scholarly journals Episodes of Rapid Recovery of the Functional Activity of the ras85D Gene in the Evolutionary History of Phylogenetically Distant Drosophila Species

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Chekunova ◽  
S. Yu. Sorokina ◽  
E. A. Sivoplyas ◽  
G. N. Bakhtoyarov ◽  
P. A. Proshakov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Activity ◽  
Promoter Region ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Regulatory Region ◽  
Evolutionary Origin ◽  
Regulatory Sequences ◽  
Structural Rearrangements ◽  
Evolutionary Variation ◽  
History Of

As assemblies of genomes of new species with varying degrees of relationship appear, it becomes obvious that structural rearrangements of the genome, such as inversions, translocations, and transposon movements, are an essential and often the main source of evolutionary variation. In this regard, the following questions arise. How conserved are the regulatory regions of genes? Do they have a common evolutionary origin? And how and at what rate is the functional activity of genes restored during structural changes in the promoter region? In this article, we analyze the evolutionary history of the formation of the regulatory region of the ras85D gene in different lineages of the genus Drosophila, as well as the participation of mobile elements in structural rearrangements and in the replacement of specific areas of the promoter region with those of independent evolutionary origin. In the process, we substantiate hypotheses about the selection of promoter elements from a number of frequently repeated motifs with different degrees of degeneracy in the ancestral sequence, as well as about the restoration of the minimum required set of regulatory sequences using a conversion mechanism or similar.

scholarly journals Structural Changes and Adaptative Evolutionary Constraints In FLOWERING LOCUS T and TERMINAL FLOWER1-Like Genes of Flowering Plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deivid Almeida de Jesus ◽  
Darlisson Mesquista Batista ◽  
Shayla Salzman ◽  
Lucas Miguel Carvalho ◽  
Kaue Santana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Protein Structures ◽  
Flowering Phenology ◽  
Flowering Locus T ◽  
Ancestral Sequences ◽  
Terminal Flower 1 ◽  
History Of ◽  
Flowering Locus ◽  
Complex Signaling

Abstract Regulation of flowering is a crucial event in the evolutionary history of angiosperms. The production of flowers is regulated through the integration of different environmental and endogenous stimuli, many of which involve the activation of different genes in a hierarchical and complex signaling network. The FLOWERING LOCUS T/TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (FT/TFL1) gene family is known to regulate important aspects of flowering in plants. To better understand the pivotal events that changed FT and TFL1 functions during the evolution of angiosperms, we reconstructed the ancestral sequences of FT/TFL1-like genes and predicted protein structures to identify determinant sites that evolved in both proteins and allowed the adaptative diversification in the flowering phenology and developmental processes. Residues from the P-loop domain of the analyzed FT structures showed predominantly high destabilizing mutations which is consistent with constant selective pressure found for this region. In addition, we demonstrate that the occurrence of destabilizing mutations in residues located at the phosphatidylcholine binding sites of FT structure experience positive selection, and some residues of 4th exon are under negative selection, which is compensated by the occurrence of stabilizing mutations in key regions and the P-loop to maintain the overall protein stability. Our results shed light on the evolutionary history of key genes involved in the diversification of angiosperms.

EVOLUTIONARY ORIGIN OF POA ANNUA L. IN THE LIGHT OF KARYOTYPIC STUDIES

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. K. Koshy
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Karyotype Analysis ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Small Chromosome ◽  
Evolutionary Origin ◽  
Poa Annua ◽  
History Of ◽  
Unidentified Species ◽  
Poa Supina

From a karyotype analysis of Poa annua (2n = 28) two large chromosomes, I and II, and one small chromosome, XIV, as well as three chromosome groups containing two, four and five chromosomes have been identified. From a comparison of the karyotype of Poa annua with that published of Poa exilis (2n = 14) and Poa supina (2n = 14), doubt is cast on the theory that Poa annua is an allotetraploid of the two latter diploid species. The three chromosomes of Poa annua that could be identified with certainty existed in homologous pairs, indicating that the species could have originated from Poa exilis or Poa supina and one other hitherto unidentified species. It is suggested that further work on the karyotype of diploid species might reveal further useful information on the evolutionary history of the species.

Karyotype evolution in the Pinaceae: implication with molecular phylogeny

Genome ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 735-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.K. Nkongolo ◽  
M. Mehes-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Karyotype Evolution ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Telomeric Sequence ◽  
The Family ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Numeric Data

The family Pinaceae is made up mostly of diploid species (2n = 24). Systematization of karyotype analysis was developed to make comparison of intra- and interspecific karyotypes among the Pinaceae more accurate and reliable. Considering all parameters, the genera Pseudotsuga and Pseudolarix have the “most derived” (or advanced) and asymmetric karyotypes in the Pinaceae, followed by Larix, Picea, Abies, and Cedrus. The genus Pinus was the “least derived” (or ancestral) of all the genera of the Pinaceae analyzed. Differences in karyotype formulae and asymmetry indices were found among species within the same genera, suggesting that structural changes may have contributed to the diversification of the genus. This review is a detailed analysis of comparative karyotyping based on similar parameters, including numeric data and cytogenetic information. Telomeric sequence repeats and rDNA distribution in the Pinaceae were surveyed. The role of transposition in rDNA chromosome distribution is analyzed. Cytogenetic implications of hybridization between related species are reported. Likewise, the relationships between molecular phylogenetic and karyotype evolution is discussed in light of several reports. Within many genera, chromosomal organization was conserved despite independent molecular divergence and adaptation through the evolutionary history of the species of the Pinaceae.

scholarly journals Molecular Analyses of a Putative CTXφ Precursor and Evidence for Independent Acquisition of Distinct CTXφs by Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae

2000 ◽  
Vol 182 (19) ◽  
pp. 5530-5538 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Fidelma Boyd ◽  
Andrew J. Heilpern ◽  
Matthew K. Waldor
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Genomic Organization ◽  
Regulatory Sequences ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Natural Isolates ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ctx Prophage ◽  
El Tor ◽  
Upstream Control

ABSTRACT The genes encoding cholera toxin (ctxA andctxB) are encoded in the genome of CTXφ, a filamentous phage that infects Vibrio cholerae. To study the evolutionary history of CTXφ, we examined genome diversity in CTXφs derived from a variety of epidemic and nonepidemic Vibriosp. natural isolates. Among these were three V. choleraestrains that contained CTX prophage sequences but not thectxA and ctxB genes. These prophages each gave rise to a plasmid form whose genomic organization was very similar to that of the CTXφ replicative form, with the exception of missingctxAB. Sequence analysis of these three plasmids revealed that they lacked the upstream control region normally found 5′ ofctxA, as well as the ctxAB promoter region and coding sequences. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that a CTXφ precursor that lacked ctxABsimultaneously acquired the toxin genes and their regulatory sequences. To assess the evolutionary relationships among additional CTXφs, two CTXφ-encoded genes, orfU and zot, were sequenced from 13 V. cholerae and 4 V. mimicusisolates. Comparative nucleotide sequence analyses revealed that the CTXφs derived from classical and El Tor V. choleraeisolates comprise two distinct lineages within otherwise nearly identical chromosomal backgrounds (based on mdh sequences). These findings suggest that nontoxigenic precursors of the twoV. cholerae O1 biotypes independently acquired distinct CTXφs.

scholarly journals Resurrecting embryos of the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus , to resolve vertebrate phallus evolution

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 20150694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Sanger ◽  
Marissa L. Gredler ◽  
Martin J. Cohn
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Evolutionary Origin ◽  
Victorian Era ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Genital Development ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Sphenodon Punctatus ◽  
History Of

The breadth of anatomical and functional diversity among amniote external genitalia has led to uncertainty about the evolutionary origins of the phallus. In several lineages, including the tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus , adults lack an intromittent phallus, raising the possibility that the amniote ancestor lacked external genitalia and reproduced using cloacal apposition. Accordingly, a phallus may have evolved multiple times in amniotes. However, similarities in development across amniote external genitalia suggest that the phallus may have a single evolutionary origin. To resolve the evolutionary history of amniote genitalia, we performed three-dimensional reconstruction of Victorian era tuatara embryos to look for embryological evidence of external genital initiation. Despite the absence of an intromittent phallus in adult tuataras, our observations show that tuatara embryos develop genital anlagen. This illustrates that there is a conserved developmental stage of external genital development among all amniotes and suggests a single evolutionary origin of amniote external genitalia.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

Variation in the Promoter Region of the β Fibrinogen Gene Is Associated with Plasma Fibrinogen Levels in Smokers and Non-Smokers

1991 ◽  
Vol 65 (05) ◽  
pp. 487-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
A E Thomas ◽  
F R Green ◽  
C H Kelleher ◽  
H C Wilkes ◽  
P J Brennan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Promoter Region ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Fibrinogen Level ◽  
Plasma Fibrinogen ◽  
Plasma Fibrinogen Level ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
History Of ◽  
General Practices ◽  
Restriction Fragment Length

SummaryWe investigated the association between fibrinogen levels and a HaeIII restriction fragment length polymorphism located at −453 bp from the start of transcription of the β fibrinogen gene. 292 healthy men aged 45 to 69 years, recruited from general practices throughout Britain, were studied. None had a history of ischaemic heart disease. 41.1% (120) were smokers and fibrinogen levels were higher in this group. The frequency of the noncutting allele (designated H2) was 0.19 and was the same in smokers and non-smokers. The H2 allele was associated with elevated levels of fibrinogen in both smokers and non-smokers and the effect of genotype was similar in both groups. After smoking, HaeIII genotype was the strongest predictor of fibrinogen levels and explained 3.1% of the variance in fibrinogen levels. These results confirm earlier studies that variation at the fibrinogen locus contributes to the between-individual differences in plasma fibrinogen level.

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