scholarly journals The Human Microbiome, an Emerging Key-Player in the Sex Gap in Respiratory Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clémence Beauruelle ◽  
Charles-Antoine Guilloux ◽  
Claudie Lamoureux ◽  
Geneviève Héry-Arnaud
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Pulmonary Infection ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
The Past ◽  
Lung Microbiome ◽  
Males And Females

The sex gap is well-documented in respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. While the differences between males and females in prevalence, severity and prognosis are well-established, the pathophysiology of the sex difference has been poorly characterized to date. Over the past 10 years, metagenomics-based studies have revealed the presence of a resident microbiome in the respiratory tract and its central role in respiratory disease. The lung microbiome is associated with host immune response and health outcomes in both animal models and patient cohorts. The study of the lung microbiome is therefore an interesting new avenue to explore in order to understand the sex gap observed in respiratory diseases. Another important parameter to consider is the gut-lung axis, since the gut microbiome plays a crucial role in distant immune modulation in respiratory diseases, and an intestinal “microgenderome” has been reported: i.e., sexual dimorphism in the gut microbiome. The microgenderome provides new pathophysiological clues, as it defines the interactions between microbiome, sex hormones, immunity and disease susceptibility. As research on the microbiome is increasing in volume and scope, the objective of this review was to describe the state-of-the-art on the sex gap in respiratory medicine (acute pulmonary infection and chronic lung disease) in the light of the microbiome, including evidence of local (lung) or distant (gut) contributions to the pathophysiology of these diseases.

scholarly journals Disease-associated gut microbiome and metabolome changes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate L. Bowerman ◽  
Saima Firdous Rehman ◽  
Annalicia Vaughan ◽  
Nancy Lachner ◽  
Kurtis F. Budden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Lung Microbiome ◽  
Copd Patients ◽  
The Family ◽  
Faecal Microbiome

AbstractChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third commonest cause of death globally, and manifests as a progressive inflammatory lung disease with no curative treatment. The lung microbiome contributes to COPD progression, but the function of the gut microbiome remains unclear. Here we examine the faecal microbiome and metabolome of COPD patients and healthy controls, finding 146 bacterial species differing between the two groups. Several species, including Streptococcus sp000187445, Streptococcus vestibularis and multiple members of the family Lachnospiraceae, also correlate with reduced lung function. Untargeted metabolomics identifies a COPD signature comprising 46% lipid, 20% xenobiotic and 20% amino acid related metabolites. Furthermore, we describe a disease-associated network connecting Streptococcus parasanguinis_B with COPD-associated metabolites, including N-acetylglutamate and its analogue N-carbamoylglutamate. While correlative, our results suggest that the faecal microbiome and metabolome of COPD patients are distinct from those of healthy individuals, and may thus aid in the search for biomarkers for COPD.

scholarly journals Role of specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators in pulmonary inflammation diseases: mechanisms and development

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ailin Yang ◽  
Yanjun Wu ◽  
Ganggang Yu ◽  
Haoyan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Pulmonary Inflammation ◽  
Lipid Mediators ◽  
Pulmonary Diseases ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

AbstractInflammation is an essential mechanism of various diseases. The development and resolution of inflammation are complex immune-modulation processes which induce the involvement of various types of immune cells. Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs) have been demonstrated to be signaling molecules in inflammation. SPMs are involved in the pathophysiology of different diseases, especially respiratory diseases, including asthma, pneumonia, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. All of these diseases are related to the inflammatory response and its persistence. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms and development of inflammation in respiratory disease, and the roles of the SPM family in the resolution process, might be useful in the quest for novel therapies and preventive measures for pulmonary diseases.

scholarly journals Is there room for further innovation in inhaled therapy for airways disease?

Breathe ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martyn F. Biddiscombe ◽  
Omar S. Usmani
Keyword(s):  
Digital Technology ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Dose Inhaler ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
List Type ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
The Past ◽  
Inhaled Therapy ◽  
Metered Dose ◽  
Inhaled Medication

Inhaled medication is the cornerstone in the treatment of patients across a spectrum of respiratory diseases including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The benefits of inhaled therapy have long been recognised but the most important innovations have occurred over the past 60 years, beginning with the invention of the pressurised metered dose inhaler. However, despite over 230 different device and drug combinations currently being available, disease control is far from perfect.Here we look at how innovation in inhaler design may improve treatments for respiratory diseases and how new formulations may lead to treatments for diseases beyond the lungs. We look at the three main areas where innovation in inhaled therapy is most likely to occur: 1) device engineering and design; 2) chemistry and formulations; and 3) digital technology associated with inhalers. Inhaler design has improved significantly but considerable challenges still remain in order to continually innovate and improve targeted drug delivery to the lungs. Healthcare professionals want see innovations that motivate their patients to achieve their goal of improving their health, through better adherence to treatment. Patients want devices that are easy to use and to see that their efforts are rewarded by improvements in their condition.Key pointsThe dictionary definition of innovation is the introduction of new things, ideas or ways of doing something. We show how this definition can be applied to inhaled therapy.We take a look at the past to see what drove innovation in inhaler design and how this has led to the current devices.We look at the current drivers of innovation in engineering, chemistry and digital technology and predict how this may translate to new devices.Can innovation help the healthcare professional manage their patients better?What does the patient expect from innovation in their device?Educational aimsTo understand the importance of inhaled medication in the treatment of lung diseases.To understand how innovation has helped advance some of the devices patients use today from basic and inefficient designs.To understand the obstacles that prevent patients from receiving optimal treatment from their inhalers.To understand how innovation in inhaler design can lead to improved treatment for patients and widen the range of diseases that can be treated via the inhaled route.

Microbiome in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Role of Natural Products Against Microbial Pathogens

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (18) ◽  
pp. 2931-2948
Author(s):  
Alessia Santoro ◽  
Carlo Tomino ◽  
Giulia Prinzi ◽  
Vittorio Cardaci ◽  
Massimo Fini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Lung Microbiome

The “microbiome” is the operative term to refer to a collection of all taxa constituting microbial communities, such as bacteria, archaea, fungi and protists (originally microbiota). The microbiome consists of the indigenous microbial communities and of the host environment that they inhabit. Actually, it has been shown that there is a close relationship between the microbiome and human health and disease condition. Although, initially, the lung was considered sterile, actually, the existence of a healthy lung microbiome is usually accepted. Lung microbiome changes are reported in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and in its exacerbation. Viral and bacterial infections of the respiratory system are a major cause of COPD exacerbations (AECOPD) leading to increased local and systemic inflammation. Detection rates of virus in AECOPD are variable between 25-62% according to the detection method. The study of human airway and lung disease virome is quite recent and still very limited. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings on the lung microbiome composition with a special emphasis on virome in COPD and in AECOPD. Some drugs of natural origins active against resistant bacteria and virus are described.

CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing Tool: A Promising Tool for Therapeutic Applications on Respiratory Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 333-346
Author(s):  
Sadiya Bi Shaikh ◽  
Yashodhar Prabhakar Bhandary
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Therapeutic Tool ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Mesenchymal Transition ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Promising Tool

Respiratory diseases are one of the prime topics of concern in the current era due to improper diagnostics tools. Gene-editing therapy, like Clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats- associated nuclease 9 (CRISPR/Cas9), is gaining popularity in pulmonary research, opening up doors to invaluable insights on underlying mechanisms. CRISPR/Cas9 can be considered as a potential gene-editing tool with a scientific community that is helping in the advancement of knowledge in respiratory health and therapy. As an appealing therapeutic tool, we hereby explore the advanced research on the application of CRISPR/Cas9 tools in chronic respiratory diseases such as lung cancer, Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cystic fibrosis (CF). We also address the urgent need to establish this gene-editing tool in various other lung diseases such as asthma, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The present review introduces CRISPR/Cas9 as a worthy application in targeting epithelial-mesenchymal transition and fibrinolytic system via editing specific genes. Thereby, based on the efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9, it can be considered as a promising therapeutic tool in respiratory health research.

Hazards for Construction Workers

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin H. West ◽  
Laura S. Welch
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Noise Exposure ◽  
Engineered Nanomaterials ◽  
Construction Workers ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

This chapter describes the hazards for construction workers, with a particular focus on injuries as well as exposures to hazardous chemicals and dusts. A section describes hazardous exposures to lead and other heavy metals. Another section describes noise exposure. The impact of musculoskeletal disorders among construction workers is then discussed. A section on respiratory diseases focuses on asbestosis, silicosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma. Exposures known to cause dermatitis and cancer are reviewed. There is a discussion of engineered nanomaterials as a potential emerging hazard. Various approaches to prevention and control, including regulations and health services, are described.

scholarly journals Exploring the microbiome in health and disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 239784731774188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Scotti ◽  
Stéphanie Boué ◽  
Giuseppe Lo Sasso ◽  
Filippo Zanetti ◽  
Vincenzo Belcastro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Dynamics And Function ◽  
And Function

The analysis of human microbiome is an exciting and rapidly expanding field of research. In the past decade, the biological relevance of the microbiome for human health has become evident. Microbiome comprises a complex collection of microorganisms, with their genes and metabolites, colonizing different body niches. It is now well known that the microbiome interacts with its host, assisting in the bioconversion of nutrients and detoxification, supporting immunity, protecting against pathogenic microbes, and maintaining health. Remarkable new findings showed that our microbiome not only primarily affects the health and function of the gastrointestinal tract but also has a strong influence on general body health through its close interaction with the nervous system and the lung. Therefore, a perfect and sensitive balanced interaction of microbes with the host is required for a healthy body. In fact, growing evidence suggests that the dynamics and function of the indigenous microbiota can be influenced by many factors, including genetics, diet, age, and toxicological agents like cigarette smoke, environmental contaminants, and drugs. The disruption of this balance, that is called dysbiosis, is associated with a plethora of diseases, including metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, periodontitis, skin diseases, and neurological disorders. The importance of the host microbiome for the human health has also led to the emergence of novel therapeutic approaches focused on the intentional manipulation of the microbiota, either by restoring missing functions or eliminating harmful roles. In the present review, we outline recent studies devoted to elucidate not only the role of microbiome in health conditions and the possible link with various types of diseases but also the influence of various toxicological factors on the microbial composition and function.

scholarly journals Chronic respiratory diseases at primary health care level in Georgia: the results of the pilot study

2016 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Chkhaidze ◽  
T. Maglakelidze ◽  
N. Khaltaev
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Official Statistics ◽  
Global Alliance ◽  
Care Level ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Chronic Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Chronic Morbidity ◽  
Official Data

Background and aim. Millions of people suffer from chronic respiratory diseases (CRD). To address this serious global health problem WHO formed the Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD). Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major priority of GARD due to high chronic morbidity and mortality; however, there is still little prevalence data available. The prevalence of COPD in Georgia, as well as other CRD, is suspected to be high. Methods. GARD Pilot Survey (GAPS) in Georgia had been carried out by the Georgian Respiratory Association. The survey was conducted in the Sagarejo and Mtskheta districts with total population of about 70.000. All subjects provided information on asthma, bronchitis, respiratory symptoms, smoking, allergic conditions, CRD comorbidity and lifestyle via an interviewer-administered questionnaire. A total of 3,646 questionnaires were analysed. Results. It was discovered that official data concerning allergic rhinitis, TB and asthma are almost equal, but readings in relation to CRD are about five times lower according to official data of the Ministry of Health of Georgia. The data results: for allergic rhinitis - 218 in GAPS vs. 177 in the official statistics (for 100.000 population); for TB -105 in GAPS vs. 147 in the official statistics; for asthma -250 in GAPS vs. 374 in the official statistics; the data about CRD according to our survey is almost five times higher - 365 in GAPS vs. 84 in the official statistics (for 100.000 population). Conclusions. It is necessary to expand the survey to the entire country population. Country results are likely to be useful and interesting for local doctors and managers, as well as for officials.

scholarly journals Peripheral blood microbial signatures in current and former smokers

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarrett D. Morrow ◽  
Peter J. Castaldi ◽  
Robert P. Chase ◽  
Jeong H. Yun ◽  
Sool Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Independent Set ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Dyspnea Score ◽  
Former Smokers

AbstractThe human microbiome has a role in the development of multiple diseases. Individual microbiome profiles are highly personalized, though many species are shared. Understanding the relationship between the human microbiome and disease may inform future individualized treatments. We hypothesize the blood microbiome signature may be a surrogate for some lung microbial characteristics. We sought associations between the blood microbiome signature and lung-relevant host factors. Based on reads not mapped to the human genome, we detected microbial nucleic acids through secondary use of peripheral blood RNA-sequencing from 2,590 current and former smokers with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) from the COPDGene study. We used the Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) microbial pipeline PathSeq to infer microbial profiles. We tested associations between the inferred profiles and lung disease relevant phenotypes and examined links to host gene expression pathways. We replicated our analyses using a second independent set of blood RNA-seq data from 1,065 COPDGene study subjects and performed a meta-analysis across the two studies. The four phyla with highest abundance across all subjects were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. In our meta-analysis, we observed associations (q-value < 0.05) between Acinetobacter, Serratia, Streptococcus and Bacillus inferred abundances and Modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) dyspnea score. Current smoking status was associated (q < 0.05) with Acinetobacter, Serratia and Cutibacterium abundance. All 12 taxa investigated were associated with at least one white blood cell distribution variable. Abundance for nine of the 12 taxa was associated with sex, and seven of the 12 taxa were associated with race. Host-microbiome interaction analysis revealed clustering of genera associated with mMRC dyspnea score and smoking status, through shared links to several host pathways. This study is the first to identify a bacterial microbiome signature in the peripheral blood of current and former smokers. Understanding the relationships between systemic microbial signatures and lung-related phenotypes may inform novel interventions and aid understanding of the systemic effects of smoking.

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