scholarly journals Understanding the Pathophysiology of Exosomes in Schistosomiasis: A New Direction for Disease Control and Prevention

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Yuan ◽  
Jianping Zhao ◽  
Min Chen ◽  
Huifang Liang ◽  
Xin Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
South America ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Intercellular Communication ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Parasitic Disease ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Host Parasite

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease endemic to freshwater areas of Southeast Asia, Africa, and South America that is capable of causing serious damage to the internal organs. Recent studies have linked exosomes to the progression of schistosomiasis. These structures are important mediators for intercellular communication, assist cells to exchange proteins, lipids, and genetic material and have been shown to play critical roles during host–parasite interactions. This review aims to discuss the pathophysiology of exosomes in schistosomiasis and their roles in regulating the host immune response. Understanding how exosomes are involved in the pathogenesis of schistosomiasis may provide new perspectives in diagnosing and treating this neglected disease.

scholarly journals Three tick species parasitizing a rock python in Sri Lanka

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-56
Author(s):  
T.S.P. Fernando ◽  
H.K.A.V.A. Kulasena Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Food Webs ◽  
Tick Species ◽  
Ecosystem Health ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Host Parasite

Parasitism is a relationship where one of the parties (the parasite) either harms its host or lives at the expense of it. Host parasite interactions are important driving forces in population dynamics and even extinction. These interactions are also indicators of ecosystem health and they are important in stabilizing food webs. A parasite may cause mechanical injury, stimulate a damaging inflammatory or immune response, or simply rob the host of nutrition. However in the wild most parasites must live in harmony with their hosts. If the parasites kill the host, they themselves would ultimately die without shelter and nutrition. Reptiles become hosts to a number of parasitic organisms ranging from protozoans to arthropods. Among these, ticks (hard and soft) are the most common arthropod group that parasitizes reptiles.

scholarly journals Four QTL underlie resistance to a microsporidian parasite that may drive genome evolution in its Daphnia host

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devon Keller ◽  
Devin Kirk ◽  
Pepijn Luijckx
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Genetic Architecture ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Parasite Resistance ◽  
Microsporidian Parasite ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
General Immune Response

AbstractDespite its pivotal role in evolutionary and ecological processes the genetic architecture underlying host-parasite interactions remains understudied. Here we use a quantitative trait loci approach to identify regions in the Daphnia magna genome that provide resistance against its microsporidium parasite Ordospora colligata. The probability that Daphnia became infected was affected by a single locus and an interaction between two additional loci. A fourth locus influenced the number of spores that grew within the host. Comparing our findings to previously published genetic work on Daphnia magna revealed that two of these loci may be the same as detected for another microsporidium parasite, suggesting a general immune response to this group of pathogens. More importantly, this comparison revealed that two regions previously identified to be under selection coincided with parasite resistance loci, highlighting the pivotal role parasites may play in shaping the host genome.

scholarly journals The implications of immunopathology for parasite evolution

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1741) ◽  
pp. 3234-3240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Best ◽  
Gráinne Long ◽  
Andy White ◽  
Mike Boots
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Direct Damage ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Parasite Evolution ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Individual Disease

By definition, parasites harm their hosts, but in many infections much of the pathology is driven by the host immune response rather than through direct damage inflicted by parasites. While these immunopathological effects are often well studied and understood mechanistically in individual disease interactions, there remains relatively little understanding of their broader impact on the evolution of parasites and their hosts. Here, we theoretically investigate the implications of immunopathology, broadly defined as additional mortality associated with the host's immune response, on parasite evolution. In particular, we examine how immunopathology acting on different epidemiological traits (namely transmission, virulence and recovery) affects the evolution of disease severity. When immunopathology is costly to parasites, such that it reduces their fitness, for example by decreasing transmission, there is always selection for increased disease severity. However, we highlight a number of host–parasite interactions where the parasite may benefit from immunopathology, and highlight scenarios that may lead to the evolution of slower growing parasites and potentially reduced disease severity. Importantly, we find that conclusions on disease severity are highly dependent on how severity is measured. Finally, we discuss the effect of treatments used to combat disease symptoms caused by immunopathology.

scholarly journals Zoonotic Malaria: Non-Laverania Plasmodium Biology and Invasion Mechanisms

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 889
Author(s):  
Jing Wen Hang ◽  
Farhana Tukijan ◽  
Erica Lee ◽  
Shifana Abdeen ◽  
Yaw Aniweh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Invasion Biology ◽  
Epidemic Disease ◽  
Parasite Invasion ◽  
Invasion Mechanisms ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Zoonotic Malaria ◽  
Successful Infection ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Host Parasite

Malaria, which is caused by Plasmodium parasites through Anopheles mosquito transmission, remains one of the most life-threatening diseases affecting hundreds of millions of people worldwide every year. Plasmodium vivax, which accounts for the majority of cases of recurring malaria caused by the Plasmodium (non-Laverania) subgenus, is an ancient and continuing zoonosis originating from monkey hosts probably outside Africa. The emergence of other zoonotic malarias (P. knowlesi, P. cynomolgi, and P. simium) further highlights the seriousness of the disease. The severity of this epidemic disease is dependent on many factors, including the parasite characteristics, host-parasite interactions, and the pathology of the infection. Successful infection depends on the ability of the parasite to invade the host; however, little is known about the parasite invasion biology and mechanisms. The lack of this information adds to the challenges to malaria control and elimination, hence enhancing the potential for continuation of this zoonosis. Here, we review the literature describing the characteristics, distribution, and genome details of the parasites, as well as host specificity, host-parasite interactions, and parasite pathology. This information will provide the basis of a greater understanding of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of malaria to support future development of strategies for the control and prevention of this zoonotic infection.

scholarly journals Roles of three putative salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) prostaglandin E2 synthases in physiology and host–parasite interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sussie Dalvin ◽  
Christiane Eichner ◽  
Michael Dondrup ◽  
Aina-Cathrine Øvergård
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Transcript Level ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Lepeophtheirus Salmonis ◽  
Salmon Louse ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Expression Studies ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
And Oxidative Stress ◽  
Microsomal Glutathione

Abstract Background The salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) is a parasite of salmonid fish. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exhibit only a limited and ineffective immune response when infested with this parasite. Prostaglandins (PGs) have many biological functions in both invertebrates and vertebrates, one of which is the regulation of immune responses. This has led to the suggestion that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is important in the salmon louse host–parasite interaction, although studies of a salmon louse prostaglandin E2 synthase (PGES) 2 gene have not enabled conformation of this hypothesis. The aim of the present study was, therefore, to characterize two additional PGES-like genes. Methods Lepeophtheirus salmonis microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 like (LsMGST1L) and LsPGES3L were investigated by sequencing, phylogenetics, transcript localization and expression studies. Moreover, the function of these putative PGES genes in addition to the previously identified LsPGES2 gene was analyzed in double stranded (ds) RNA-mediated knockdown (KD) salmon louse. Results Analysis of the three putative LsPGES genes showed a rather constitutive transcript level throughout development from nauplius to the adult stages, and in a range of tissues, with the highest levels in the ovaries or gut. DsRNA-mediated KD of these transcripts did not produce any characteristic changes in phenotype, and KD animals displayed a normal reproductive output. The ability of the parasite to infect or modulate the immune response of the host fish was also not affected by KD. Conclusions Salmon louse prostaglandins may play endogenous roles in the management of reproduction and oxidative stress and may be a product of salmon louse blood digestions. Graphic Abstract

scholarly journals Host–parasite interactions: resist or tolerate but never stop running

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 721-722
Author(s):  
Jay D. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
European Science Foundation ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
European Science ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

A conference exploring ‘The impact of the environment on innate immunity: the threat of diseases’ was held on 4–9 May 2009 in Obergurgl, Austria, thanks to the support from the European Science Foundation, Innsbruck University and the Austrian Science Foundation. The goals of the conference were to explore how the outcomes of host–parasite interactions depend on variation across individuals, their parasites and the environment in which they both find themselves. Central themes were the inherent costs of mounting an immune response, the ability of some organisms to pre-empt infection by ‘priming’ their immune systems, the fact that parasites learn to evade immune responses over time and the use of theory to predict when diseases will get out of hand. Many of the systems presented had clear impacts on human health, agriculture or the maintenance of complex ecosystems. There was common ground throughout in developing methodologies and embracing what one of the organizers termed the ‘interactome’ between hosts and those which would exploit them.

scholarly journals Host-Parasite Interactions in Some Fish Species

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Environmental Change ◽  
Habitat Degradation ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollutants ◽  
Immunological Status ◽  
Host Interaction ◽  
Host Parasite Interactions ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Susceptibility And Resistance

Host-parasite interactions are complex, compounded by factors that are capable of shifting the balance in either direction. The host's age, behaviour, immunological status, and environmental change can affect the association that is beneficial to the host whereas evasion of the host’s immune response favours the parasite. In fish, some infections that induce mortality are age and temperature dependent. Environmental change, especially habitat degradation by anthropogenic pollutants and oceanographic alterations induced by climatic, can influence parasitic-host interaction. The outcome of these associations will hinge on susceptibility and resistance.

The Speech-Language Pathologists' Role in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury for Middle and High School–Age Children: Viewpoints on Guidelines From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 1363-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Brown ◽  
Katy O'Brien ◽  
Kelly Knollman-Porter ◽  
Tracey Wallace
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Disease Control ◽  
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Centers For Disease Control

Purpose The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently released guidelines for rehabilitation professionals regarding the care of children with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Given that mTBI impacts millions of children each year and can be particularly detrimental to children in middle and high school age groups, access to universal recommendations for management of postinjury symptoms is ideal. Method This viewpoint article examines the CDC guidelines and applies these recommendations directly to speech-language pathology practices. In particular, education, assessment, treatment, team management, and ongoing monitoring are discussed. In addition, suggested timelines regarding implementation of services by speech-language pathologists (SLPs) are provided. Specific focus is placed on adolescents (i.e., middle and high school–age children). Results SLPs are critical members of the rehabilitation team working with children with mTBI and should be involved in education, symptom monitoring, and assessment early in the recovery process. SLPs can also provide unique insight into the cognitive and linguistic challenges of these students and can serve to bridge the gap among rehabilitation and school-based professionals, the adolescent with brain injury, and their parents. Conclusion The guidelines provided by the CDC, along with evidence from the field of speech pathology, can guide SLPs to advocate for involvement in the care of adolescents with mTBI. More research is needed to enhance the evidence base for direct assessment and treatment with this population; however, SLPs can use their extensive knowledge and experience working with individuals with traumatic brain injury as a starting point for post-mTBI care.

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