scholarly journals Seasonal Partitioning of Rainfall in Second-Growth Evergreen Temperate Rainforests in Chiloé Island, Southern Chile

2022 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristián Frêne ◽  
Mariela Núñez-Ávila ◽  
Ben Castro ◽  
Juan J. Armesto
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Change Scenario ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
Canopy Interception ◽  
Change Context ◽  
Water Provision

Rainfall partitioning in secondary forests from southern Chile is relevant in the climate change scenario, in which a 30% reduction in summer precipitation has been projected for the temperate region. Logging and degradation of old-growth forests has resulted in extensive secondary forests, over large areas of the Chiloé Archipelago as well as the mainland. These secondary forests are simple tree communities, dominated by two broad-leaved tree species, evergreen Drimys winteri and Nothofagus nitida, and have the potential to provide multiple benefits to society, including water provision, soil protection, and wood-derived products. Here, we ask how southern South American secondary rainforests modulate rainwater redistribution considering precipitation partitioning. We evaluated the seasonality of throughfall and stemflow components of precipitation, to assess ecohydrological processes for water regulation in a climate change context, where summer droughts have been more frequent in the last decade. The partitioning of gross rainfall (TP) into throughfall (TH), stemflow (ST), and canopy interception (IN) in relation to forest structure, was assessed in four forest plots (400 m2 each) in Senda Darwin Biological Station, Chiloé. TH and ST were measured seasonally for 35 rainfall events from 2019 to 2021. IN water losses were estimated from the mass balance equation. Results indicate that the secondary rainforest intercepts 33% of TP (990 mm of the total monitored), where 59% of the volume corresponds to TH and 7% to ST, which taken together account for nearly 100% the rainwater that reaches the forest floor. Canopy IN varied seasonally from 25 to 40% of total rainfall, with maximum values occurring in the growing season (spring-summer). We found no statistical relation between ST and forest structural parameters (DBH, Basal Area). We explored the contribution of the two dominant tree species to ST and discuss the results in a climate change context. Finally, we propose to incorporate this hydrologic knowledge into adaptive forest management strategies to maximize ecosystem benefits to people. If these ecosystems were properly managed, they have the potential to provide multiple benefits to society within this century, such as water provision and soil protection in addition to carbon sequestration in biomass.

scholarly journals Application of a computationally efficient method to approximate gap model results with a probabilistic approach

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1535-1600
Author(s):  
M. Scherstjanoi ◽  
J. O. Kaplan ◽  
H. Lischke
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Efficient Method ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Forest Dynamics ◽  
Probabilistic Approach ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Change Scenario ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Computationally Efficient ◽  
Tree Species Composition

Abstract. To be able to simulate climate change effects on forest dynamics over the whole of Switzerland, we adapted the second generation DGVM LPJ-GUESS to the Alpine environment. We modified model functions, tuned model parameters, and implemented new tree species to represent the potential natural vegetation of Alpine landscapes. Furthermore, we increased the computational efficiency of the model to enable area-covering simulations in a fine resolution (1 km) sufficient for the complex topography of the Alps, which resulted in more than 32 000 simulation grid cells. To this aim, we applied the recently developed method GAPPARD (Scherstjanoi et al., 2013) to LPJ-GUESS. GAPPARD derives mean output values from a combination of simulation runs without disturbances and a patch age distribution defined by the disturbance frequency. With this computationally efficient method, that increased the model's speed by approximately the factor 8, we were able to faster detect shortcomings of LPJ-GUESS functions and parameters. We used the adapted LPJ-GUESS together with GAPPARD to assess the influence of one climate change scenario on dynamics of tree species composition and biomass throughout the 21st century in Switzerland. To allow for comparison with the original model, we additionally simulated forest dynamics along a north-south-transect through Switzerland. The results from this transect confirmed the high value of the GAPPARD method despite some limitations towards extreme climatic events. It allowed for the first time to obtain area-wide, detailed high resolution LPJ-GUESS simulation results for a large part of the Alpine region.

scholarly journals Are Secondary Forests Ready for Climate Change? It Depends on Magnitude of Climate Change, Landscape Diversity and Ecosystem Legacies

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 965
Author(s):  
Lee E. Frelich ◽  
Kalev Jõgiste ◽  
John Stanturf ◽  
Aris Jansons ◽  
Floortje Vodde
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Landscape Diversity ◽  
Transient Dynamics ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Novel Ecosystem ◽  
Changing Climate ◽  
Continuous Forest ◽  
Forest Biome

In this review and synthesis paper, we review the resilience of secondary forests to climate change through the lenses of ecosystem legacies and landscape diversity. Ecosystem legacy of secondary forests was categorized as continuous forest, non-continuous forest, reassembled after conversion to other land uses, and novel reassembled forests of non-native species. Landscape diversity, including landforms that create varied local climatic and soil conditions, can buffer changing climate to some extent by allowing species from warmer climates to exist on warm microsites, while also providing refugial locations for species that grow in cool climates. We present five frames that allow forest managers to visualize a trajectory of change in the context of projected regional climate change, which are: Frame 1 (persistence), keep the same dominant tree species with little change; Frame 2 (moderate change), keep the same tree species with large changes in relative abundance; Frame 3 (forest biome change), major turnover in dominant tree species to a different forest biome; Frame 4 (forest loss), change from a forest to a non-forest biome; and Frame 5 (planted novel ecosystem), establish a novel ecosystem to maintain forest. These frames interact with ecosystem legacies and landscape diversity to determine levels of ecosystem resilience in a changing climate. Although forest readiness to adapt to Frame 1 and 2 scenarios, which would occur with reduced greenhouse gas emissions, is high, a business as usual climate change scenario would likely overwhelm the capacity of ecosystem legacies to buffer forest response, so that many forests would change to warmer forest biomes or non-forested biomes. Furthermore, the interactions among frames, legacies, and landscape diversity influence the transient dynamics of forest change; only Frame 1 leads to stable endpoints, while the other frames would have transient dynamics of change for the remainder of the 21st century.

scholarly journals The Potential Distribution of Tree Species in Three Periods of Time under a Climate Change Scenario

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Antúnez ◽  
Mario Suárez-Mota ◽  
César Valenzuela-Encinas ◽  
Faustino Ruiz-Aquino
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Potential Distribution ◽  
Climate Change Scenario ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Change Scenario ◽  
Slight Reduction ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
The Future ◽  
Climatic Change Impact

Species distribution models have become some of the most important tools for assessment of impact of climatic change, impact of human activity and for the detection of failure in silvicultural or conservation management plans. In this study, we modeled the potential distribution of 13 tree species of temperate forests distributed in the Mexican state Durango in the Sierra Madre Occidental, for three periods of time. Models were constructed for each period of time using 19 climate variables from the MaxEnt (Maximum Entropy algorithm) modelling algorithm. Those constructed for the future used a severe climate change scenario. When comparing the potential areas of the periods, some species such as Pinus durangensis (Martínez), Pinus teocote (Schiede ex Schltdl. & Cham.) and Quercus crassifolia (Bonpl.) showed no drastic changes. Rather, the models projected a slight reduction, displacement or fragmentation in the potential area of Pinus arizonica (Engelm.), P. cembroides (Zucc), P. engelmanni (Carr), P. leiophylla (Schl), Quercus arizonica (Sarg), Q. magnolifolia (Née) and Q. sideroxila (Humb. & Bonpl.) in the future period. Thus, establishing conservation and reforestation strategies in the medium and long term could guarantee a wide distribution of these species in the future.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF A CLOUD FOREST INDICATOR TREE SPECIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Neto dos Santos ◽  
Ana Carolina da Silva ◽  
Pedro Higuchi
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Geographical Distribution ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Cloud Forest ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Future Climate ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Change Scenario ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios

ABSTRACT The cloud forests are threatened due to the climate change process. Investigations seeking to predict how future climate change will affect species are of great importance as they are fundamental to generating conservation strategies. We aimed to detect how climate change affects the potential geographical distribution of Drimys angustifolia Miers, a tree species that is an indicator of the upper-montane cloud forest in the Brazilian subtropical Atlantic Forest. The areas where D. angustifolia occurs were obtained from geographic coordinates available in scientific publications and the Global Biodiversity Information database. For climate niche modeling, we used the maximum entropy algorithm with 19 climate variables. Two climate change scenarios were considered for 2061-2080: one of low and one of high impact. D. angustifolia predominantly occurs in the upper-montane forests and is absent from dry and warm sites. The variables that best explained the D. angustifolia climatic niche were mean temperature of the warmest quarter, precipitation of driest month, and precipitation of the warmest quarter. Both scenarios indicated changes towards a more tropical regional future climate. Under the low impact climate change scenario, D. angustifolia coverage declined by 68.24% (± 7.32%) across its area of potential occurrence; it declined by 79.15% (± 9.65%) under the high impact scenario. In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that D. angustifolia and its associated ecosystem are threatened by the potential impacts of future climate change. Consequently, we highlight climatically stable areas for the occurrence of D. angustifolia, such as those located in the highest parts of the mountain ranges of the southern and southeastern regions of Brazil, which should be considered as priority areas for protection and conservation.

Langfristige Entwicklung von zwei Waldgesellschaften im Białowieża-Urwald

2008 ◽  
Vol 159 (4) ◽  
pp. 80-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Brzeziecki ◽  
Feliks Eugeniusz Bernadzki
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Forest Communities ◽  
Natural Forests ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Strong Trend ◽  
Long Term Study

The results of a long-term study on the natural forest dynamics of two forest communities on one sample plot within the Białowieża National Park in Poland are presented. The two investigated forest communities consist of the Pino-Quercetum and the Tilio-Carpinetum type with the major tree species Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies, Betula sp., Quercus robur, Tilia cordata and Carpinus betulus. The results reveal strong temporal dynamics of both forest communities since 1936 in terms of tree species composition and of general stand structure. The four major tree species Scots pine, birch, English oak and Norway spruce, which were dominant until 1936, have gradually been replaced by lime and hornbeam. At the same time, the analysis of structural parameters indicates a strong trend towards a homogenization of the vertical stand structure. Possible causes for these dynamics may be changes in sylviculture, climate change and atmospheric deposition. Based on the altered tree species composition it can be concluded that a simple ≪copying≫ (mimicking) of the processes taking place in natural forests may not guarantee the conservation of the multifunctional character of the respective forests.

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