scholarly journals Ultrasound Assessment of Diaphragm Thickness and Thickening: Reference Values and Limits of Normality When in a Seated Position

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Boussuges ◽  
Sarah Rives ◽  
Julie Finance ◽  
Guillaume Chaumet ◽  
Nicolas Vallée ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Deep Breathing ◽  
Diaphragm Thickness ◽  
Quiet Breathing ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Diaphragmatic Function ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

Background: Diagnosing diaphragm dysfunction in the absence of complete paralysis remains difficult. The aim of the present study was to assess the normal values of the thickness and the inspiratory thickening of both hemidiaphragms as measured by ultrasonography in healthy volunteers while in a seated position.Methods: Healthy volunteers with a normal pulmonary function test were recruited. The diaphragmatic thickness was measured on both sides at the zone of apposition of the diaphragm to the rib cage during quiet breathing at end-expiration, end-inspiration, and after maximal inspiration. The thickening ratio, the thickening fraction, and the thickness at end-inspiration divided by the thickness at deep breathing were determined. The mean values and the lower and upper limits of normal were determined for men and women.Results: 200 healthy volunteers (100 men and 100 women) were included in the study. The statistical analysis revealed that women had a thinner hemidiaphragm than men on both sides and at the various breathing times studied. The lower limit of normality of the diaphragm thickness measured at end-expiration was estimated to be 1.3 mm in men and 1.1 mm in women, on both sides. The thickening fraction did not differ significantly between men and women. In men, it ranged from 60 to 260% on the left side and from 57 to 200% on the right side. In women, it ranged from 58 to 264% on the left side and from 60 to 229% on the right side. The lower limits of normality of the thickening fraction were determined to be 40 and 39% in men and 39 and 48% in women for the right and left hemidiaphragms, respectively. The upper limit for normal of the mean of both sides of the ratio thickness at end-inspiration divided by the thickness at deep breathing was determined to be 0.78 in women and 0.79 in men.Conclusion: The normal values of thickness and the indexes of diaphragmatic function should help clinicians with detecting diaphragm atrophy and dysfunction.

scholarly journals Diaphragmatic motion recorded by M-mode ultrasonography: limits of normality

2021 ◽  
pp. 00714-2020
Author(s):  
Alain Boussuges ◽  
Julie Finance ◽  
Guillaume Chaumet ◽  
Fabienne Brégeon
Keyword(s):  
Normal Values ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Deep Breathing ◽  
Quiet Breathing ◽  
Diaphragmatic Dysfunction ◽  
Chest Ultrasonography ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Diaphragmatic Motion ◽  
The Right ◽  
Lower Limits

BackgroundChest ultrasonography has proven to be useful in the diagnosis of diaphragm dysfunction. The aim of the present study was to determine the normal values of the motion of both hemidiaphragms recorded by M-mode ultrasonography.MethodsHealthy volunteers were studied while in a seated position. Diaphragmatic excursions and diaphragm profiles were measured during quiet breathing, voluntary sniffing, and deep breathing. Diaphragmatic excursions were assessed by M-mode ultrasonography, using an approach perpendicular to the posterior part of the diaphragm. Anatomical M-mode was used for the recording of the complete excursion during deep breathing.ResultsThe study included 270 men and 140 women. The diaphragmatic motions during quiet breathing and voluntary sniffing were successfully recorded in all of the participants. The use of anatomical M-mode was particularly suitable for measurement of the entire diaphragmatic excursion during deep breathing. The statistical analysis showed that the diaphragmatic excursions were larger in men compared to women, supporting the determination of normal values based on gender. The lower and upper limits of normal excursion were determined for men and women for both hemidiaphragms during the three maneuvers that were investigated. The lower limits of normal diaphragmatic excursions during deep breathing should be used to detect diaphragmatic hypokinesia, i.e., 3.3 and 3.2 cm in women and 4.1 and 4.2 cm in men for the right and the left sides, respectively.ConclusionThe normal values of the diaphragmatic motion and the lower and upper limits of normal excursion can be used by clinicians to detect diaphragmatic dysfunction.

scholarly journals Extraocular muscle diameter in Makurdi, North Central Nigeria: what is normal?

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 742
Author(s):  
Terkimbi I. Annongu ◽  
Chia D. Msuega ◽  
Hameed O. Mohammad ◽  
Kator P. Iorpagher ◽  
Chaha Kator ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Normal Values ◽  
Ct Images ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Inferior Rectus ◽  
North Central ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The North ◽  
Normal Diameter ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

Background: Establishing normal values of extra ocular muscle (EOM) diameter is essential in a given population. Factors including race, region, gender and environment affect the normal diameter of the EOM. The aim of the study was to determine the normal sizes of the EOM in a population in the North Central part of Nigeria using computed tomography (CT).Methods: One hundred and eighty-three CT images of patients who underwent craniofacial imaging for other conditions and who met the inclusion criteria were evaluated. The maximum diameters of the EOMs on coronal reformatted CT images which are the superior group (SG) (superior rectus and the levator palpebral), inferior rectus (IR) medial rectus (MR) and lateral rectus (LR) were assessed.Results: The mean values±SD obtained were 3.65±1.13, 3.93±0.94, 3.40±0.67, 3.43±0.92 for SG, 1R, MR, and LR muscles respectively on the right and 3.61±1.07, 3.86±0.92, 3.34±0.70, 3.42±0.08 for SG, IR MR and LR muscles respectively on the left. The order IR>SR>MR>LR of average muscle diameter was obtained. The females in this region showed slightly higher mean values of the diameter of the EOM than the males; however, this was not statistically significant. By age, there was no consistent correlation.Conclusions: The established normal values of the EOM may serve as a reference point for ophthalmologist and for cosmetic surgeons and also will add to the pool of the existing knowledge for academic purposes.

scholarly journals The use of a neck brace does not influence visual vertical perception

2011 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 509-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Funabashi ◽  
Natya N.L. Silva ◽  
Luciana M. Watanabe ◽  
Taiza E.G Santos-Pontelli ◽  
José Fernando Colafêmina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Afferent Input ◽  
Subjective Visual Vertical ◽  
Sensory Receptors ◽  
Ocular Torsion ◽  
Vertical Orientation ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Visual Vertical ◽  
The Mean

Subjective visual vertical (SVV) evaluates the individual's capacity to determine the vertical orientation. Using a neck brace (NB) allow volunteers' heads fixation to reduce cephalic tilt during the exam, preventing compensatory ocular torsion and erroneous influence on SVV result. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the influence of somatosensory inputs caused by a NB on the SVV. METHOD: Thirty healthy volunteers performed static and dynamic SVV: six measures with and six without the NB. RESULTS: The mean values for static SVV were -0.075º±1.15º without NB and -0.372º±1.21º with NB. For dynamic SVV in clockwise direction were 1.73º±2.31º without NB and 1.53º±1.80º with NB. For dynamic SVV in counterclockwise direction was -1.50º±2.44º without NB and -1.11º±2.46º with NB. Differences between measurements with and without the NB were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Although the neck has many sensory receptors, the use of a NB does not provide sufficient afferent input to change healthy subjects' perception of visual verticality.

Physiological and biophysical limits to work in the heat for clothed men and women

1978 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 918-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Kamon ◽  
B. Avellini ◽  
J. Krajewski
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Evaporative Heat Transfer ◽  
The One

Heat-acclimated, lightly clothed men and women (four of each) walked on a treadmill at 25% and 43% VO2 max, respectively, (M =194 W.m-2), under seven air temperatures (Ta) ranging from 36 to 52 degrees C. Each experiment involved 1 h of fixed and a 2nd h of progressively increasing ambient vapor pressure (Pa). The relative steady state of rectal temperature (Tre), mean skin temperature (Tsk), and heart rate (HR) reached in the 1st h were forced upward during the 2nd h by the rising Pa. The critical air vapor pressure (Pcrit) was identified by the Tre point of inflection for each Ta. One man did not fully reach steady state, but inflection could be determined for his physiological responses. The mean values of all points of inflection were calculated for Tre, Tsk, and HR. Significant sex difference in HR was found only by excluding the results of the one man. Tre and Tsk showed no significant difference between men and women. The coefficient for evaporative heat transfer (he), which could be derived using the Pcrit for the low Ta range, was 14.5 +/- 2.2 W.m-1 Torr-1.

scholarly journals Sexual Dimorphism in Laryngeal Volumetric Measurements Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul-Latif Hamdan ◽  
Elie Khalifee ◽  
Georges Ziade ◽  
Sahar Semaan
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Mean Width ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right ◽  
Volumetric Measurements

The objective of this study is to investigate the dimensional and volumetric measurements in the thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle in men and women using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The hypothesis is that there is a gender-related difference in these measurements. A retrospective chart review of 76 patients who underwent MRI of the neck at the American University of Beirut Medical Center was conducted. The dimension and volume of the right and left TA muscle were measured on axial and coronal planes short tau inversion recovery images. Male and female groups were compared with respect to demographic data and MRI findings using parametric and nonparametric tests. The mean length of the thyro-arytenoid muscle in males was larger than that in females on the right (males 2.44 [0.29] cm vs females 1.70 [0.22] cm) and on the left (males 2.50 [0.28] cm vs females 1.72 [0.24] cm) reaching statistical significance ( P < .001). The mean width of the thyro-arytenoid muscle in males was larger than that in females on the right (males 0.68 [0.13] cm vs females 0.59 [0.11] cm) and on the left (males 0.68 [0.12] cm vs females 0.57 [0.12] cm) reaching statistical significance ( P < .001). The mean height of the thyro-arytenoid muscle in males was larger than that in females on the right (males 1.05 [0.21] cm vs females 0.95 [0.12] cm) and on the left (males 1.05 [0.21] cm vs females 0.95 [0.12] cm) reaching statistical significance ( P < .01 on the right and P < .05 on the left). The volume of the thyroarytenoid muscle in males was larger than that in females on the right (males 0.86 [0.25] mL vs females 0.48 [0.15] mL) and on the left (males 0.89 [0.27] mL vs females 0.48 [0.17] mL) reaching statistical significance ( P < .001). The results of this investigation clearly indicate a significant difference in these measurements between men and women.

Validation of a new algorithm for the short-term variation of the fetal heart rate: an antepartum prospective study

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 599-604 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Kouskouti ◽  
Hella Jonas ◽  
Kerstin Regner ◽  
Pia Ruisinger ◽  
Julia Knabl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Reference Values ◽  
Fetal Heart Rate ◽  
Fetal Heart ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Relevant Reference ◽  
Term Variation ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Aims: Currently one of the most widespread systems for the computerized analysis of the fetal heart rate (FHR) is the Dawes-Redman system, where the short-term variation (STV) of the FHR is measured by dividing each minute into 16 segments (STV16). Technical progress has allowed for the development of a new algorithm, which measures the STV by dividing each minute into 240 segments (STV240), thus approximating the beat-to-beat variation. The STV240 still lacks reference values. Our aim was to develop clinically relevant reference values for the STV240 and compare them to the ones for the STV16. Methods: In a single centre, observational study, a total of 228 cardiotocograms were registered and subsequently analyzed with both algorithms (STV240 and STV16). Results: The 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for both algorithms. The values of the STV240 were significantly lower in comparison to the ones of the STV16. Not only the mean values but also the 95th percentile of the STV240 lay beneath the existent cut-off value for the STV16. Conclusions: Every clinician using the new algorithm must be aware that the normal values for the STV240 lie beneath the, up until now, established cut-off values for the STV16.

A Study of the Variation of Size within two Species of Aphides

1940 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56
Author(s):  
G. H. L. Dicker ◽  
S. C. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Asymmetry ◽  
The Right ◽  
Different Parts

At least 30 specimens of each form of Macrosiphum rubiellum, Theobald, and Aphis idaei, van der Goot, were collected, mounted and their principal organs measured.Correlations were calculated between different parts on the right side and the conclusion reached that the ratios of lengths of organs were unstable characteristics of the species examined. High correlations were obtained between the same part on different sides of the body.The mean values and standard errors are tabulated and a method given for assigning limits of variation within a species. The standard errors obtained were of the order of 7 per cent. of the mean.The asymmetry, kurtosis and skewness of the distributions were calculated to test the effect of possible non-normality on the foregoing work.

scholarly journals Width of attached gingiva in an Indian population: A descriptive study

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 64-67
Author(s):  
Jacob P Shaju ◽  
RM Zade
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Indian Population ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Healthy State ◽  
Attached Gingiva ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Descriptive Statistical Analysis

Objectives: Attached gingiva is important for maintaining periodontium in a healthy state. The present study tries to find the normal values of width of attached gingiva in a periodontally healthy Indian population. Material and Methods: The width of attached gingiva was measured with a periodontal probe in periodontally healthy patients attending the periodontics department. Descriptive statistical analysis was done to get the mean, which will represent the normal values of width of attached gingiva for the population. Results: Female patients had a greater width than males and the 20 to 30 year old group had the greatest width of attached gingiva. The mean values of attached gingiva varied in different areas of the mouth with greatest width in maxillary central incisors and least in mandibular molars. Conclusion: Width of attached gingiva varies with age, gender and in different areas of the mouth. Key words: Periodontium, gingiva, health DOI: 10.3329/bjms.v8i3.3985 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.8(3) 2009 p64-67

scholarly journals Study of the pterigidal canal (vidian canal) through images of cone beam computer tomography.

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernanda Fritoli Marcondes Santana ◽  
Marcos Paulo Motta Silveira ◽  
Pedro Jacy Santos Diamantino ◽  
Karolina Aparecida Castilho Fardim ◽  
Luiz Roberto Coutinho Manhães Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Inferior Wall ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Vidian Canal ◽  
Foramen Rotundum ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the pterygoid canal (PC) by Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), establishing its configuration and proximity with anatomical structures. Material and Methods: We evaluated 398 CBCT exams, all from a public University radiology clinic archive. Four parameters were evaluated: single or double PC, distance between PC and the inferior part of the sphenoid sinus (SS), ratio of PC and SS and the distance between the PC and the foramen rotundum. Results: It was observed that most of the PC of the sample presented simple morphology, the most frequent type of relationship between the PC and the SS on both sides was the close contact with the wall. Among the cases that there were some distances between the PC and the inferior wall of the SS, the mean of this distance did not exceed 3.20 mm, being the left side (3.03 mm) slightly closer than the right (3.20 mm). Finally, the distances between the PC and the corresponding Foramen Rotundum are presented with mean values of 5.87 mm for the right side and 6.31 mm for the left side. Conclusion: CBCT examination is of paramount importance for PC identification; once in the studied sample, the mean values found evidence the close relation between the PC and the SS.KeywordsCone beam computed tomography; Endonasal approach; Vidian canal.

scholarly journals RIGHT ATRIAL STRAIN IN A NORMAL ADULT AFRICAN POPULATION AND ITS CORRELATION WITH AGE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mushitu Nyange ◽  
Ruchika Meel
Keyword(s):  
Normal Values ◽  
Black Population ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
African Population ◽  
Right Atrial ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Black African ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Atrial Strain ◽  
The Right

Background The right atrial longitudinal strain (RALS) has been shown to be a useful parameter to define right atrial (RA) subclinical dysfunction in several cardiovascular disorders prior to changes in traditional RA two dimensional and volumetric parameters. There is a scarcity of data regarding normal values for RALS in a normal African population. Objectives We sought to establish normal values for RALS and its correlation with age, in a Sub-Saharan black African population. Methods This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of 100 normal individuals (recruited as controls for another study) performed at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital (2017-2019). All echocardiographic measurements were done as per standard guidelines. RALS was measured using Philips QLAB 9 (Amsterdam, The Netherlands) speckle-tracking software. Results Median age was 37.5 years (IQR 26- 46, 60% females). The mean right atrial volume indexed to body surface area (RAVI) was 19.5 ± 5.7 mL/m and the mean RALS was 32.7 ± 10.5%. There was a trend towards decreasing RALS with age (r=-0.15, P=0.129) with no change in RAVI with age ( P=0.27). Males had a tendency towards higher RAVI and RALS measurements compared to females (20.8 ± 6.3 mL/m and 18.7 ± 5.2 mL/m , P=0.07: 34.6 ± 9.6% and 31.4 ± 10.9 %, P=0.141, respectively) . BMI was an independent predictor of RALS on multivariate analysis ( r= -0.43, P =0.003) Conclusion We have defined the normal reference values for RALS in a black population. RALS tended to decrease with age prior to change in RAVI and can serve as a marker of subclinical RA dysfunction . BMI was an important determinant of RALS.

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