scholarly journals The First Healed Bite Mark and Embedded Tooth in the Snout of a Middle Permian Gorgonopsian (Synapsida: Therapsida)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Benoit ◽  
Claire Browning ◽  
Luke A. Norton
Keyword(s):  
Middle Permian ◽  
Bite Marks ◽  
Bite Mark ◽  
Bony Callus ◽  
Social Signaling ◽  
First Time

Despite their significance for paleobiological interpretations, bite marks have been rarely reported in non-mammalian therapsids (NMT). Here we describe, for the first time, the occurrence of a tooth embedded in the snout of a gorgonopsian. The tooth is surrounded by a bony callus, which demonstrates that the animal was still alive after the attack and healed. The identity of the attacker is unknown. Two hypotheses are discussed to account for this healed bite: failed predation (most likely by a biarmosuchian, therocephalian, or another gorgonopsian) and intraspecific social biting. Though predation cannot be ruled out, it has been hypothesized that gorgonopsians used their saber-like teeth for social signaling, which suggests that social biting may be the most likely scenario. The practice of social biting has long been hypothesized in NMT, but this is the first fossilized evidence of the behavior to be described.

scholarly journals USE OF BITEMARKS FOR HUMAN IDENTIFICATION BY USING INTER-CANINE DISTANCE AND MESIO-DISTAL WIDTH OF MAXILLARY INCISORS.

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Sargam R. Parate ◽  
Aayushi Chauhan ◽  
Ashish Bodhade ◽  
Alka Dive
Keyword(s):  
Human Identification ◽  
The Body ◽  
Forensic Sciences ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
The Third ◽  
Bite Marks ◽  
Bite Mark ◽  
Average Proportion ◽  
Food Particles ◽  
Maxillary Incisors

Aim: to determine the use of bite marks for human identification by using inter- canine distance and mesio-distal width of maxillary incisors. Introduction: Odontogenic evidence is considered to be the third most precise method of identification of human in forensic sciences. Bite-marks on the body are intentionally made, those found on food particles are usually impractically left by the offender at the scene of crime, these marks are of great importance in identification of the offender. The present study was aimed to determine the use of bitemarks for human identification by using inter-canine distance and mesio-distal width of the maxillary incisors. Materials and Methods: 40 consenting volunteers were included in the study. With the help of autoclaved Vernier calliper, the inter-canine distance and mesio-distal width of maxillary incisors were measured and bite on chocolate (CADBURY 5Star) was taken. Using Vernier calliper, Inter-canine distance and Mesio-distal width (2 maxillary central and 2 lateral incisors), were measured from the bite mark. Both measurements obtained were coded and matching was done by two doubly blinded examiners. Results: The probability of correct identification on the basis of IC distance and MD width obtained from bite-marks is 68.35%. The average proportion of correct matching is 0.78 for IC distance measurement and 0.46 for MD width. Conclusion: Metric method can be used for human identification by using bite-mark. IC distance is more reliable and efficient in human identification than MD width.

scholarly journals Canine Bite-Mark Evidence in Veterinary Necropsy: Case Studies Featuring the Bite-Mark Examination

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Adrian Florin GAL ◽  
Roxana CORA ◽  
Flaviu TᾸBᾸRAN ◽  
Andras NAGY ◽  
Cornel CǍTOI
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Veterinary Science ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Cutaneous Wounds ◽  
Bite Marks ◽  
Bite Mark ◽  
Veterinary Pathology ◽  
Tissue Rupture ◽  
Bite Wounds

Forensic veterinary medicine tends to gain increasing importance in veterinary pathology, the number of such cases being still limited. The paper describes cases with multiple cutaneous wounds, with emphasis on bite-mark analysis. The material was represented by corpses (deer and dogs) brought by local authorities to Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca (Romania), along with preliminary reports issued by the competent organs. A complete medicolegal survey was done. The cases analyzed by us displayed numerous usually symmetrical (opposed) wounds, with angular margins and elongated aspect (somehow specific to bite wounds). All cases assessed presented laceration of the skin from the subcutaneous tissue, rupture of muscle and (in some cases) perforation of internal organs. The features of the bite-marks described were typical for carnivores. Depending on the species involved, the topography of lesions varied. In deer, the ventrolateral area of the neck and the lumbar/dorsal region were more commonly affected. The distribution suggests the hunting instinct of carnivores by trying to induce suffocation of the prey. In the analyzed dog corpses, the most affected areas were the auricular, limbs, sternal region, abdominal region. Investigation of bite-marks is an evolving field of forensic veterinary science and remains a provocation for veterinary pathologists.

Not All Bite Marks Are Associated with Abuse, Sexual Activities, or Homicides: A Case Study of a Self-Inflicted Bite Mark

1987 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 12386J ◽  
Author(s):  
Allan J. Warnick ◽  
Lynda Biedrzycki ◽  
Georg Russanow
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Activities ◽  
Bite Marks ◽  
Bite Mark

Predation on soft corals (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea) on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1281 ◽  
Author(s):  
JK Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Great Barrier Reef ◽  
Soft Coral ◽  
Barrier Reef ◽  
Soft Corals ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Bite Marks ◽  
First Time ◽  
Predation Rates

Quantitative evidence on predation rates on soft corals is presented for the first time. These measured predation rates were low. Less than 1% of the soft coral colonies present in mapped areas at Heron Island and Beaver Reefs had bite marks. Evidence suggests that over 51% of these bite marks were more than two months old. Predators included the mollusc Ovula ovum and two species of chaetodontid fishes that have not been recorded before as feeding on soft corals.

Cranial morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the Middle Permian pareiasaur Embrithosaurus schwarzi from the Karoo Basin of South Africa

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Johan Van den Brandt ◽  
Fernando Abdala ◽  
Bruce Sidney Rubidge
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Middle Permian ◽  
Cranial Morphology ◽  
Karoo Basin ◽  
Assemblage Zone ◽  
Mandibular Teeth ◽  
First Time ◽  
Globally Distributed ◽  
Distinct Taxon

Abstract Pareiasaurs were globally distributed, abundant, herbivorous parareptiles of the Middle to Late Permian, with the basal-most members found in the Middle Permian of South Africa. These basal taxa were particularly abundant and went extinct at the end of the Gaudalupian (Capitanian) at the top of the Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone. Currently four taxa are recognized in this group: Bradysaurus seeleyi, B. baini, Nochelesaurus alexanderi and Embrithosaurus schwarzi, but they are all poorly understood. We here present the first detailed cranial description and updated diagnosis for Embrithosaurus schwarzi. No cranial autapomorphies were identified. However, Embrithosaurus schwarzi is a distinct taxon in this group, based on its unique dentition and using a combination of cranial features. It has nine marginal cusps on all maxillary and mandibular teeth, and wider maxillary teeth than in the co-occurring taxa, due to the marginal cusps being arranged more regularly around the crown, and the apex of the crown lacking the long, central, three-cusped trident. Our updated phylogenetic analysis recovers the four Middle Permian South African taxa as a monophyletic group for the first time, which we call Bradysauria, comprising a clade including Embrithosaurus, Bradysaurus baini and a polytomy including Nochelesaurus and Bradysaurus seeleyi.

First report of Lercaritubus in North America, from the Permian Capitan Limestone, Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico

1996 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baba Senowbari-Daryan ◽  
J. Keith Rigby
Keyword(s):  
New Mexico ◽  
North America ◽  
Middle Permian ◽  
Upper Permian ◽  
First Report ◽  
Tropical Reef ◽  
First Time ◽  
Stratigraphic Range

Lercaritubus problematicus Flügel, Senowbari-Daryan, and Di Stefano, 1990, a problematic organism, was initially described from Lower and Middle Permian rocks of Sicily, was subsequently recognized in Upper Permian reefs of Oman and reefal limestones of the Tethyan realm. It is here described for the first time from North America, from the Middle Permian reefoidal Upper Capitan Limestone of the Guadalupe Mountains in New Mexico. Lercaritubus problematicus has a stratigraphic range of Lower to Upper Permian and occurs widely in Permian tropical reef deposits.

scholarly journals Evaluation of reproduction technique of bitemarks printed in chewing gum for human identification

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. e40391211177
Author(s):  
Maria Isabel de Oliveira e Britto Villalobos ◽  
Marta Regina Pinheiro Flores ◽  
Rodrigo Galo ◽  
Antônio Castelo Branco ◽  
Ricardo Henrique Alves da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Human Identification ◽  
Forensic Odontology ◽  
Chewing Gum ◽  
Plaster Mold ◽  
Human Bite ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Bite Marks ◽  
Bite Mark ◽  
Forensic Investigations

Forensic Odontology is the science that correlates dental and legal principles, used for processes such as human identification. One of the possible acting fields for Forensic Odontologists is the analysis and study of patterns and injuries created by human bite marks. This study aimed to show the applicability of dental marks printed in chewing gum for human identification in forensic investigations. A transversal observational study was carried out. The data was collected from 20 volunteers over 18 years old. Each subject had their upper and lower dental casts and was asked to chew a piece of gum for one minute. The pieces of chewing gum were refrigerated at -20ºC for a week, and reproduced with addition and condensation silicones using an adapted reproduction technique. The analysis of the chewing gum was made by overlays. The ANOVA test showed no significant differences on width and length between the pieces of chewing gum and their reproductions (greatest width p=0.918, and the length p=0.981). The analysis of the reproductions with plaster mold showed that there was no difference when using addition silicone or condensation silicone. During the analysis, various suspects could be excluded from the investigation (up to 11, depending on the technique used), but it was not possible to confirm one of them as the main suspect. The study showed that the reproduction technique of chewing gum is efficient, viable and easily performed; and can be used in cases of human identification in forensic investigations. However, it is necessary to certify that the chewing gum effectively presents a bite mark and that it is correctly handled to avoid alterations. It also became evident that the process of refrigeration is essential for the analysis proposed in this study.

PHYLOGENETIC TAPHONOMY: A STATISTICAL AND PHYLOGENETIC APPROACH FOR EXPLORING TAPHONOMIC PATTERNS IN THE FOSSIL RECORD USING CROCODYLIANS

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie K Drumheller ◽  
Christopher A. Brochu
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Vital Statistics ◽  
Statistical Correlation ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Crown Group ◽  
Extinct Species ◽  
Bite Marks ◽  
Phylogenetic Methods ◽  
Bite Mark

Actualistic observations form the basis of many taphonomic studies in paleontology. However, surveys limited by environment or taxon may not be applicable far beyond the bounds of the initial observations. Even when multiple studies exploring the potential variety within a taphonomic process exist, quantitative methods for comparing these datasets in order to identify larger scale patterns have been understudied. This research uses modern bite marks collected from 21 of the 23 generally recognized species of extant Crocodylia to explore statistical and phylogenetic methods of synthesizing taphonomic datasets. Bite marks were identified, and specimens were then coded for presence or absence of different mark morphotypes. Attempts to find statistical correlation between trace types, marking animal vital statistics, and sample collection protocol were unsuccessful. Mapping bite mark character states on a eusuchian phylogeny successfully predicted the presence of known diagnostic, bisected marks in extinct taxa. Predictions for clades that may have created multiple subscores, striated marks, and extensive crushing were also generated. Inclusion of fossil bite marks which have been positively associated with extinct species allow this method to be projected beyond the crown group. The results of this study indicate that phylogenies can and should be further explored for use as predictive tools in a taphonomic framework.

Analysis of Photographic Distortion in Bite Marks: A Report of the Bite Mark Guidelines Committee

1986 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 11904J ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond D. Rawson ◽  
Gerald L. Vale ◽  
Edward E. Herschaft ◽  
Norman D. Sperber ◽  
Steve Dowell
Keyword(s):  
Bite Marks ◽  
Bite Mark

scholarly journals Exposing the grey seal as a major predator of harbour porpoises

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1798) ◽  
pp. 20142429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mardik F. Leopold ◽  
Lineke Begeman ◽  
Judith D. L. van Bleijswijk ◽  
Lonneke L. IJsseldijk ◽  
Harry J. Witte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Tree ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Halichoerus Grypus ◽  
Fishing Industry ◽  
Grey Seal ◽  
Phocoena Phocoena ◽  
Bite Marks ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Bite Mark

Harbour porpoises ( Phocoena phocoena ) stranding in large numbers around the southern North Sea with fatal, sharp-edged mutilations have spurred controversy among scientists, the fishing industry and conservationists, whose views about the likely cause differ. The recent detection of grey seal ( Halichoerus grypus ) DNA in bite marks on three mutilated harbour porpoises, as well as direct observations of grey seal attacks on porpoises, have identified this seal species as a probable cause. Bite mark characteristics were assessed in a retrospective analysis of photographs of dead harbour porpoises that stranded between 2003 and 2013 ( n = 1081) on the Dutch coastline. There were 271 animals that were sufficiently fresh to allow macroscopic assessment of grey seal-associated wounds with certainty. In 25% of these, bite and claw marks were identified that were consistent with the marks found on animals that had tested positive for grey seal DNA. Affected animals were mostly healthy juveniles that had a thick blubber layer and had recently fed. We conclude that the majority of the mutilated harbour porpoises were victims of grey seal attacks and that predation by this species is one of the main causes of death in harbour porpoises in The Netherlands. We provide a decision tree that will help in the identification of future cases of grey seal predation on porpoises.

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