scholarly journals Repertoire of Naturally Acquired Maternal Antibodies Transferred to Infants for Protection Against Shigellosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Ndungo ◽  
Liana R. Andronescu ◽  
Andrea G. Buchwald ◽  
Jose M. Lemme-Dumit ◽  
Patricia Mawindo ◽  
...  

Shigella is the second leading cause of diarrheal diseases, accounting for >200,000 infections and >50,000 deaths in children under 5 years of age annually worldwide. The incidence of Shigella-induced diarrhea is relatively low during the first year of life and increases substantially, reaching its peak between 11 to 24 months of age. This epidemiological trend hints at an early protective immunity of maternal origin and an increase in disease incidence when maternally acquired immunity wanes. The magnitude, type, antigenic diversity, and antimicrobial activity of maternal antibodies transferred via placenta that can prevent shigellosis during early infancy are not known. To address this knowledge gap, Shigella-specific antibodies directed against the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and virulence factors (IpaB, IpaC, IpaD, IpaH, and VirG), and antibody-mediated serum bactericidal (SBA) and opsonophagocytic killing antibody (OPKA) activity were measured in maternal and cord blood sera from a longitudinal cohort of mother-infant pairs living in rural Malawi. Protein-specific (very high levels) and Shigella LPS IgG were detected in maternal and cord blood sera; efficiency of placental transfer was 100% and 60%, respectively, and had preferential IgG subclass distribution (protein-specific IgG1 > LPS-specific IgG2). In contrast, SBA and OPKA activity in cord blood was substantially lower as compared to maternal serum and varied among Shigella serotypes. LPS was identified as the primary target of SBA and OPKA activity. Maternal sera had remarkably elevated Shigella flexneri 2a LPS IgM, indicative of recent exposure. Our study revealed a broad repertoire of maternally acquired antibodies in infants living in a Shigella-endemic region and highlights the abundance of protein-specific antibodies and their likely contribution to disease prevention during the first months of life. These results contribute new knowledge on maternal infant immunity and target antigens that can inform the development of vaccines or therapeutics that can extend protection after maternally transferred immunity wanes.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Ndungo ◽  
Liana R Andronescu ◽  
Andrea G Buchwald ◽  
Patricia Mawindo ◽  
Miriam K Laufer ◽  
...  

Shigella is the second leading cause of diarrheal diseases, accounting for >200,000 infections and >50,000 deaths in children under 5 years of age worldwide. The incidence of Shigella-induced diarrhea is relatively low during the first year of life and increases substantially (reaching its peak) between 11 to 24 months of age. This epidemiological trend hints to an early protective immunity of maternal origin and an increase in disease incidence when maternal immunity wanes. The magnitude, type, antigenic diversity and anti-microbial activity of maternal antibodies transferred via placenta that can prevent shigellosis during early infancy are not known. To address this knowledge gap, Shigella -specific antibodies directed against the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and virulent factors (IpaB, IpaC, IpaD, IpaH and VirG) and antibody mediated serum bactericidal (SBA) and opsonophagocytic killing antibody (OPKA) activity were measured in maternal and cord blood sera from a longitudinal cohort of mother-infant pairs living in rural Malawi. Protein-specific IgG (very high levels) and Shigella LPS were detected in maternal and cord blood sera; efficiency of placental transfer was 100% and 60%, respectively and was associated with IgG subclass distribution (protein-specific IgG1 > LPS-specific IgG2). In contrast, SBA and OPKA activity in cord blood was substantially lower as compared to maternal serum and varied among Shigella serotypes. LPS was identified as a target of SBA and OPKA activity. Maternal sera had remarkably elevated Shigella flexneri 2a LPS IgM indicative of recent exposure. Our study revealed a broad repertoire of maternally acquired antibodies in infants living in a Shigella-endemic region and highlights the abundance of protein-specific antibodies and their likely contribution to disease prevention during the first months of life. These results contribute new knowledge on maternal infant immunity and target antigens that can inform the development of vaccines or therapeutics that can extend protection after maternal immunity wanes.


1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 2893-2898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Robert-Gangneux ◽  
Marie-Françoise Gavinet ◽  
Thierry Ancelle ◽  
Josette Raymond ◽  
Claudine Tourte-Schaefer ◽  
...  

We reviewed the files of 110 women with Toxoplasmaseroconversion during pregnancy. Prenatal diagnosis was attempted for 94 women by amniotic fluid sampling. Toxoplasma gondii was detected by PCR, with or without tissue culture and mouse inoculation. The early neonatal diagnostic procedure included placental testing by PCR and/or mouse inoculation, cord blood serological testing, and comparison of maternal and newborn antibodies by Western blotting (WB). Serological follow-up of the infants was conducted during the first year of life or until the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) could be ruled out. Congenital infection was diagnosed in 27 individuals (20 live births) in the prenatal and/or neonatal period. The sensitivity and specificity of prenatal diagnosis were 81 and 100%, respectively. Placental examination was positive for 66.7% of individuals with CT and was always negative for neonates without CT. Cord blood serology detected immunoglobulin M (IgM) and/or IgA in 80% of infected newborns, with respective specificities of 91.2 and 87.7%. By WB we detected bands on IgG and IgM blots recognized by the newborn serum but not by the maternal serum (neosynthesized IgG and/or IgM) for 88.2% of infected infants within the first 2 months of life with a specificity of 100%. Early postnatal diagnosis was negative for 2 of the 20 neonates with CT. Both of these newborns had a negative prenatal diagnosis and were asymptomatic, suggesting a very low parasite load. In conclusion, despite the use of advanced methods, some cases of congenital toxoplasmosis cannot be detected early, which underlines the importance of careful follow-up of newborns who are at risk.


1976 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. CARLSSON ◽  
L. GOTHEFORS ◽  
S. AHLSTEDT ◽  
L. A. HANSON ◽  
J. WINBERG

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 496-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naïm Bouazza ◽  
Frantz Foissac ◽  
Déborah Hirt ◽  
Saïk Urien ◽  
Sihem Benaboud ◽  
...  

Background: Drug prescriptions are usual during pregnancy, however, women and their fetuses still remain an orphan population with regard to drugs efficacy and safety. Most xenobiotics diffuse through the placenta and some of them can alter fetus development resulting in structural abnormalities, growth or functional deficiencies. Methods: To summarize the different methodologies developed towards the prediction of fetal drug exposure. Results: Neonatal cord blood concentration is the most specific measurement of the transplacental drug transfer at the end of pregnancy. Using the cord blood and mother drug concentrations altogether, drug exchanges between the mother and fetus can be modeled and quantified via a population pharmacokinetic analysis. Thereafter, it is possible to estimate the fetus exposure and the fetus-to-mother exposure ratio. However, the prediction of placental transfer before any administration to pregnant women is desirable. Animal studies remain difficult to interpret due to structural and functional inter-species placenta differences. The ex-vivo perfusion of the human placental cotyledon is the method of reference to study the human placental transfer of drugs because it is thought to mimic the functional placental tissue. However, extrapolation of data to in vivo situation remains difficult. Some research groups have extensively worked on physiologically based models (PBPK) to predict fetal drug exposure and showed very encouraging results. Conclusion: PBPK models appeared to be a very promising tool in order to predict fetal drug exposure in-silico. However, these models mainly picture the end of pregnancy and knowledge regarding both, development of the placental permeability and transporters is strongly needed.


2009 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiromi Tadaki ◽  
Hirokazu Arakawa ◽  
Mikio Sugiyama ◽  
Kiyoshi Ozawa ◽  
Takahisa Mizuno ◽  
...  

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 2012
Author(s):  
Lisa Daneels ◽  
Dries S. Martens ◽  
Soumia Arredouani ◽  
Jaak Billen ◽  
Gudrun Koppen ◽  
...  

Nutrition is important during pregnancy for offspring health. Gestational vitamin D intake may prevent several adverse outcomes and might have an influence on offspring telomere length (TL). In this study, we want to assess the association between maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy and newborn TL, as reflected by cord blood TL. We studied mother–child pairs enrolled in the Maternal Nutrition and Offspring’s Epigenome (MANOE) cohort, Leuven, Belgium. To calculate the dietary vitamin D intake, 108 women were asked to keep track of their diet using the seven-day estimated diet record (EDR) method. TL was assessed in 108 cord blood using a quantitative real-time PCR method. In each trimester of pregnancy, maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) concentration was measured. We observed a positive association (β = 0.009, p-value = 0.036) between newborn average relative TL and maternal vitamin D intake (diet + supplement) during the first trimester. In contrast, we found no association between average relative TL of the newborn and mean maternal serum 25-OHD concentrations during pregnancy. To conclude, vitamin D intake (diet + supplements), specifically during the first trimester of pregnancy, is an important factor associated with TL at birth.


2021 ◽  
Vol 224 (2) ◽  
pp. S64-S65
Author(s):  
Fatima A. Estrada Trejo ◽  
Hadley Pfalzgraf ◽  
Avish Arora ◽  
Aakash Mahant Mahant ◽  
Betsy Herold

Author(s):  
Jumpei Saito ◽  
Asako Mito ◽  
Naho Yakuwa ◽  
Kayoko Kaneko ◽  
Hiroyo Kawasaki ◽  
...  

Cytokine X ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 100052
Author(s):  
Anne FLOECK ◽  
Nina FERRARI ◽  
Christine JOISTEN ◽  
Maria T. PUTH ◽  
Brigitte STRIZEK ◽  
...  

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