scholarly journals Regulation of Antiviral Immune Response by N6-Methyladenosine of mRNA

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baoxin Zhao ◽  
Weijie Wang ◽  
Yan Zhao ◽  
Hongxiu Qiao ◽  
Zhiyun Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Interferon Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Host innate and adaptive immune responses play a vital role in clearing infected viruses. Meanwhile, viruses also evolve a series of mechanisms to weaken the host immune responses and evade immune defense. Recently, N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most prevalent mRNA modification, has been revealed to regulate multiple steps of RNA metabolism, such as mRNA splicing, localization, stabilization, and translation, thus participating in many biological phenomena, including viral infection. In the process of virus–host interaction, the m6A modification that presents on the virus RNA impedes capture by the pattern recognition receptors, and the m6A modification appearing on the host immune-related molecules regulate interferon response, immune cell differentiation, inflammatory cytokine production, and other immune responses induced by viral infection. This review summarizes the research advances about the regulatory role of m6A modification in the innate and adaptive immune responses during viral infections.

scholarly journals A functional spleen contributes to afucosylated IgG in humans

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Wojcik ◽  
David E. Schmidt ◽  
Lisa A. de Neef ◽  
Minke A. E. Rab ◽  
Bob Meek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Lymphoid Organ ◽  
Immune Effector ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Humoral Responses ◽  
First Time

AbstractAs a lymphoid organ, the spleen hosts a wide range of immune cell populations, which not only remove blood-borne antigens, but also generate and regulate antigen-specific immune responses. In particular, the splenic microenvironment has been demonstrated to play a prominent role in adaptive immune responses to enveloped viral infections and alloantigens. During both types of immunizations, antigen-specific immunoglobulins G (IgGs) have been characterized by the reduced amount of fucose present on N-linked glycans of the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region. These glycans are essential for mediating the induction of immune effector functions. Therefore, we hypothesized that a spleen may modulate humoral responses and serve as a preferential site for afucosylated IgG responses, which potentially play a role in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) pathogenesis. To determine the role of the spleen in IgG-Fc glycosylation, we performed IgG subclass-specific liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) analysis of Fc glycosylation in a large cohort of individuals splenectomized due to trauma, due to ITP, or spherocytosis. IgG-Fc fucosylation was consistently increased after splenectomy, while no effects for IgG-Fc galactosylation and sialylation were observed. An increase in IgG1- and IgG2/3-Fc fucosylation level upon splenectomy has been reported here for the first time, suggesting that immune responses occurring in the spleen may be particularly prone to generate afucosylated IgG responses. Surprisingly, the level of total IgG-Fc fucosylation was decreased in ITP patients compared to healthy controls. Overall, our results suggest a yet unrecognized role of the spleen in either the induction or maintenance of afucosylated IgG responses by B cells.

scholarly journals Immunotherapeutic Blockade of CD47 Inhibitory Signaling Enhances Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to Viral Infection

Cell Reports ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 107494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lamin B. Cham ◽  
Laughing Bear Torrez Dulgeroff ◽  
Michal Caspi Tal ◽  
Tom Adomati ◽  
Fanghui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Inhibitory Signaling

scholarly journals Innate but not adaptive immune responses contribute to behavioral seizures following viral infection

Epilepsia ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 454-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikki J. Kirkman ◽  
Jane E. Libbey ◽  
Karen S. Wilcox ◽  
H. Steve White ◽  
Robert S. Fujinami
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Innate and adaptive immune responses to viral infection and vaccination

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 226-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taiki Aoshi ◽  
Shohei Koyama ◽  
Kouji Kobiyama ◽  
Shizuo Akira ◽  
Ken J Ishii
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune

scholarly journals Interferon-Mediated Immunopathological Events Are Associated with Atypical Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

2007 ◽  
Vol 81 (16) ◽  
pp. 8692-8706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Cameron ◽  
Longsi Ran ◽  
Luoling Xu ◽  
Ali Danesh ◽  
Jesus F. Bermejo-Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Type I ◽  
Immunoglobulin Gene ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Immune Genes ◽  
Adaptive Immune

ABSTRACT It is not understood how immune inflammation influences the pathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). One area of strong controversy is the role of interferon (IFN) responses in the natural history of SARS. The fact that the majority of SARS patients recover after relatively moderate illness suggests that the prevailing notion of deficient type I IFN-mediated immunity, with hypercytokinemia driving a poor clinical course, is oversimplified. We used proteomic and genomic technology to systematically analyze host innate and adaptive immune responses of 40 clinically well-described patients with SARS during discrete phases of illness from the onset of symptoms to discharge or a fatal outcome. A novel signature of high IFN-α, IFN-γ, and IFN-stimulated chemokine levels, plus robust antiviral IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression, accompanied early SARS sequelae. As acute illness progressed, SARS patients entered a crisis phase linked to oxygen saturation profiles. The majority of SARS patients resolved IFN responses at crisis and expressed adaptive immune genes. In contrast, patients with poor outcomes showed deviated ISG and immunoglobulin gene expression levels, persistent chemokine levels, and deficient anti-SARS spike antibody production. We contend that unregulated IFN responses during acute-phase SARS may culminate in a malfunction of the switch from innate immunity to adaptive immunity. The potential for the use of the gene signatures we describe in this study to better assess the immunopathology and clinical management of severe viral infections, such as SARS and avian influenza (H5N1), is therefore worth careful examination.

scholarly journals NAD+-consuming enzymes in immune defense against viral infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 478 (23) ◽  
pp. 4071-4092
Author(s):  
Jialin Shang ◽  
Michael R. Smith ◽  
Ananya Anmangandla ◽  
Hening Lin
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Scientific Progress ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Antiviral Immune Response ◽  
Antiviral Function

The COVID-19 pandemic reminds us that in spite of the scientific progress in the past century, there is a lack of general antiviral strategies. In analogy to broad-spectrum antibiotics as antibacterial agents, developing broad spectrum antiviral agents would buy us time for the development of vaccines and treatments for future viral infections. In addition to targeting viral factors, a possible strategy is to understand host immune defense mechanisms and develop methods to boost the antiviral immune response. Here we summarize the role of NAD+-consuming enzymes in the immune defense against viral infections, with the hope that a better understanding of this process could help to develop better antiviral therapeutics targeting these enzymes. These NAD+-consuming enzymes include PARPs, sirtuins, CD38, and SARM1. Among these, the antiviral function of PARPs is particularly important and will be a focus of this review. Interestingly, NAD+ biosynthetic enzymes are also implicated in immune responses. In addition, many viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 contain a macrodomain-containing protein (NSP3 in SARS-CoV-2), which serves to counteract the antiviral function of host PARPs. Therefore, NAD+ and NAD+-consuming enzymes play crucial roles in immune responses against viral infections and detailed mechanistic understandings in the future will likely facilitate the development of general antiviral strategies.

scholarly journals Lymphopenia Caused by Virus Infections and the Mechanisms Beyond

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1876
Author(s):  
Zijing Guo ◽  
Zhidong Zhang ◽  
Meera Prajapati ◽  
Yanmin Li
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Clinical Course ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Targeting ◽  
Adaptive Immune

Viral infections can give rise to a systemic decrease in the total number of lymphocytes in the blood, referred to as lymphopenia. Lymphopenia may affect the host adaptive immune responses and impact the clinical course of acute viral infections. Detailed knowledge on how viruses induce lymphopenia would provide valuable information into the pathogenesis of viral infections and potential therapeutic targeting. In this review, the current progress of viruses-induced lymphopenia is summarized and the potential mechanisms and factors involved are discussed.

scholarly journals MiR-146a in Immunity and Disease

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Rusca ◽  
Silvia Monticelli
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Different Types ◽  
A Cell ◽  
And Function

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulatory molecules able to influence all aspects of the biology of a cell. They have been associated with diseases such as cancer, viral infections, and autoimmune diseases, and in recent years, they also emerged as important regulators of immune responses. MiR-146a in particular is rapidly gaining importance as a modulator of differentiation and function of cells of the innate as well as adaptive immunity. Given its importance in regulating key cellular functions, it is not surprising that miR-146a expression was also found dysregulated in different types of tumors. In this paper, we summarize recent progress in understanding the role of miR-146a in innate and adaptive immune responses, as well as in disease.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document