scholarly journals Rice Stripe Mosaic Disease: Characteristics and Control Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiyi Wang ◽  
Biao Chen ◽  
Tong Zhang ◽  
Guohui Zhou ◽  
Xin Yang
Keyword(s):  
Southern China ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Rice Seedling ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Mosaic Disease ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Cultivation Systems ◽  
And Control

Rice stripe mosaic disease (RSMD) is caused by the rice stripe mosaic virus (RSMV; genus Cytorhabdovirus, family Rhabdoviridae). In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding several aspects of the disease, especially its geographical distribution, symptoms, vectors, gene functions, and control measures. Since RSMD was first detected in southern China in 2015, it has been found in more and more rice growing areas and has become one of the most important rice diseases in southern China. RSMV is transmitted by the leafhopper Recilia dorsalis in a persistent-propagative manner, inducing yellow stripes, a slight distortion of leaves, increased tillers, and empty grains in rice plants. The virus has a negative-sense single-strand RNA genome of about 12.7 kb that encodes seven proteins: N, P, P3, M, G, P6, and L. Several molecular and serological tests have been developed to detect RSMV in plants and insects. The disease cycle can be described as follows: RSMV and its vector overwinter in infected plants; viruliferous R. dorsalis adults transmit the virus to spring rice and lay eggs on the infected seedlings; the next generation of R. dorsalis propagate on infected seedlings, become viruliferous, disperse, and cause new disease outbreaks. Control measures include monitoring and accurate forecasting, selecting disease-resistant varieties, improving cultivation systems, covering rice seedling nurseries with insect-proof nets, and using pesticides rationally. Inappropriate cultivation systems, pesticide overuse, and climatic conditions contribute to epidemics by affecting the development of vector insects and their population dynamics.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Ectoparasites (Ticks, Lice, and Mites) in the Livestock of Pakistan: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Muhammad ◽  
Rida Bashir ◽  
Majid Mahmood ◽  
Muhammad Sohail Afzal ◽  
Sami Simsek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Veterinary Services ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
And Control ◽  
Ectoparasite Infestation

Ectoparasites, including lice, ticks, and mites, inhabit the host skin and depend on their host for sustenance, maturation, and multiplication. Among these, ticks are more prevalent in various regions of Pakistan because of favorable climatic conditions, lack of awareness of livestock keepers' regarding ectoparasite infestation rate, insufficient veterinary services, and inadequate control measures. Ectoparasitic infestation is a primary threat to cost-effective livestock production by damaging skin and transmitting multiple diseases between animals. This review aimed to determine the infestation rates of various ectoparasites in cattle, buffaloes, sheep, goats, camels, equids and to ascertain the prevalence and epidemiology of ectoparasites in different regions of Pakistan. This review could be useful in devising prevention and control strategies and identifying the risk factors associated with ectoparasites to enhance animal productivity. It provides directions for veterinary schools, researchers, and organizations aiming to collaborate with neighboring countries to eradicate these parasites. Future studies could support working veterinarians and administrators and contribute to human well-being.

scholarly journals Serological Investigations of Brucellosis in Cattle, Farmers and Veterinarians in the Kars District of Turkey

2008 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Otlu ◽  
M. Sahin ◽  
H. I. Atabay ◽  
A. Unver
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Control

The prevalence of brucellosis was investigated in cattle, farmers and veterinarians in the Kars district of Turkey between 2004 - 2006. In order to achieve this, a total of 407 serum samples of cattle from 27 herds having history of abortions were examined for Brucella antibodies by RBPT and SAT. In addition, the sera collected from 246 farmers (130 males and 116 females) and 28 veterinarians in the same district were analysed serologically by RBPT, SAT and ELISA. Of the cattle sera analysed, 134 (32.92%) and 141 (34.64%) were determined as positive by RBPT and SAT, respectively. Thirty-two (13%), 35 (14.22%) and 44 (17.88%) of the farmers' sera were found positive for brucellosis by RBPT, SAT and ELISA, respectively. There was no significant difference between sexes for Brucella seropositivity. Of the 28 sera from veterinarians, 13 (46.42%) were positive by the three serological tests. The high prevalence of brucellosis both in cattle and humans suggests that brucellosis is common in this area. Preventive and control measures should be implemented and pursued more strictly to reduce and/or eradicate brucellosis from the area.

The Study of the Beijing Traffic Noise Pollution Control Countermeasures

2014 ◽  
Vol 641-642 ◽  
pp. 853-859
Author(s):  
Wei Wang ◽  
Hui Zhao ◽  
Guan Xing Wang ◽  
Hua Zhen Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Road Traffic ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Road Traffic Noise ◽  
Typical Time ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Control

Traffic noise is a major source of noise pollution in the urban environment, including road traffic noise and rail traffic noise, which has become one of the domestic large and medium cities in environmental issues to be solved. This paper analyzes the status of the Beijing traffic noise pollution and control strategies, and a typical apartment block selected as a case, analyzes its noise pollution elements, severity, time distribution, and draws a noise map of the plane area and a dormitory building in the noise conditions typical time. Last we discussed and gave the method based on noise control measures.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Bovine Mastitis and its Diagnosis, Prevention, and Control

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.D. Audarya ◽  
D. Chhabra ◽  
R. Sharda ◽  
R. Gangil ◽  
R. Sikrodia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
The State ◽  
Madhya Pradesh ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Etiological Agents ◽  
And Control

Mastitis is an inflammation of mammary glands that is prevalent in dairy bovines. It causes a significant proportion of economic losses to the dairy farmers in India. Cattle and buffalo farming contribute significantly to the economy of the state. Various infectious agents such as bacteria, fungi, and algae may cause mastitis. Hence, it is essential to understand the etiological agents and predisposing factors that lead to mastitis in susceptible bovine populations in Madhya Pradesh state so that appropriate prevention and control strategies can be implemented. In this chapter, epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and control measures of mastitis in general and in India, the state of Madhya Pradesh, in particular, will be presented.

scholarly journals Epidemic prevention and control measures in China significantly curbed the epidemic of COVID-19 and influenza

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang-Sha Kong ◽  
Feng Liu ◽  
Hai-Bo Wang ◽  
Rui-Feng Yang ◽  
Dong-Bo Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Spring Festival ◽  
Railway Passenger ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

AbstractAt the end of 2019, an outbreak of unknown pathogen pneumonia occurred in China, then it was named corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). With the rapid spread of COVID-19, a series of strict prevention and control measures were implemented to cut the spread of the epidemic. Influenza as a respiratory tract infection disease as COVID-19 might also be controlled. To assess the effects, we used the total passenger numbers sent in mainland China from 2018 to 2020 and the daily number of railway passenger (DNRP) flow in 2020 during Spring Festival travel rush to reflect the population movement and further to analyze newly and cumulative confirmed COVID-19 and influenza. We found that with implementing the series measures on COVID-19, not only COVID-19, but also influenza mitigated in China. The prevention and control measures for COVID-19 might be used in controlling respiratory tract diseases, and reducing the national health economic burden. When other countries issue measures on COVID-19 and influenza, they should consider adopting more aggressive epidemic prevention and control strategies.

scholarly journals Modelling, Simulations and Analysis of the First and Second COVID-19 Epidemics in Beijing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lequan Min
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Disease Spreading ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
And Control

AbstractTo date, over 130 million people on infected with COVID-19. It causes more 2.8 millions deaths. This paper introduces a symptomatic-asymptomatic-recoverer-dead differential equation model (SARDDE). It gives the conditions of the asymptotical stability on the disease-free equilibrium of SARDDE. It proposes the necessary conditions of disease spreading for the SARDDE. Based on the reported data of the first and the second COVID-19 epidemics in Beijing and simulations, it determines the parameters of SARDDE, respectively. Numerical simulations of SARDDE describe well the outcomes of current symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, recovered symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals, and died individuals, respectively. The numerical simulations suggest that both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals cause lesser asymptomatic spread than symptomatic spread; blocking rate of about 90% cannot prevent the spread of the COVID19 epidemic in Beijing; the strict prevention and control strategies implemented by Beijing government is not only very effective but also completely necessary. The numerical simulations suggest also that using the data from the beginning to the day after about two weeks at the turning point can estimate well or approximately the following outcomes of the two COVID-19 academics, respectively. It is expected that the research can provide better understanding, explaining, and dominating for epidemic spreads, prevention and control measures.

scholarly journals Economic Evaluation of Citrus Greening Management and Control Strategies

EDIS ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Morris ◽  
Ron Muraro
Keyword(s):  
Economic Evaluation ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Resource Economics ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Citrus Greening ◽  
Citrus Industry ◽  
And Control

FE712, a 7-page illustrated article by Allen Morris and Ron Muraro, explores the profitability of various types of control measures now being practiced in the citrus industry. Published by the UF Department of Food and Resource Economics, June 2008.

scholarly journals Modelling, Simulations and Analysis of the First COVID-19 Epidemic in Shanghai

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lequan Min
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Differential Equation Model ◽  
Blocking Rate ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals ◽  
And Control

To date, over 178 million people on infected with COVID-19. It causes more 3.8 millions deaths. Based on a previous symptomatic-asymptomatic-recoverer-dead differential equation model (SARDDE) and the clinic data of the first COVID-19 epidemic in Shanghai, this paper determines the parameters of SARDDE. Numerical simulations of SARDDE describe well the outcomes of current symptomatic individuals, recovered symptomatic individuals, and died individuals, respectively. The numerical simulations suggest that both symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals cause lesser asymptomatic spread than symptomatic spread; blocking rate of about 95.5\% cannot prevent the spread of the COVID19 epidemic in Shanghai. The strict prevention and control strategies implemented by Shanghai government is not only very effective but also completely necessary. The numerical simulations suggest also that using the data from the beginning to the day after about 19 days at the turning point can estimate well the following outcomes of the COVID-19 academic. It is expected that the research can provide better understanding, explaining, and dominating for epidemic spreads, prevention and control measures.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2: Jumping the Species Barrier, Lessons from SARS and MERS, Its Zoonotic Spillover, Transmission to Humans, Preventive and Control Measures and Recent Developments to Counter This Pandemic Virus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuldeep Dhama ◽  
Shailesh Kumar Patel ◽  
Khan Sharun ◽  
Mamta Pathak ◽  
Ruchi Tiwari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Disease ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Risk Category ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
Human Interface ◽  
Pandemic Virus ◽  
Short Period ◽  
And Control

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Coronavirus-2) of the family Coronaviridae, appeared in Wuhan, Hubei province, China being its epicenter in December 2019. This disease was declared as posing Public Health International Emergency by World Health Organization on January 30, 2020, attained the status of a very high-risk category on February 29, and now having a pandemic status (March 11, 2020). COVID-19 has presently spread to more than 195 countries/territories while killing nearly 19,600 humans out of cumulative confirmed cases accounting to more than 430,000 within a short period of just a few weeks. The majority of deaths have been reported in Italy and China. Researchers worldwide are pacing with high efforts to counter the spread of this virus and to design effective vaccines and therapeutics/drugs. Few of the studies have shown the potential of animal-human interface and zoonotic links in the origin of SARS-CoV-2. Exploring the possible zoonosis and revealing the factors responsible for its initial transmission from animals to humans will pave ways to design and implement effective preventive and control strategies to counter COVID-19. The present review presents an overview of COVID-19 and the causative virus SARS-CoV-2, with particular emphasis on the role of animals and their jumping the cross-species barriers, experiences learned from SARS- and MERS-CoVs, zoonotic links, and spillover events, transmission to humans and rapid spread., highlighting in very brief the preventive and control measures along with a few of the recent research developments to counter this pandemic virus/disease.

scholarly journals A Mathematical Model of COVID-19 Using Fractional Derivative: Outbreak in India with Dynamics of Transmission and Control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amjad S. Shaikh ◽  
Iqbal N. Shaikh ◽  
Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Fixed Point Theory ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Approximation Technique ◽  
Transform Method ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Government ◽  
And Control

Since the first case of 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) detected on Jan 30, 2020, in India, the number of cases rapidly increased to 3819 cases including 106 deaths as of 5 April 2020. Taking this into account, in the present work, we are studying a Bats-Hosts-Reservoir-People transmission fractional-order COVID-19 model for simulating the potential transmission with the thought of individual social response and control measures by the government. The real data available about infectious cases from $14^{th}$ March to $26^{th}$ March 2020 is analysed and accordingly various parameters of the model are estimated or fitted. The Picard successive approximation technique and Banach's fixed point theory have been used for verification of the existence and stability criteria of the model. Numerical computations are done utilizing the iterative Laplace transform method. In the end, we illustrate the obtained results graphically. The purpose of this study is to estimate the effectiveness of preventive measures, predicting future outbreaks and potential control strategies using the mathematical model.

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