacity of the bio-CA membranes was tested in a membrane separation unit. The maximum CO2 selectivity of 29.53 was achieved when using the bio-CA membrane with a thickness of 0.05 mm under the feed pressure of 0.1 MPa. Thick CA membranes exhibited better CO2 selectivity performance, particularly at low operating pressure. However, the CO2/CH4 separation factor decreased in the high-pressure region, probably because of the plasticization of the gas components. Eco-efficiency was evaluated to determine the optimal process conditions. In terms of eco-efficiency, the results suggested that the optimal condition was a bio-CA membrane of 0.05-mm thickness and pressure of 0.1 MPa. The implication of this study is promoting a zero-waste environment in which the agricultural residues could be potentially used in the synthesis of high-value CA membranes for biogas purification applications in energy production.

scholarly journals COMPARISON OF KINETIC MODELS FOR BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM RICE STRAW

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukhi Mulia Shitophyta ◽  
Maryudi Maryudi ◽  
Budiyono Budiyono
Keyword(s):  
Linear Equation ◽  
Rice Straw ◽  
Kinetic Models ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Total Solid ◽  
Renewable Energies ◽  
Energy Crisis ◽  
Exponential Equation

The rising of global energy demand has led to an energy crisis, especially fossil energy. The development of renewable energies is needed to overcome the energy crisis. Biogas is one of renewable energies (biofuels) which is developed to minimize the dependency on fossil fuels. Biogas can be derived from agricultural wastes such as rice straw. The aim of this research was to compare the kinetic models of biogas production form rice straw using the linear and exponential equations models. This research was conducted at the total solid (TS) content of 20%, 22% and 24%. The result showed that the exponential equation had a better correlation than the linear equation on the ascending period of biogas production, while linear equation was better than exponential equation during descending period.

scholarly journals Membran nonofiltrasi untuk penghilangan ion valensi tinggi dan senyawa organik dari sumber air salinitas tinggi

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iman Ciptaraharja ◽  
Veronica S. Praptowidodo
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Cellulose Acetate Membrane ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Nanofiltration Membrane ◽  
Feed Concentration ◽  
Porous Support ◽  
Scanning Electron

Utilization of nanofiltration membrane for high valence ion and organic compound removing from high salinized water source.The influence of solvent selection to membrane morphology for cellulose acetate nanofiltration membrane preparation in mass transfer of a multistage reverse osmosis process is studied. Membrane is prepared via precipitation immersion technique. The polymer used in this study is cellulose acetate (CA) with a concentration of 25 %-w. The feed concentration of univalent ion solution (NaCl) is varied between 2000-16.000 mg/L. The operating pressure is adjusted such that the operating pressure is three times of the osmotic pressure of NaCl solution. The concentration of bivalent ion (CaCl2), trivalent ion (FeCl3), and organic substance (glucose) are 200 mg/L, 50 mg/L, and 100 mg/L, respectively. The morphology of the membrane is characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Membrane CA-01 (CA/DMF/Water) is a nanofiltration membrane with a thinner active layer and a more porous support layer than membrane CA-02 (CA/Aceton/Watter) which is categorized as a reverse osmosis membrane. A reduced feed concentration (at a fixed operating pressure) gives an elevated flux however the rejection is decreased. Meanwhile, an elevated operating pressure (at a fixed feed concentration) gives an elevated flux and rejection. Membrane CA-01 has met the requirement as a nanofiltration membrane since it gives 66 % rejection for NaCl at 20 Bar. At the same operating pressure, membrane CA-01 gives rejection for CaCl2, FeCl3, and glucose of 80.45%, 82.14%, and 83.42%, respectively.Keywords: Cellulose Acetate, Membrane, Multistage, Nanotiltration, Reverse Osmosis, Saline WaterAbstrakPenelitian ini dilakukan untuk mempelajari pengaruh jenis pelarut dalam pembuatan membran nanofiltrasi dari polimer selulosa asetat terhadap struktur morfologi membran dalam peristiwa perpindahan massa pada proses pemisalan osmosis balik multitahap. Teknik pembuatan membran yang digunakan adalah presipitasi imersi. Polimer membran yang digunakan adalah seulosa asetat (CA) pada konsentrasi 25 %-berat. Umpan yang digunakan adalah larutan ion valensi satu (NaCl) dengan variasi konsentrasi antara 2000 hingga 16.000 mg/L. Tekanan operasi diatur sedemikian rupa sehingga nilai rekanan operasi adalah sekitar tiga kali tekanan osmotik larutan NaCl. Percobaan juga dilakukan untuk umpan larutan ion valensi dua (CaCl2), ion valensi tiga (FeCl3), dan senyawa organik (glukosa) dengan konsentrasi, berturut-turut, adalah 200 mg/L, 50 mg/L,  dan 100 mg/L. Struktur morfologi membran diuji menggunakan metoda Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Membran CA-01 (CA/DMF/Air) merupakan membran nanofiltrasi dengan lapisan aktif yang lebih tipis dan ukuran pori lapisan penyangga yang lebih besar daripada membran CA-02 (CA/Aseton/Air), yang termasuk ke dalam membran osmosis balik. Penurunan konsentrasi umpan pada tekanan operasi yang tetap memberikan nilai fluks yang meningkat, namun memberikan nilai rejeksi yang menurun. Sementara itu, peningkatan tekanan operasi pada konsentrasi umpan yang tetap akan memberikan nilai fluks dan rejeksi yang meningkat. Membran CA-01 telah memenuhi persyaratan sebagai membran nanofiltrasi dengan rejeksi NaCl mencapai 66 % pada tekanan 20 Bar. Pada tekanan yang sama membran CA-01 memberikan nilai rejeksi untuk CaCl2, FeCl3, dan glukosa berturut-turut sebesar 80,45%, 82,14%, dan 83,42 %.Kata Kunci: Air Salinitas Tinggi, Membran, Multitahap, Nanofiltrasi, Osmosis Balik, Selulosa Asetat.

scholarly journals Anaerobic Digestion of Biomass for production of Biogas: Progress and Advantages

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 108-111
Author(s):  
Kumar Gaurav
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Energy Sources

A major share of world’s primary energy requirement is dependent on fossil fuels which is not only a non renewable source of energy and on the verge of extinction but also associated with serious environmental concerns. To combat these issues, alternative renewable energy sources are required. Certain examples of renewable energy sources are solar energy, wind energy, hydro and thermal energy, biofuels etc. Biomass is one such alternative which is freely and abundantly available. It is mainly the agricultural waste and vegetable waste which are perishable and create a lot of nuisance. Tapping this biomass for energy production will be beneficial in two ways; it will be an excellent source of energy generation and it will also help in waste management for environment protection. Energy generation from Biomass can take place either chemically or thermo-chemically. In the present paper advantages of anaerobic digestion of biomass are discussed for biogas production.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial activity and cellulose acetate membrane characterization with tangerine peel extract (Citrus reticulata) for bio packing

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e5
Author(s):  
Rachel F Magnago Magnago RFM ◽  
Karine Modolon Zepon ◽  
Igor Fagundes Valezan ◽  
Thais Andressa Walber ◽  
Morgana Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Sample Surface ◽  
Homogeneous Material ◽  
Cellulose Acetate Membrane ◽  
Citrus Reticulata ◽  
Membrane Characterization ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
Peel Extract

Biopacking material was obtained by incorporating tangerine peel extract (Citrus reticulata) in cellulose acetate (CA) film. The acetate film with tangerine extract was shown to have a homogeneous material characteristic by FTIR and DSC analysis, being reinforced in MEV and MFA, and showed absence of pores in the film with extract. These characteristics justify the reduced water absorption and release of the CA membrane extract. Low water absorption is important for the film to act as a barrier with external environment and the release of the extract was sufficient to prevent the growth of the strains investigated on the sample surface. The introduction of the extract also reduced the tensile strength and deformation of the film. This study showed the good potential of biomass for active bio packing that can gradually replace non-renewable packaging and take advantage of agricultural waste.

Synthesis and Characterization of Membranes from Cellulose Acetate Derivatives of Corn Husk

2019 ◽  
Vol 818 ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
Lucky Setyaningsih ◽  
Harry Priambodo ◽  
Inggar Erfiano ◽  
Sandy Agung ◽  
Rizqi Khrido Utomo
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Cellulose Acetate Membrane ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Cellulosic Fibers ◽  
Swelling Degree ◽  
Corn Husk ◽  
Crosslinking Process

In this study membranes synthesized using cellulose acetate through chemical crosslinking process with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and dimethylformamide (DMF) acts as crosslinker agent. Cellulose is derived from corn husk, which known as agricultural waste that has potential sources of cellulosic fibers in producing cellulose acetate. The prepared membranes of corn husk cellulose were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction. The effect of various additives and additives concentration were investigated to obtain swelling degree and tensile strength of membranes. Result showed that highest swelling degree of 236% was achieved in the condition of DMF/S 10% w/w. This condition produce cellulose acetate membrane with thickness of 0.074 mm, tensile strength of 27.5kg/cm2 and elongation of 3.5%.

scholarly journals Agricultural Wastes – A Promising Source for Biogas Production in Developing Countries of the Tropical and Subtropical Regions

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (38) ◽  
pp. 02-12
Author(s):  
Mirko Barz ◽  
Mitra Kami Delivand ◽  
Konstantin Dinkler
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Agricultural Residues ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Dissemination And Implementation ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Promising Source

Most of the so called developing countries are located in tropical and/or sub-tropical regions whilst in contrast, most of the developed countries are in the temperate climate zones. It is expected that a huge increase in the future global energy consumption will be caused by the demand of the developing countries. Caused by the favourable climate conditions in tropical and/or sub-tropical regions the average productivity of biomass is 4 – 5 times higher than that of biomass grown in the temperate regions. Many of the developing countries today are agricultural and agro-industrial countries producing huge amounts of agricultural residues and wastes that can be used as source for energy generation. It is estimated that if only all process-based agricultural residues alone would be used, they could contribute between 25 % and 40 % of the total primary energy demand in such regions [1]. Until now, the huge amount of agricultural waste generated each year in developing countries is a headache for farmers, who are obliged to get rid of it. Open field burning and improper disposal are omnipresent in many regions and pollute the environment. Converting such waste into bioenergy such as biogas by using anaerobic digestion technologies represents an alternative treatment with a promising potential. Such treatment prevents pollution, is producing valuable and climate friendly energy and will contribute to nutrient recovery by using the digestate as fertilizer. The paper will introduce some of the most promising agricultural residues in tropical and subtropical regions which can be used as substrates or co-substrates for biogas production. Results of a research project carried out in Costa Rica will be used as a case study to show the potential of two of the major agricultural residues (pineapple and banana residues) as sources for biogas production. The opportunities and prospects for the dissemination and implementation of new and more developed technologies to improve the efficiency of the technologies will be shown.

scholarly journals Biomass Stand-Alone System for Power Supply Option to Remote/Isolated Locations

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-168
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Dc Motor ◽  
Heating Water ◽  
Permanent Magnet Dc Motor ◽  
Combustion Technique

Reliability and continuity of electricity supply generated by the use of fossil fuels cannot be guaranteed absolutely because of the present decline in oil and gas. Because of this, it becomes necessary to consider another form of energy generation such as biomass. In this work, the potential of electricity generation for a small household rural/isolated location using combustion technique was done. Due to the availability of sufficient biomass (agricultural waste) in rural/isolated locations, rice husk combustion technique for biopower generation was investigated in this work. The experiment was conducted at Uburu in Ohaozara Local Government Area of Ebonyi State. A 12V permanent magnet DC motor was used as the alternator while rice husk was used as biomass fuel. The biopower was achieved by heating water to steam which was used to turn the turbine attached to the permanent DC motor and a maximum of 155Whr was generated. From the result, it can be seen that the typical load of a household in a rural/isolated location is 55W and the peak experimental power is 154.96W. This peak experimental power is sufficient to carry the household load in a rural/isolated location. The peak experimental energy value is 1549.6Whr in a 10 minutes interval which is far more than the energy demand of 260Whr in a typical household in rural/isolated location. The result shows that biomass can be used to generate power for lighting point and power outlet for small households in rural/isolated locations.

Biodiesel production from non-edible oils: A review

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-159
Author(s):  
Jatinder Kataria ◽  
Saroj Kumar Mohapatra ◽  
Amit Pal
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Control Measure ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Animal Fats ◽  
The World

The limited fossil reserves, spiraling price and environmental impact due to usage of fossil fuels leads the world wide researchers’ interest in using alternative renewable and environment safe fuels that can meet the energy demand. Biodiesel is an emerging renewable alternative fuel to conventional diesel which can be produced from both edible and non-edible oils, animal fats, algae etc. The society is in dire need of using renewable fuels as an immediate control measure to mitigate the pollution level. In this work an attempt is made to review the requisite and access the capability of the biodiesel in improving the environmental degradation.

BP Global Energy Outlook 2030

2013 ◽  
pp. 109-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rühl
Keyword(s):  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Global Energy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Market Shares ◽  
The Us ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Oil Gas

This paper presents the highlights of the third annual edition of the BP Energy Outlook, which sets out BP’s view of the most likely developments in global energy markets to 2030, based on up-to-date analysis and taking into account developments of the past year. The Outlook’s overall expectation for growth in global energy demand is to be 36% higher in 2030 than in 2011 and almost all the growth coming from emerging economies. It also reflects shifting expectations of the pattern of supply, with unconventional sources — shale gas and tight oil together with heavy oil and biofuels — playing an increasingly important role and, in particular, transforming the energy balance of the US. While the fuel mix is evolving, fossil fuels will continue to be dominant. Oil, gas and coal are expected to converge on market shares of around 26—28% each by 2030, and non-fossil fuels — nuclear, hydro and renewables — on a share of around 6—7% each. By 2030, increasing production and moderating demand will result in the US being 99% self-sufficient in net energy. Meanwhile, with continuing steep economic growth, major emerging economies such as China and India will become increasingly reliant on energy imports. These shifts will have major impacts on trade balances.

Effect of the structure of cellulose acetate membranes on their permeability, electrical conductivity and rejection

1990 ◽  
Vol 55 (12) ◽  
pp. 2933-2939 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans-Hartmut Schwarz ◽  
Vlastimil Kůdela ◽  
Klaus Richau
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Electrical Properties ◽  
Cellulose Acetate ◽  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Cellulose Acetate Membrane ◽  
Structure Parameters ◽  
Dc Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Cellulose Acetate Membranes

Ultrafiltration cellulose acetate membrane can be transformed by annealing into reverse osmosis membranes (RO type). Annealing brings about changes in structural properties of the membranes, accompanied by changes in their permeability behaviour and electrical properties. Correlations between structure parameters and electrochemical properties are shown for the temperature range 20-90 °C. Relations have been derived which explain the role played by the dc electrical conductivity in the characterization of rejection ability of the membranes in the reverse osmosis, i.e. rRO = (1 + exp (A-B))-1, where exp A and exp B are statistically significant correlation functions of electrical conductivity and salt permeation, or of electrical conductivity and water flux through the membrane, respectively.

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