scholarly journals Application of Bacteriophages to Limit Campylobacter in Poultry Production

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena G. Olson ◽  
Andrew C. Micciche ◽  
Michael J. Rothrock ◽  
Yichao Yang ◽  
Steven C. Ricke
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Free Products ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Increasing Demand

Campylobacter is a major foodborne pathogen with over a million United States cases a year and is typically acquired through the consumption of poultry products. The common occurrence of Campylobacter as a member of the poultry gastrointestinal tract microbial community remains a challenge for optimizing intervention strategies. Simultaneously, increasing demand for antibiotic-free products has led to the development of several alternative control measures both at the farm and in processing operations. Bacteriophages administered to reduce foodborne pathogens are one of the alternatives that have received renewed interest. Campylobacter phages have been isolated from both conventionally and organically raised poultry. Isolated and cultivated Campylobacter bacteriophages have been used as an intervention in live birds to target colonized Campylobacter in the gastrointestinal tract. Application of Campylobacter phages to poultry carcasses has also been explored as a strategy to reduce Campylobacter levels during poultry processing. This review will focus on the biology and ecology of Campylobacter bacteriophages in poultry production followed by discussion on current and potential applications as an intervention strategy to reduce Campylobacter occurrence in poultry production.

Postchill Antimicrobial Treatments To Control Salmonella, Listeria, and Campylobacter Contamination on Chicken Skin Used in Ground Chicken

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 857-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suejee Park ◽  
Mark A. Harrison ◽  
Mark E. Berrang
Keyword(s):  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Meat Product ◽  
Intervention Strategy ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Effective Intervention Strategy ◽  
Chicken Skin ◽  
Regulatory Scrutiny ◽  
To Come ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatments

ABSTRACT Ground poultry products are frequently contaminated with foodborne pathogens. With the potential for increased regulatory scrutiny, it is important to use sufficient intervention strategies to control pathogen levels effectively. A large proportion of the bacteria introduced to ground chicken are likely to come from broiler skin, which is added to achieve target fat content and maintain product texture and taste. In this research, antimicrobials, including 50 ppm of chlorine and 1,200 ppm of peracetic acid (PAA), were applied in a postchill system to reduce the number of Salmonella Typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter coli inoculated on chicken skin used to formulate ground chicken. Results showed that chlorine provided no significant effect in reducing the number of pathogens in ground chicken made with treated skin compared with water treatment but that it did help decrease pathogens in postchill water. PAA was found to be an effective (P ≤ 0.05) antimicrobial agent, not only in reducing the number of pathogens on ground chicken, but also in postchill water. Treating chicken skin with PAA prior to inclusion in ground chicken can be an effective intervention strategy to lessen contamination in a ground chicken meat product.

scholarly journals Modulation of the Immune Response to Improve Health and Reduce Foodborne Pathogens in Poultry

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Swaggerty ◽  
Todd Callaway ◽  
Michael Kogut ◽  
Andrea Piva ◽  
Ester Grilli
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Feed Additive ◽  
Gut Health ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Production Animals

Salmonella and Campylobacter are the two leading causes of bacterial-induced foodborne illness in the US. Food production animals including cattle, swine, and chickens are transmission sources for both pathogens. The number of Salmonella outbreaks attributed to poultry has decreased. However, the same cannot be said for Campylobacter where 50–70% of human cases result from poultry products. The poultry industry selects heavily on performance traits which adversely affects immune competence. Despite increasing demand for poultry, regulations and public outcry resulted in the ban of antibiotic growth promoters, pressuring the industry to find alternatives to manage flock health. One approach is to incorporate a program that naturally enhances/modulates the bird’s immune response. Immunomodulation of the immune system can be achieved using a targeted dietary supplementation and/or feed additive to alter immune function. Science-based modulation of the immune system targets ways to reduce inflammation, boost a weakened response, manage gut health, and provide an alternative approach to prevent disease and control foodborne pathogens when conventional methods are not efficacious or not available. The role of immunomodulation is just one aspect of an integrated, coordinated approach to produce healthy birds that are also safe and wholesome products for consumers.

scholarly journals Mobile Poultry Processing Unit as a Resource for Small Poultry Farms: Planning and Economic Efficiency, Animal Welfare, Meat Quality and Sanitary Implications

Animals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Cartoni Mancinelli ◽  
Alessandro Dal Bosco ◽  
Simona Mattioli ◽  
David Ranucci ◽  
Cesare Castellini
Keyword(s):  
Full Potential ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Poultry Processing ◽  
Intensive Rearing ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Food Safety Standards

: Nowadays there is an increasing demand for poultry products from alternative rearing systems. These systems, commonly named pastured poultry production (PPP), are more expensive than intensive rearing system but sustain biodiversity, local economies and farm multi-functionality besides providing meat to which consumers attribute high ethical value and quality. PPP generally uses large outdoor runs, small number of animals and requires chickens adapted to natural environment. One of the most relevant obstacles to further development of PPP systems is related to the slaughtering of animals economically and at the same time complying with the sanitary regulations to maintain food safety standards. A possible solution could be represented by a Mobile Poultry Processing Unit (MPPU), which directly reaches the poultry farms. MPPU can consider a good compromise for the niche production providing an opportunity to small farmers to exploit the full potential of their production system. The aim of this review is to analyse the essential requisites and MPPU economic viability in an Italian system. Qualitative, societal aspects are discussed together with bird welfare and hygiene implications. The case study indicates the viability of MPPUs but notes that up scaling to medium sized operations would not be permissible under current EU regulations.

scholarly journals Strain-Specific Differences in Survival of Campylobacter spp. in Naturally Contaminated Turkey Feces and Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 85 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley Good ◽  
William G. Miller ◽  
Jeffrey Niedermeyer ◽  
Jason Osborne ◽  
Robin M. Siletzky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Water Suspensions ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Commercial Turkey

ABSTRACT Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are leading causes of human foodborne illness, with poultry as a major vehicle. Turkeys are frequently colonized with Campylobacter, but little is known about Campylobacter survival in turkey feces, even though fecal droppings are major vehicles for Campylobacter within-flock transmission as well as for environmental dissemination. Our objective was to examine survival of Campylobacter, including different strains, in freshly excreted feces from naturally colonized commercial turkey flocks and in suspensions of turkey feces in water from the turkey house. Fecal and water suspensions were stored at 4°C, and Campylobacter populations were enumerated on selective media at 48-h intervals. C. jejuni and C. coli isolates were characterized for resistance to a panel of antibiotics, and a subset was subtyped using multilocus sequence typing. Campylobacter was recovered from feces and water for up to 16 days. Analysis of 548 isolates (218 C. jejuni and 330 C. coli) revealed that C. jejuni survived longer than C. coli in feces (P = 0.0005), while the reverse was observed in water (P < 0.0001). Strain-specific differences in survival were noted. Multidrug-resistant C. jejuni isolates of sequence type 1839 (ST-1839) and the related ST-2935 were among the longest-surviving isolates in feces, being recovered for up to 10 to 16 days, while multidrug-resistant C. coli isolates of ST-1101 were recovered from feces for only up to 4 days. Data on Campylobacter survival upon excretion from the birds can contribute to further understanding of the transmission dynamics of this pathogen in the poultry production ecosystem. IMPORTANCE Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli are leading foodborne pathogens, with poultry as a major reservoir. Due to their growth requirements, these Campylobacter spp. may be unable to replicate once excreted by their avian hosts, but their survival in feces and the environment is critical for transmission in the farm ecosystem. Reducing the prevalence of Campylobacter-positive flocks can have major impacts in controlling both contamination of poultry products and environmental dissemination of the pathogens. However, understanding the capacity of these pathogens to survive in transmission-relevant vehicles such as feces and farmhouse water remains poorly understood, and little information is available on species- and strain-associated differences in survival. Here, we employed model conditions to investigate the survival of C. jejuni and C. coli from naturally colonized turkey flocks, and with diverse genotypes and antimicrobial resistance profiles, in turkey feces and in farmhouse water.

Antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of Campylobacter spp. isolated from broiler chicken at three levels of the poultry production chain in Costa Rica.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Lazo-Láscarez ◽  
Leana Zumbado Gutiérrez ◽  
Francisco Duarte-Martínez ◽  
Juan José Romero Zúñiga ◽  
María Laura Arias Echandi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Campylobacter Spp

Campylobacter spp. is considered the most common bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis, one of the four main causes of diarrheal disease worldwide, and one of the main foodborne pathogens causing hospitalizations and deaths. A total of 148 strains of Campylobacter spp.   isolated from poultry at farms, processing plants and retail stores in Costa Rica were examined for resistance to six antibiotics. An agar dilution test was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration and susceptibility profiles against doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol and erythromycin. In addition, a PFGE analysis was carried out to determine the genotype relatedness of a representative subset of the isolates. Around 92% (136/148) of the analyzed isolates showed resistance to the tested drugs. Nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, were the antibiotics for which resistance occurred most frequently (91.2%, 85.8% and 85.8%, respectively); followed by doxycycline (25.0%), chloramphenicol (5.4%) and erythromycin (2.7%). The profile conferring only resistance to quinolones was the most frequently found in this study, and only 2.0% of the isolates showed resistance to quinolones and macrolides simultaneously. Results showed a high frequency of resistant Campylobacter spp. strains, and evidenced the distribution, selection, and circulation of resistant strains along the poultry chain from farms to consumers. Cross contamination and resistance seem to play an important role in the dissemination of these strains at specific points of the poultry chain even when control measures are being taken. The establishment of effective surveillance and control strategies represents an essential tool for foodborne diseases mitigation. The rational use of antibiotics, especially those still showing efficacy, should be a priority issue in both human and veterinary medicine in order to contain the progress of this phenomenon and its consequences.

scholarly journals Guidance on validation of lethal control measures for foodborne pathogens in foods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erdogan Ceylan ◽  
Alejandro Amezquita ◽  
Nathan Anderson ◽  
Roy Betts ◽  
Laurence Blayo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Lethal Control

scholarly journals Inactivation of Bacteria Using Bioactive Nanoparticles and Alternating Magnetic Fields

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 342
Author(s):  
Vitalij Novickij ◽  
Ramunė Stanevičienė ◽  
Rūta Gruškienė ◽  
Kazimieras Badokas ◽  
Juliana Lukša ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Fields ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Foodborne Pathogen ◽  
Cellular Damage ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Log Reduction ◽  
Invasive Infections ◽  
Alternating Magnetic Fields ◽  
Inactivation Of Bacteria

Foodborne pathogens are frequently associated with risks and outbreaks of many diseases; therefore, food safety and processing remain a priority to control and minimize these risks. In this work, nisin-loaded magnetic nanoparticles were used and activated by alternating 10 and 125 mT (peak to peak) magnetic fields (AMFs) for biocontrol of bacteria Listeria innocua, a suitable model to study the inactivation of common foodborne pathogen L. monocytogenes. It was shown that L. innocua features high resistance to nisin-based bioactive nanoparticles, however, application of AMFs (15 and 30 min exposure) significantly potentiates the treatment resulting in considerable log reduction of viable cells. The morphological changes and the resulting cellular damage, which was induced by the synergistic treatment, was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy. The thermal effects were also estimated in the study. The results are useful for the development of new methods for treatment of the drug-resistant foodborne pathogens to minimize the risks of invasive infections. The proposed methodology is a contactless alternative to the currently established pulsed-electric field-based treatment in food processing.

scholarly journals Probiotics and Potential Applications for Alternative Poultry Production Systems

2021 ◽  
pp. 101156
Author(s):  
Rim El Jeni ◽  
Dana K. Dittoe ◽  
Elena G. Olson ◽  
Jeferson Lourenco ◽  
Nicolae Corcionivoschi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Potential Applications

scholarly journals Salmonella Bacteriophage Diversity According to Most Prevalent Salmonella Serovars in Layer and Broiler Poultry Farms from Eastern Spain

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1456
Author(s):  
Sandra Sevilla-Navarro ◽  
Pablo Catalá-Gregori ◽  
Clara Marin
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Production Type ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Commercial Poultry ◽  
Salmonella Serovars ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Phage Isolation ◽  
Salmonella Phage

The exploration of novel nonantibiotic interventions in the field, such as the use of bacteriophages, is necessary to avoid the presence of Salmonella. Bacteriophages are a group of viruses widely distributed in nature, strictly associated with the prokaryotic cell. Researchers have demonstrated the success of phage therapy in reducing Salmonella counts in poultry products. However, the impact that phage concentration in the environment may have against certain Salmonella serovars is not well understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess Salmonella phage prevalence in commercial poultry farms in terms of the production type: layers or broilers. The most prevalent Salmonella serovars isolated in poultry production were used for phage isolation. Salmonella specific phages were isolated from 141 layer and broiler farms located in the Valencia region during 2019. Analysis of the samples revealed that 100% presented Salmonella phages, the most prevalent being against serovar S. Enteritidis (93%), followed by S. Virchow (59%), S. Typhimurium (55%), S. Infantis (52%) and S. Ohio (51%). These results indicate that poultry farms could represent an important source of Salmonella phages. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to assess the epidemiology of phages against other serovars present in other countries and their diversity from the point of view of molecular studies.

scholarly journals The Use of Bacteriophages in the Poultry Industry

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Żbikowska ◽  
Monika Michalczuk ◽  
Beata Dolka
Keyword(s):  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Food Contact Surfaces ◽  
Public Health And Safety

The emergence of multidrug-resistant infections and antibiotic failures have raised concerns over human and veterinary medicine worldwide. Poultry production has had to confront the problems of an alarming increase in bacterial resistance, including zoonotic pathogens. According to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis have been the most frequently reported human foodborne diseases linked to poultry. This situation has strongly stimulated a renewal of scientists’ interest in bacteriophages (phages) since the beginning of the 21st century. Bacteriophages are the viruses of bacteria. They are abundant in nature, and accompany bacteria in each environment they colonize, including human microbiota. In this review, we focused on the use of bacteriophages as therapeutic agents to treat infections and reduce counts of pathogenic bacteria in poultry, as biocontrol agents to eliminate foodborne pathogens on/in food, and also as disinfectants to reduce contamination on food-contact surfaces or poultry carcasses in industrial conditions. Most of the phage-based products are targeted against the main foodborne pathogens, such as Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium perfringens. Phages are currently addressed at all stages of the poultry production "from farm to fork", however, their implementation into live birds and food products still provokes discussions especially in the context of the current legal framework, limitations, as well as public health and safety.

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