Oral Administration of Nanopeptide CMCS-20H Conspicuously Boosts Immunity and Precautionary Effect Against Bacterial Infection in Fish

Massive mortalities caused by bacterial infections in intensive aquaculture result in serious economic losses. In this study, a novel antimicrobial peptide gcIFN-20H was efficiently expressed in Pichia pastoris (GS115) and loaded on carboxylmethyl chitosan (CMCS) to prepare CMCS-20H nanoparticles. Through physical characterization assays (TEM, DLS, BCA, and Raman) and biological activity tests (antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity), CMCS-20H nanopeptide was verified to be spherical nanoparticles with sustained release, antimicrobial activity, and negligible toxicity. CMCS-20H nanoparticles are more resistant to intestinal degradation than unloaded gcIFN-20H by indirect immunofluorescence assay. Oral administration was then carried out for 42 days. Complement C3 content, lysozyme, and total superoxide dismutase activities are highest in CMCS-20H group by serum biochemistry index assays. After challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila, the survival rate in CMCS-20H group is highest (46%), which is 64% higher than the control group (28%). Meanwhile, the tissue bacterial loads (intestine, spleen, head kidney, trunk kidney, hepatopancreas, muscle, and blood) in the CMCS-20H group are significantly lower than other groups. By PAS staining analysis, the number of intestinal villi goblet cells and the thickness of mucin in the CMCS-20H group obviously increased. CMCS-20H effectively enhances mRNA expressions of some important immune genes (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-2, IFN-γ2, and IgM). The minimal tissue lesions (Intestine, spleen, and trunk kidney) were seen in the CMCS-20H group by histopathological examination. 16S rRNA sequencing showed that oral CMCS-20H maintains the intestinal microbiome homeostasis in bacterial infection. The results indicate that the novel nanopeptide CMCS-20H as the immunopotentiator can remarkably boost fish immunity and precautionary effect by oral administration and address the theoretical mechanisms and insights into the promising application prospect in aquaculture.

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PSVIII-8 Effect of Lactobacillus Casei Zhang on E. coli induced injury of blood and milk barrier in dairy cow

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skaa278.468 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽

pp. 259-259

Author(s):

Yuhui Zheng ◽

Shengli Li

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infection ◽

Lactobacillus Casei ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Production Performance ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Control Group ◽

Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽

E Coli ◽

Lactobacillus Casei Zhang

Abstract Bovine mastitis is one of the major diseases which directly affects the milk production performance and it causes huge economic losses in the dairy industry. Bacterial infection is the main risk factor of bovine mastitis and the antibiotic therapy is the primary choice to control the disease. However, persistence use of antibiotic increases the incidence of bacterial resistance and traces of antibiotic residues in animal products. Lactobacillus casei Zhang is one of the probiotics with multiple biological functions, which has certain bacteriostatic effect on pathogenic microorganism. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of Lactobacillus casei Zhang (L. casei Zhang) on the prevention of E. coli-induced milk-blood barrier damage. Bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) were used to establish a milk-blood model and Control group (PBS), E. coli group, and L. casei Zhang pretreatment plus E. coli group were set up respectively. The results showed that: L. casei Zhang could significantly reduce the increase of LDH release caused by E. coli treatment (P< 0.05). And it can also significantly reduce the decrease of transmembrane resistance of monolayer cells caused by E. coli treatment (P< 0.05). In addition, L. casei Zhang could significantly reduce the expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1, Claudin-1, Claudin-4 and Occludin (P < 0.05). In conclusion, L. casei Zhang could effectively improve the damage of the blood-milk barrier caused by E. coli and could protect BMECs during bacterial infection.

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Diagnostic Value of Serum Procalcitonin in Patients with Convulsion in Emergency Department, an Observational Study

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9100683 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 683

Author(s):

Hisashi Murakami ◽

Hiromu Naraba ◽

Takashi Gondo ◽

Masaki Mochizuki ◽

Hidehiko Nakano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Emergency Department ◽

Bacterial Infection ◽

Likelihood Ratio ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Care Center ◽

Positive Likelihood Ratio ◽

Diagnostic Value ◽

Control Group ◽

Diagnostic Values ◽

Group Members

Procalcitonin (PCT), a widely used biomarker for bacterial infections, is sometimes measured in convulsion patients to distinguish bacterial infections including bacterial meningitis. However, serum PCT elevation is reported in several other conditions. This study assessed the diagnostic value of serum PCT concentrations in convulsion patients. This study examined a convulsion group: patients admitted to our critical care center during April 2018 through September 2019 via the emergency department presenting with convulsions. Randomly sampled patients admitted without convulsions were categorized as a non-convulsion group. Serum PCT analysis was performed with consideration of whether or not the patient had an infection. Diagnostic values of serum PCT for bacterial infection were evaluated for convulsion and non-convulsion patients using the positive likelihood ratio of PCT. This study found 84 patients as eligible for the convulsion group; 1:2 matched 168 control patients were selected as non-convulsion group members. The positive likelihood ratio for bacterial infection was found to be significantly lower in the convulsion group than in the control group (1.94 vs. 2.65) when setting the positive cut-off for PCT as 0.5 ng/mL. Convulsion patients had a higher PCT value. The positive likelihood ratio for patients without bacterial infection was lower.

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Fever and laboratory profiles as predictors of serious bacterial infection in children

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi52.6.2012.313-6 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 52 (6) ◽

pp. 313

Author(s):

Ni Putu Veny Kartika Yantie ◽

BNP Arhana ◽

Purnomo Suryantoro

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infection ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Control Group ◽

Case Group ◽

Bacterial Gastroenteritis ◽

Leukocyte Counts ◽

Serious Bacterial Infections ◽

Tract Infections

Background There is a debate on the use of high fever \\lith othermorbidities to predict serious bacterial infection (SBI). Bacterialinfection occurs in 3􀁉15% of children with fever of 2: 39°C.Various laboratory parameters including increased C􀁉reactiveprotein (CRP) levels, leukocyte counts, and absolute neutrophilcounts (AN C) have been studied for their usefulness in predictingthe occurrence of SBI, but with varied results. The ability todiscriminate whether a patient has a SBI can lead to improvedpatient management.Objective To evaluate fever of 2: 39°C, leukocyte counts of2: 15,000/mm3, ANC of 2: 1O,000/mm3 and CRP of 2: 10 mgiL aspredictors of SBI in children aged 1 month􀁉 18 years.Methods A case􀁉controlled study was conducted by collectingdata from medical records at Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar. Subjectsin the case group were diagnosed \\lith SBls (bacterial meningitis,bacterial pneumonia, bacteremia or sepsis, urinary tract infections,or bacterial gastroenteritis), and subjects in the control group nonserious bacterial infections (non􀁉SBI). Data was analyzed usingbivariate and multivariate methods \\lith 95% confidence intervalsand a statistical significance value ofP <0.05.Results Sixty subjects were studied, \\lith 30 subjects in the casegroup and 30 in the control group. Baseline characteristics ofsubjects were similar between the two groups. Fever and CRP werepredictors ofSBI [OR8.71 (95% CI 1.61 t046.98), P 􀀁 0.009; andOR 6.20 (95% CI 1.58 to 24.24), P 􀀁 0.012, respectively].Conclusion Fever 2: 39°C and CRP 2: 10 mgiL were significantpredictors of serious bacterial infections in children. [Paediatrrndones, 2012;52:313-6].

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Acute and Subchronic Toxicity Studies of Combretum collinum Methanol Root Extract in Albino Rats

International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review ◽

10.9734/ijbcrr/2020/v29i1030235 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 9-28

Author(s):

S. W. Hassan ◽

A. N. Ukwuani-Kwaja ◽

U. D. Nuhu ◽

R. D. Jabaka

Keyword(s):

Oral Administration ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Lethal Dose ◽

Research Work ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Root Extract ◽

Acute Administration ◽

Subchronic Toxicity ◽

Toxicity Studies

Combretum collinum root extract has been recognized long ago as traditional medicinal plant in curing several diseases among the indigenous people of Alela-land (Zuru), Kebbi State, Nigeria. This research work was carried out to evaluate the toxicological effects of Combretum collinum methanol root extract (CCME) in albino rats. Acute toxicity was performed by a fixed single oral administration at a dose of 10, 100, 1000 mg/Kg and 1600, 2900, 5000 mg/Kg. Subchronic toxicity studies of CCME was conducted at doses of 32, 63, 126 and 253 mg/Kg for 28 days. The result showed that acute administration of CCME resulted at mortality and general behavioral changes at 1000 to 5000 mg/Kg. Therefore, the estimated lethal dose (LD50) of CCME was 316.23 mg/Kg. Subchronic oral administration of CCME revealed a significant (P<0.01) decrease in body weight in rats receiving 63 to 253 mg/Kg throughout the study period compared with the control group. The results also showed a significant (P<0.01) increase in serum ALT, AST, creatinine, potassium and bicarbonate in rats administered with 126 and 253 mg/Kg of the extract. Haematological analysis of the same extract revealed a significant (P<0.01) increase in WBC, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, PLT, LYM and NEUT in rats receiving 126 and 253 mg/Kg only. Histopathological examination of liver revealed severe periportal inflammation, hypertrophy, areas of hydropic changes, cancerous tumor, areas of infiltration and necrosis of the hepatic cells while the kidney showed a mild mesengial hyperplasia, compressed blood vessels, glomerular degeneration, tubular degeneration and tubular widened lumen in rats treated with 63 to 253 mg/Kg. Therefore, caution should be applied as C. collinum root extract has a low mean lethal dose and would be toxic at higher concentrations.

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Hypnotic Effects of Lactobacillus fermentum PS150TM on Pentobarbital-Induced Sleep in Mice

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11102409 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 2409 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alexander Lin ◽

Ching-Ting Shih ◽

Chin-Lin Huang ◽

Chien-Chen Wu ◽

Ching-Ting Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Administration ◽

Sleep Duration ◽

Lactobacillus Fermentum ◽

Intestinal Microbiome ◽

Control Group ◽

Gene Encoding ◽

Bidirectional Communication ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Neurological Illnesses ◽

Dose Dependent

The bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system appears to be functionally linked to the intestinal microbiome, namely the microbiome–gut–brain axis (MGBA). Probiotics with health benefits on psychiatric or neurological illnesses are generally called psychobiotics, and some of them may also be able to improve sleep by targeting the MGBA. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a psychobiotic strain, Lactobacillus fermentum PS150TM (PS150TM), on sleep improvement by using a pentobarbital-induced sleep mouse model. Compared with the vehicle control group, the oral administration of PS150TM, but not the other L. fermentum strains, significantly decreased the sleep latency and increased the sleep duration of mice, suggesting strain-specific sleep-improving effects of PS150TM. Moreover, the ingestion of diphenhydramine, an antihistamine used to treat insomnia, as a drug control group, only increased the sleep duration of mice. We also found that the sleep-improving effects of PS150TM are time- and dose-dependent. Furthermore, the oral administration of PS150TM could attenuate a caffeine-induced sleep disturbance in mice, and PS150TM appeared to increase the expression of the gene encoding the adenosine 1 receptor in the hypothalamus of mice, as assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Taken together, our results present a potential application of PS150TM as a dietary supplement for sleep improvement.

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Protective effects of seaweed supplemented diet on antioxidant and immune responses in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) subjected to bacterial infection

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-52693-6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Maria J. Peixoto ◽

Renato Ferraz ◽

Leonardo J. Magnoni ◽

Rui Pereira ◽

José F. Gonçalves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infection ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Control Diet ◽

Dicentrarchus Labrax ◽

Head Kidney ◽

Protective Effects ◽

Down Regulation ◽

Antioxidant Genes ◽

European Seabass

Abstract European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) production is often hampered by bacterial infections such as photobacteriosis caused by Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida (Phdp). Since diet can impact fish immunity, this work investigated the effect of dietary supplementation of 5% Gracilaria sp. aqueous extract (GRA) on seabass antioxidant capacity and resistance against Phdp. After infection, mortality was delayed in fish fed GRA, which also revealed increased lysozyme activity levels, as well as decreased lipid peroxidation, suggesting higher antioxidant capacity than in fish fed a control diet. Dietary GRA induced a down-regulation of hepatic stress-responsive heat shock proteins (grp-78, grp-170, grp-94, grp-75), while bacterial infection caused a down-regulation in antioxidant genes (prdx4 and mn-sod). Diet and infection interaction down-regulated the transcription levels of genes associated with oxidative stress response (prdx5 and gpx4) in liver. In head-kidney, GRA led to an up-regulation of genes associated with inflammation (il34, ccr9, cd33) and a down-regulation of genes related to cytokine signalling (mif, il1b, defb, a2m, myd88). Additionally, bacterial infection up-regulated immunoglobulins production (IgMs) and down-regulated the transcription of the antimicrobial peptide leap2 in head kidney. Overall, we found that GRA supplementation modulated seabass resistance to Phdp infection.

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Biochemical and Histopathological Effects on Liver Profile due to Acute and Subacute Oral Toxicity of Somina on Rats

RADS Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.37962/jpps.v9i1.486 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 76-81

Author(s):

Aisha Azmat ◽

Muhammad Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Oral Administration ◽

Histopathological Examination ◽

Treated Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Histopathological Analysis ◽

Oral Toxicity ◽

Toxicological Effect ◽

Group Iii ◽

Group I ◽

Group Ii

Background: Limited research studies are reported regarding the toxicological effect of different herbal medicine already used in different countries. Objective: This research study was planned to examine the changes in liver (biochemical and histological) associated with oral administration of somina (acute and sub-acute) in rats. Methodology: Group– I served as control (saline), while other groups (II, III) were daily treated with somina at different doses of 0.285g/kg (group – II), 10g/kg/day (group – III), for 14 (set I), 21 (set II), and 30 (set III) consecutive days. Each group contains 12 rats. During the study period, signs and behavioral changes, mortality, were observed. At the end of study period, blood sample was drawn directly from heart, for the estimation of liver enzymes: Bilirubin (BIL), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum glutamic pyruvic transferase (SGPT), aspartate aminotransferase (SGOT), Albumin (ALB) and total protein (TP). The liver was carefully dichotomized, weighed, and further processed for histopathological analysis. Results: Herbal drug somina was claimed to be practically non-toxic as in rats no mortality was recorded after the oral administration of somina (14, 21 and 30 consecutive days). Liver profile showed non-significant changes in treated group- II and III (P > 0.05), as compared to the control (group- I). The histopathological examination did not reveal any deteriorative effect. Conclusion: It was concluded that oral administration of somina did not produce any significant detrimental effects on rat liver (biochemical and histopathological parameters), even at doses of 10g/kg/day indicating its safe use.

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Procalcitonin and Proinflammatory Cytokines in Early Diagnosis of Bacterial Infections after Bronchoscopy

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2019.208 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (6) ◽

pp. 913-919 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mohsen Farrokhpour ◽

Arda Kiani ◽

Esmaeil Mortaz ◽

Kimia Taghavi ◽

Amir Masoud Farahbod ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infection ◽

Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Case Group ◽

Antibiotic Prescribing ◽

Threshold Point

BACKGROUND: Fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) guided bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) remains as the chief diagnostic tool in respiratory disorders. 1.2-16% of patients frequently experience fever after bronchoscopy. To exclude the need for multiple antibiotic prescribing in patients with post-bronchoscopy fever, the presence of the self-limiting inflammatory responses should be excluded. AIM: The current study was conducted to test the serum of patients undergoing bronchoscopy for some proinflammatory cytokines including Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-ɑ), Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the value of Procalcitonin (PCT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Current case-control study was conducted at the National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease in Iran. Nineteen patients (48.72%) that attended with a reasonable sign for a diagnostic bronchoscopy from January 2016 to December 2017 were included in the case group. The control group consisted of 20 patients who underwent a simple bronchoscopy and without FOB-BAL. The laboratory findings for PCT concentrations and cytokine levels in the three serum samples (before FOB-BAL (t0), after 6 hr. (t1), and at 24 hr. past (t2) FOB-BAL) were compared between two groups. RESULTS: The frequency of post-bronchoscopy fever was 5.12, and the prevalence of post-bronchoscopy infectious fever was 2.56%. PCT level was considerably higher in the patient with a confirmed bacterial infection when compared to other participants (p-value < 0. 05). Interestingly, IL-8 level in the bacterial infection proven fever patient was higher than in other patients (p < 0.001). IL-8 levels displayed a specificity of 72.7% and a sensitivity of 100%, at the threshold point of 5.820 pg/ml. PCT levels had a specificity of 84% and a sensitivity of 81%, at the threshold point of 0.5 ng/ml. CONCLUSION: The present findings show that in patients with fever after bronchoscopy, PCT levels and IL-8 levels are valuable indicators for antibiotic therapy, proving adequate proof for bacterial infection. The current findings also illustrate that to monitor the serum levels of PCT and proinflammatory cytokines in the patients undergoing FOB-BAL, the best time is the 24-hour postoperative bronchoscopy.

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Development of Recombinant Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase Subunit Vaccine against Vibrio Infection in Large Yellow Croaker

Fishes ◽

10.3390/fishes7010017 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 17

Author(s):

Xiaomeng Li ◽

Yuanzhen Tan ◽

Zheng Zhang ◽

Yupeng Huang ◽

Pengfei Mu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subunit Vaccine ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Head Kidney ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Control Group ◽

Large Yellow Croaker ◽

Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase ◽

A Subunit ◽

And Control ◽

Vibrio Genus

Large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea), an economically important marine fish in China, has suffered from serious vibriosis, which has resulted in great economic losses for the large yellow croaker industry. Vaccination has been considered to be a safe and effective method to prevent and control vibriosis. However, due to the complex diversity and serotypes of the Vibrio genus, the progress of Vibrio vaccine development is still slow. In this study, we prepared recombinant Vibrio dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (rDLD) protein and investigated its potential as a candidate to be a subunit vaccine against Vibrio. The lysozyme activity and the rDLD-specific antibody level in sera of large yellow croakers immunized with rDLD were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the transcript levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β), MHC IIα/β, CD40, CD8α, IL-4/13A, and IL-4/13B were significantly up-regulated in the spleen and head kidney of large yellow croakers immunized with rDLD, suggesting that rDLD could induce both specific and nonspecific immune responses in this species. In addition, rDLD protein increased the survival rate of large yellow croakers against Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, with the relative percent of survival (RPS) being 74.5% and 66.9%, respectively. These results will facilitate the development of a potential subunit vaccine against Vibrio in large yellow croaker aquaculture.

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APPLICATION OF DOUBLE PROTECTED SWABS IN DIAGNOSTICS OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS THE MARE’S UTERUS

Archives of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.46784/e-avm.v4i1.179 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 63-69

Author(s):

Miroslav Urošević ◽

Dragica Stojanović ◽

Ivan Pušić ◽

Jasna Prodanov Radulović ◽

Vladan Đermanović

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infection ◽

Reproductive System ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Uterine Infection ◽

Horse Breeding

Numerous studies have shown that a mare can develop a uterine infection that causes signifi cant economic losses in horse breeding. Assessment of the reproductive system in breeding animals in our country has been rarely carried out, however this is a common or compulsory practice in countries that have developed horse breeding. Th is paper describes the importance and diff erent techniques for the use of double protected swabs in the diagnostics of bacterial infection of the mare uterus in order to improve their fertility.

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