Sensitivities of Porous Beds and Plates to Ignition by Firebrands

The increasing occurrence of severe wildfires, coupled with the expansion of the wildland urban interface has increased the number of structures in danger of being destroyed by wildfires. Ignition by firebrands is a significant avenue for fire spread and structure loss; thus, understanding processes and parameters that control the ignition of fuel beds by firebrands is important for reducing these losses. In this study the effect of fuel bed characteristics (i.e., particle size and porous or solid fuel bed) on ignition behavior was considered. Modelling and analysis was conducted to better understand parameters that are dominant in controlling ignition. The fuel beds, made from Douglas-fir shavings, Douglas-fir plates, or cardboard plates, were heated with a cartridge heater (i.e., surrogate firebrand) to observe ignition. Smaller particles were observed to ignite more readily in porous beds than larger particles when heat transfer from the heater is primarily through conduction. This occurs in large part due to differences in contact area between the fuel bed and the heater coupled with thermal properties of the fuel bed. As particle sizes increased, ignition was more likely to occur at extended times (>100 s) due to the increased importance of radiation heat transfer. Douglas-fir plates were primarily observed to ignite at times where conduction was the dominant mode of heat transfer (<10 s). Heat flux delivered to the fuel bed was observed to be a more accurate predictor of ignition likelihood and ignition time than heater temperatures. The characteristic ratio of transport and chemical timescales can be used, in conjunction with the measured heat flux and thermal diffusivity of the fuel beds, as a first approximation to predict ignition for the porous fuel beds. This suggests that future work focusing on these parameters may produce a general characterization of fuel bed ignition probability across fuel beds materials and morphologies.