Editorial: Otitis Media Genomics and the Middle Ear Microbiome

Tuberculosis is one of the oldest pathologies that affect human population, being a significant cause of morbidity/mortality in several countries. Middleear tuberculosis is a rare pathology, often misdiagnosed because of an atipic evolution, as a result leading to severe complications. This paper presents a case of tuberculous otitis media complicated with facial nerveparalysis House Brackmann type V in a patient who underwent multiple middleear surgeries before correct diagnosis was established.

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Comparison of the Aditus ad Antrum Diameter on CT between Patients with Chronic Otitis Media and Healthy Individuals

Current Medical Imaging Formerly Current Medical Imaging Reviews ◽

10.2174/1573405615666190327110216 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (10) ◽

pp. 990-993 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elif Gündoğdu ◽

Uğur Toprak

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Normal Values ◽

Chronic Otitis Media ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Inner Diameter ◽

Male Patients ◽

The Right

Background: The middle ear cavity is ventilated through the aditus ad antrum. Aditus blockage contributes to the pathology of otitis media. Objective: To determine the normal values of the aditus ad antrum diameter on computed tomography and to investigate its relationship with chronic otitis media and related pathologies (tympanosclerosis and myringosclerosis). Methods: The temporal CT images of 162 individuals were evaluated retrospectively. In the axial sections, the inner diameter of the aditus was measured at the narrowest point at the cortex. The differences in diameter were compared between diseased and healthy ears. Results: In healthy individuals, the diameter was narrower in women. There was no difference between the right and left ears in healthy subjects. No correlation was found between age and diameter. In male patients with myringosclerosis, the diameter was slightly narrower on both sides but more marked on the left. In female patients with myringosclerosis, the diameter in both ears was slightly narrower. In cases of otitis media and tympanosclerosis, the diameter was less than that of healthy individuals, despite the lack of statistically significant result in all cases. Conclusion: The aditus ad antrum was narrower in diseased ears, indicating that a blocked aditus may contribute to the development of otitis media, as well as mucosal diseases.

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RNA Sequencing and Pathways Analyses of Middle Ear Epithelia From Patients With Otitis Media

The Laryngoscope ◽

10.1002/lary.29551 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kaleigh A. Stabenau ◽

Michael T. Zimmermann ◽

Angela Mathison ◽

Atefeh Zeighami ◽

Tina L. Samuels ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rna Sequencing ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Middle Ear

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Adenoidectomy for middle ear disease in cleft palate children: a systematic review

European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology ◽

10.1007/s00405-021-07035-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Cecilia Rosso ◽

Antonio Mario Bulfamante ◽

Carlotta Pipolo ◽

Emanuela Fuccillo ◽

Alberto Maccari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Cleft Palate ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Acute Otitis Media ◽

Case Series ◽

Velopharyngeal Insufficiency ◽

Middle Ear Disease ◽

Conductive Hearing

Abstract Purpose Cleft palate children have a higher incidence of otitis media with effusion, more frequent recurrent acute otitis media episodes, and worse conductive hearing losses than non-cleft children. Nevertheless, data on adenoidectomy for middle ear disease in this patient group are scarce, since many feared worsening of velopharyngeal insufficiency after the procedure. This review aims at collecting the available evidence on this subject, to frame possible further areas of research and interventions. Methods A PRISMA-compliant systematic review was performed. Multiple databases were searched with criteria designed to include all studies focusing on the role of adenoidectomy in treating middle ear disease in cleft palate children. After duplicate removal, abstract and full-text selection, and quality assessment, we reviewed eligible articles for clinical indications and outcomes. Results Among 321 unique citations, 3 studies published between 1964 and 1972 (2 case series and a retrospective cohort study) were deemed eligible, with 136 treated patients. The outcomes were positive in all three articles in terms of conductive hearing loss improvement, recurrent otitis media episodes reduction, and effusive otitis media resolution. Conclusion Despite promising results, research on adenoidectomy in treating middle ear disease in the cleft population has stopped in the mid-Seventies. No data are, therefore, available on the role of modern conservative adenoidectomy techniques (endoscopic and/or partial) in this context. Prospective studies are required to define the role of adenoidectomy in cleft children, most interestingly in specific subgroups such as patients requiring re-tympanostomy, given their known risk of otologic sequelae.

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Toll-Like Receptors: Expression and Roles in Otitis Media

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22157868 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (15) ◽

pp. 7868

Author(s):

Su Young Jung ◽

Dokyoung Kim ◽

Dong Choon Park ◽

Sung Soo Kim ◽

Tong In Oh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tract Infection ◽

Respiratory Tract ◽

Respiratory Tract Infection ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract Infection ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Toll Like Receptors ◽

Upper Respiratory

Otitis media is mainly caused by upper respiratory tract infection and eustachian tube dysfunction. If external upper respiratory tract infection is not detected early in the middle ear, or an appropriate immune response does not occur, otitis media can become a chronic state or complications may occur. Therefore, given the important role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the early response to external antigens, we surveyed the role of TLRs in otitis media. To summarize the role of TLR in otitis media, we reviewed articles on the expression of TLRs in acute otitis media (AOM), otitis media with effusion (OME), chronic otitis media (COM) with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. Many studies showed that TLRs 1–10 are expressed in AOM, OME, COM with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. TLR expression in the normal middle ear mucosa is absent or weak, but is increased in inflammatory fluid of AOM, effusion of OME, and granulation tissue and cholesteatoma of COM. In addition, TLRs show increased or decreased expression depending on the presence or absence of bacteria, recurrence of disease, tissue type, and repeated surgery. In conclusion, expression of TLRs is associated with otitis media. Inappropriate TLR expression, or delayed or absent induction, are associated with the occurrence, recurrence, chronicization, and complications of otitis media. Therefore, TLRs are very important in otitis media and closely related to its etiology.

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Serous Otitis Media

Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology ◽

10.1177/000348947308200305 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 82 (3) ◽

pp. 297-301 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Robert W. Veltri ◽

Philip M. Sprinkle

Keyword(s):

Otitis Media ◽

Eustachian Tube ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Secretory Iga ◽

Secretory Cells ◽

Sterile Condition ◽

Local Synthesis ◽

Serous Otitis Media ◽

Inflammatory Insult ◽

Partial Vacuum

The middle ear fluids of seven patients with bilateral, and five patients with unilateral serous otitis media (SOM), were demonstrated to be microbiologically sterile when assessed for the presence of bacteria, mycoplasma, viruses, and fungi. The concentrations of immunoglobulins G, M, A, D, and lysozyme (muramidase) were determined in the serum and middle ear fluids. Lysozyme levels of middle ear aspirates were found to be elevated in SOM patients. The elevated levels of lysozyme in combination with the antibody-containing classes of immunoglobulins may explain the microbiologically sterile condition of the middle ear fluids of SOM patients. Also, the elevated lysozyme concentrations in middle ear fluids may indicate the previous presence of neutrophils and hence a previous inflammatory insult. The increased levels of IgA demonstrated in middle ear fluids may indicate local synthesis of secretory IgA by secretory cells of Eustachian tube and middle ear. The closed Eustachian tube, partial vacuum conditions and absence of a portal of exit for accumulated serous fluids are offered as a possible explanation for SOM.

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Middle Ear Infection (Otitis Media)

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal ◽

10.1097/00006454-199012000-00027 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 936

Author(s):

S. Michael Marcy ◽

Michael E. Pichichero ◽

Richard H. Schwartz

Keyword(s):

Otitis Media ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Ear Infection ◽

Middle Ear Infection

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Antibacterial Therapy and Middle Ear Effusions

Annals of Otology Rhinology & Laryngology ◽

10.1177/00034894760850s246 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 85 (2_suppl) ◽

pp. 250-253 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paul A. Shurin

Keyword(s):

Drug Therapy ◽

Effective Treatment ◽

Otitis Media ◽

Middle Ear ◽

Middle Ear Effusion ◽

Prolonged Administration ◽

Antimicrobial Drugs ◽

Acute Attacks ◽

Ear Effusion

Antimicrobial drugs chosen for their activity against the causative pathogens of otitis media provide effective treatment for acute attacks. Prolonged administration of some of these agents has recently been shown to be of value in the prevention of symptomatic otitis. The role of drug therapy in the management of chronic or recurrent middle ear effusion is unknown at present.

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