scholarly journals Larval Diet Abundance Influences Size and Composition of the Midgut Microbiota of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah J. MacLeod ◽  
George Dimopoulos ◽  
Sarah M. Short
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Disease Vector ◽  
16S Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
The Impact

The midgut microbiota of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti impacts pathogen susceptibility and transmission by this important vector species. However, factors influencing the composition and size of the microbiome in mosquitoes are poorly understood. We investigated the impact of larval diet abundance during development on the composition and size of the larval and adult microbiota by rearing Aedes aegypti under four larval food regimens, ranging from nutrient deprivation to nutrient excess. We assessed the persistent impacts of larval diet availability on the microbiota of the larval breeding water, larval mosquitoes, and adult mosquitoes under sugar and blood fed conditions using qPCR and high-throughput 16S amplicon sequencing to determine bacterial load and microbiota composition. Bacterial loads in breeding water increased with increasing larval diet. Larvae reared with the lowest diet abundance had significantly fewer bacteria than larvae from two higher diet treatments, but not from the highest diet abundance. Adults from the lowest diet abundance treatment had significantly fewer bacteria in their midguts compared to all higher diet abundance treatments. Larval diet amount also had a significant impact on microbiota composition, primarily within larval breeding water and larvae. Increasing diet correlated with increased relative levels of Enterobacteriaceae and Flavobacteriaceae and decreased relative levels of Sphingomonadaceae. Multiple individual OTUs were significantly impacted by diet including one mapping to the genus Cedecea, which increased with higher diet amounts. This was consistent across all sample types, including sugar fed and blood fed adults. Taken together, these data suggest that availability of diet during development can cause lasting shifts in the size and composition of the microbiota in the disease vector Aedes aegypti.

Changes in the gut microbiota of morbidly obese patients after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alev Kural ◽  
Imran Khan ◽  
Hakan Seyit ◽  
Tuba R Caglar ◽  
Pınar Toklu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Morbidly Obese ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
16S Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Aims: Permanent treatment of morbid obesity with medication or diet is nearly impossible. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is becoming a widely accepted treatment option. This study profiled and compared gut microbiota composition before and after LSG. Methods & results: A total of 54 stool samples were collected from 27 morbidly obese individuals before and after LSG. The gut microbiota was profiled with 16S amplicon sequencing. After LSG, patients demonstrated a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in BMI and an increase in bacterial diversity. An increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was also noticed after LSG. The families Prevotellaceae and Veillonellaceae predominated in preoperative samples but were markedly lowered after LSG. A marked increase in Akkermansia, Alistipes, Streptococcus, Ruminococcus and Parabacteroides was observed after LSG. Conclusion: In addition to lowering BMI, LSG remodeled gut microbiota composition.

scholarly journals Effect of Larval Nutritional Regimes on Morphometry and Vectorial Capacity of Aedes aegypti for Dengue Transmission

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nayana Gunathilaka ◽  
Hasini Upulika ◽  
Lahiru Udayanga ◽  
Deepika Amarasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Adult Emergence ◽  
Bovine Liver ◽  
Vectorial Capacity ◽  
Head Width ◽  
Larval Diet ◽  
Larval Food ◽  
Emergence Rate

Background. Nutritional level in larval diet of mosquito vectors influence on life history traits and vectorial capacity (VC). Therefore, the present study was carried out to assess the effect of larval diet concentration on vector bionomic and VC of Aedes aegypti in Sri Lanka. Method. Three batches of 400 Ae. aegypti larvae (first instar) were reared under different concentrations of larval diet (6%, 8%, and 10%; Volume/Volume), which was prepared by mixing 12.5 g of tuna meal, 9.0 g of bovine liver powder, and 3.5 g of Brewer’s yeast, in 100 ml of distilled water. The effect of larval diet concentration on different morphometric and functional parameters of larvae (length and width of head, abdomen, survival rate, and pupation success), pupae (length and width of cephalothorax, survival rate, and adult emersion), adult (length and width of thorax, abdomen, survival rate, longevity, biting frequency and fecundity of adults) were examined. In addition, VC of Ae. aegypti was evaluated. The General Linear Model (GLM) was used for the statistical analysis. Results. Larval head length, head width, thoracic width, abdominal length, abdominal width, total length, and survival rate significantly increased with higher doses of larval diet (P<0.05). In case of pupae, length, and width of cephalothorax, survival rate and adult emergence rate denoted an increasing trend with the elevated larval diets. However, the variations of survival rate and adult emergence rate were statistically significant (P<0.05). In adults, all morphometric parameters (thoracic length, abdominal length, abdominal width, and wing length) significantly increased with elevating larval diets levels (except for thoracic width) along with the biting frequency, fecundity, and survival rate (P<0.05) of adult females. The VC also denoted significant variations (F4,14 = 24.048; P<0.05) with the larval diet concentration, whereby the highest VC of 196.37 was observed at 10% treatment. Conclusion. Larval food availability has a significant influence on the adult fitness and thus may affect the incidence of dengue due to variations in the VC of Ae. aegypti. Hence, this investigation highlights the requirement in accounting the environmental variation at the larval stages in order to understand transmission dynamics and control of dengue in Sri Lanka.

scholarly journals Sow Vaccination Against Virulent Glaesserella Parasuis Shapes the Nasal Microbiota of Their Offspring

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Blanco-Fuertes ◽  
Florencia Correa-Fiz ◽  
Sergi Lopez-Serrano ◽  
Marina Sibila ◽  
Virginia Aragon
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Pork Industry ◽  
Virulent Strains ◽  
16S Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Nasal Swabs ◽  
Group A ◽  
Distinctive Structure ◽  
Nasal Microbiota

Abstract Glaesserella parasuis is the etiological agent of Glässer’s disease, a common pathology in the pork industry with higher prevalence in the postweaning period. Vaccination is one of the strategies to control this disease. Here, we investigated the effect that sow vaccination against virulent strains of G. parasuis had in the nasal microbiota of their offspring. Nasal swabs from fifteen days-old piglets from vaccinated (vs-P, N=11) and unvaccinated sows (cs-P, N=11) were obtained and DNA was extracted for 16S amplicon sequencing. Microbiota composition was different, with lower diversity in vs-P, and a strong clustering of the groups in beta diversity analysis. Among the 1,509 sequences associated to either study group, all the sequences classified as G. parasuis (N=10) had lower relative abundance in the vs-P group. A list of 32 inferred metabolic pathways were statistically different between groups. A distinctive structure of the two microbial networks was detected, with modules in the cs-P not conserved in the vs-P network. In conclusion, vaccination of the sows had a large effect in the microbiota composition of their offspring that went beyond the effect on the targeted pathogen. The mechanisms underneath these changes may include alteration of the microbiota network due to the elimination of the targeted pathogen and/or immunological changes.

scholarly journals The impact of sublethal permethrin exposure on susceptible and resistant genotypes of the urban disease vector, Aedes aegypti

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa M Rigby ◽  
Brian J Johnson ◽  
Christopher L Peatey ◽  
Nigel W Beebe ◽  
Gregor J Devine
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Disease Vector ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

Correlation of gut microbial compositions to the development of Kawasaki disease vasculitis in children

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 591-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imran Khan ◽  
Xiao-ang Li ◽  
Betty Law ◽  
Ka In U ◽  
Bao Quan Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kawasaki Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Fecal Dna ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Beneficial Bacteria ◽  
16S Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Aim: Here, we hypothesize that dysbiotic gut microbiota might contribute to the development of Kawasaki disease (KD), a pediatric disease with unknown etiology. This is the second report on gut microbiota composition in KD patients. Materials & results: 16S amplicon sequencing was performed on fecal DNA samples and revealed predominance of bacterial pathogens, such as Fusobacterium, Neisseria, Shigella and Streptococcus, in the gut of KD patients, but absent or suppressed after immunoglobulin/antibiotics therapy. In addition, beneficial bacteria propagated after the therapy. Conclusion: We conclude that prevalence of Fusobacteria, Shigella and Streptococcus might contribute to KD pathogenesis.

scholarly journals Successive passaging of a plant-associated microbiome reveals robust habitat and host genotype-dependent selection

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norma M. Morella ◽  
Francis Cheng-Hsuan Weng ◽  
Pierre M. Joubert ◽  
C. Jessica E. Metcalf ◽  
Steven Lindow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Host Genotype ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Independent Manner ◽  
16S Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Plant Microbiome

AbstractThere is increasing interest in the plant microbiome as it relates to both plant health and agricultural sustainability. One key unanswered question is whether we can select for a plant microbiome that is robust after colonization of target hosts. We used a successive passaging experiment to address this question by selecting upon the tomato phyllosphere microbiome. Beginning with a diverse microbial community generated from field-grown tomato plants, we inoculated replicate plants across five plant genotypes for four eight-week long passages, sequencing the microbial community at each passage. We observed consistent shifts in both the bacterial (16S amplicon sequencing) and fungal (ITS amplicon sequencing) communities across replicate lines over time, as well as a general loss of diversity over the course of the experiment suggesting that much of the naturally observed microbial community in the phyllosphere is likely transient or poorly adapted. We found that both host genotype and environment shape microbial composition, but the relative importance of genotype declines through time. Furthermore, using a community coalescence experiment, we found that the bacterial community from the end of the experiment was robust to invasion by the starting bacterial community. These results highlight that selecting for a stable microbiome that is well adapted to a particular host environment is indeed possible, emphasizing the great potential of this approach in agriculture and beyond.Significance StatementThere is great interest in selecting for host-associated microbiomes that confer particular functions to their host, and yet it remains unknown whether selection for a robust and stable microbiome is possible. Here, we use a microbiome passaging approach to measure the impact of host-mediated selection on the tomato phyllosphere (above ground) microbiome. We find robust community selection across replicate lines that is shaped by plant host genotype in early passages, but changes in a genotype-independent manner in later passages. Work such as ours is crucial to understanding the general principles governing microbiome assembly and adaptation, and is widely applicable to both sustainable agriculture and microbiome-related medicine.

scholarly journals Third generation cephalosporins and piperacillin/tazobactam have distinct impacts on the microbiota of critically ill patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasinika K. A. H. Gamage ◽  
Carola Venturini ◽  
Sasha G. Tetu ◽  
Masrura Kabir ◽  
Vineet Nayyar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
16S Rrna Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Resistance Rates ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Third Generation Cephalosporins ◽  
Microbiota Diversity

AbstractEffective implementation of antibiotic stewardship, especially in critical care, is limited by a lack of direct comparative investigations on how different antibiotics impact the microbiota and antibiotic resistance rates. We investigated the impact of two commonly used antibiotics, third-generation cephalosporins (3GC) and piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP) on the endotracheal, perineal and faecal microbiota of intensive care patients in Australia. Patients exposed to either 3GC, TZP, or no β-lactams (control group) were sampled over time and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing was performed to examine microbiota diversity and composition. While neither treatment significantly affected diversity, numerous changes to microbiota composition were associated with each treatment. The shifts in microbiota composition associated with 3GC exposure differed from those observed with TZP, consistent with previous reports in animal models. This included a significant increase in Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae abundance in endotracheal and perineal microbiota for those administered 3GC compared to the control group. Culture-based analyses did not identify any significant changes in the prevalence of specific pathogenic or antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Exposure to clinical antibiotics has previously been linked to reduced microbiota diversity and increased antimicrobial resistance, but our results indicate that these effects may not be immediately apparent after short-term real-world exposures.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 does not have a strong effect on the nasopharyngeal microbial composition

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tzipi Braun ◽  
Shiraz Halevi ◽  
Rotem Hadar ◽  
Gilate Efroni ◽  
Efrat Glick Saar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Microbiology ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
16S Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
The World ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Longitudinal Sampling ◽  
Potential Interactions

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly spread around the world, impacting the lives of many individuals. Growing evidence suggests that the nasopharyngeal and respiratory tract microbiome are influenced by various health and disease conditions, including the presence and the severity of different viral disease. To evaluate the potential interactions between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the nasopharyngeal microbiome. Microbial composition of nasopharyngeal swab samples submitted to the clinical microbiology lab for suspected SARS-CoV-2 infections was assessed using 16S amplicon sequencing. The study included a total of 55 nasopharyngeal samples from 33 subjects, with longitudinal sampling available for 12 out of the 33 subjects. 21 of the 33 subjects had at least one positive COVID-19 PCR results as determined by the clinical microbiology lab. Inter-personal variation was the strongest factor explaining > 75% of the microbial variation, irrespective of the SARS-CoV-2 status. No significant effect of SARS-CoV-2 on the nasopharyngeal microbial community was observed using multiple analysis methods. These results indicate that unlike some other viruses, for which an effect on the microbial composition was noted, SARS-CoV-2 does not have a strong effect on the nasopharynx microbial habitants.

scholarly journals Amplicon-sequencing of raw milk microbiota: impact of DNA extraction and library-PCR

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annemarie Siebert ◽  
Katharina Hofmann ◽  
Lena Staib ◽  
Etienne V. Doll ◽  
Siegfried Scherer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Dna Extraction ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Dna ◽  
Microbiome Analysis ◽  
Eukaryotic Dna ◽  
Selective Lysis ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The highly complex raw milk matrix challenges the sample preparation for amplicon-sequencing due to low bacterial counts and high amounts of eukaryotic DNA originating from the cow. In this study, we optimized the extraction of bacterial DNA from raw milk for microbiome analysis and evaluated the impact of cycle numbers in the library-PCR. The selective lysis of eukaryotic cells by proteinase K and digestion of released DNA before bacterial lysis resulted in a high reduction of mostly eukaryotic DNA and increased the proportion of bacterial DNA. Comparative microbiome analysis showed that a combined enzymatic and mechanical lysis procedure using the DNeasy® PowerFood® Microbial Kit with a modified protocol was best suitable to achieve high DNA quantities after library-PCR and broad coverage of detected bacterial biodiversity. Increasing cycle numbers during library-PCR systematically altered results for species and beta-diversity with a tendency to overrepresentation or underrepresentation of particular taxa. To limit PCR bias, high cycle numbers should thus be avoided. An optimized DNA extraction yielding sufficient bacterial DNA and enabling higher PCR efficiency is fundamental for successful library preparation. We suggest that a protocol using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to resolve casein micelles, selective lysis of somatic cells, extraction of bacterial DNA with a combination of mechanical and enzymatic lysis, and restriction of PCR cycles for analysis of raw milk microbiomes is optimal even for samples with low bacterial numbers. Key points • Sample preparation for high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing of raw milk microbiota. • Reduction of eukaryotic DNA by enzymatic digestion. • Shift of detected microbiome caused by high cycle numbers in library-PCR.

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