scholarly journals Bacterial Gut Microbiota and Infections During Early Childhood

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio George ◽  
Ximena Aguilera ◽  
Pablo Gallardo ◽  
Mauricio Farfán ◽  
Yalda Lucero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fecal Transplantation ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota

Gut microbiota composition during the first years of life is variable, dynamic and influenced by both prenatal and postnatal factors, such as maternal antibiotics administered during labor, delivery mode, maternal diet, breastfeeding, and/or antibiotic consumption during infancy. Furthermore, the microbiota displays bidirectional interactions with infectious agents, either through direct microbiota-microorganism interactions or indirectly through various stimuli of the host immune system. Here we review these interactions during childhood until 5 years of life, focusing on bacterial microbiota, the most common gastrointestinal and respiratory infections and two well characterized gastrointestinal diseases related to dysbiosis (necrotizing enterocolitis and Clostridioides difficile infection). To date, most peer-reviewed studies on the bacterial microbiota in childhood have been cross-sectional and have reported patterns of gut dysbiosis during infections as compared to healthy controls; prospective studies suggest that most children progressively return to a “healthy microbiota status” following infection. Animal models and/or studies focusing on specific preventive and therapeutic interventions, such as probiotic administration and fecal transplantation, support the role of the bacterial gut microbiota in modulating both enteric and respiratory infections. A more in depth understanding of the mechanisms involved in the establishment and maintenance of the early bacterial microbiota, focusing on specific components of the microbiota-immunity-infectious agent axis is necessary in order to better define potential preventive or therapeutic tools against significant infections in children.

scholarly journals Impact of delivery mode-associated gut microbiota dynamics on health in the first year of life

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Reyman ◽  
Marlies A. van Houten ◽  
Debbie van Baarle ◽  
Astrid A. T. M. Bosch ◽  
Wing Ho Man ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
First Year ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Antibiotic Administration ◽  
Cord Clamping ◽  
Intrapartum Antibiotic ◽  
First Year Of Life

Abstract The early-life microbiome appears to be affected by mode of delivery, but this effect may depend on intrapartum antibiotic exposure. Here, we assess the effect of delivery mode on gut microbiota, independent of intrapartum antibiotics, by postponing routine antibiotic administration to mothers until after cord clamping in 74 vaginally delivered and 46 caesarean section born infants. The microbiota differs between caesarean section born and vaginally delivered infants over the first year of life, showing enrichment of Bifidobacterium spp., and reduction of Enterococcus and Klebsiella spp. in vaginally delivered infants. The microbiota composition at one week of life is associated with the number of respiratory infections over the first year. The taxa driving this association are more abundant in caesarean section born children, providing a possible link between mode of delivery and susceptibility to infectious outcomes.

scholarly journals Probiotics in Treatment of Viral Respiratory Infections and Neuroinflammatory Disorders

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (21) ◽  
pp. 4891
Author(s):  
Roghayeh Shahbazi ◽  
Hamed Yasavoli-Sharahi ◽  
Nawal Alsadi ◽  
Nafissa Ismail ◽  
Chantal Matar
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
Viral Respiratory

Inflammation is a biological response to the activation of the immune system by various infectious or non-infectious agents, which may lead to tissue damage and various diseases. Gut commensal bacteria maintain a symbiotic relationship with the host and display a critical function in the homeostasis of the host immune system. Disturbance to the gut microbiota leads to immune dysfunction both locally and at distant sites, which causes inflammatory conditions not only in the intestine but also in the other organs such as lungs and brain, and may induce a disease state. Probiotics are well known to reinforce immunity and counteract inflammation by restoring symbiosis within the gut microbiota. As a result, probiotics protect against various diseases, including respiratory infections and neuroinflammatory disorders. A growing body of research supports the beneficial role of probiotics in lung and mental health through modulating the gut-lung and gut-brain axes. In the current paper, we discuss the potential role of probiotics in the treatment of viral respiratory infections, including the COVID-19 disease, as major public health crisis in 2020, and influenza virus infection, as well as treatment of neurological disorders like multiple sclerosis and other mental illnesses.

scholarly journals Probable alterations in fecal bacterial microbiota by somatostatin receptor analogs in acromegaly

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suleyman Nahit Sendur ◽  
Koray Ergunay ◽  
Yakut Akyon ◽  
Annika Brinkmann ◽  
Muhittin Serdar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Somatostatin Receptor ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota ◽  
Control Research ◽  
Diabetes Development ◽  
Community Profile

AbstractObjectiveData on bacterial diversity and microbiota alterations in acromegaly are currently lacking. The effects of somatostatin receptor analogs on gut microbiota remain unknown. The objective of this study was to determine microbiota alterations in patients with acromegaly and to assess the effects of somatostatin receptor analogs on gut microbiota.MethodsThe study was designed as a cross-sectional case-control research and three cohorts, comprising individuals with acromegaly without medical therapy (n=5), acromegaly receiving octreotide acetate (OCT) (n=8) and healthy controls (n=5), were evaluated.ResultsNo statistically-supported changes in Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria abundance were observed. Bacteroidaceae, Odoribacteraceae, Porphyromonadaceae, Prevotellaceae and Alistipes families of Bacteroidetes and Bifidobacterium genus of the Actinobacteria phyla were detected, without overt differences. Variations in Clostridia, Erysipelotrichaceae and Veillonellaceae were not significant, while Lactobacillales were increased in individuals receiving OCT. Moreover, Akkermansia mucinophila was present in patients under OCT treatment.ConclusionOur preliminary results suggest that the bacterial community profile under OCT treatment may facilitate a colonic microenvironment for improved glucose metabolism. Alterations in the gut microbiota may be a factor affecting diabetes development during somatostatin analog treatment in acromegalic patients.

scholarly journals The Human Milk Microbiota is Modulated by Maternal Diet

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Padilha ◽  
Niels Banhos Danneskiold-Samsøe ◽  
Asker Brejnrod ◽  
Christian Hoffmann ◽  
Vanessa Pereira Cabral ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
High Abundance ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Cluster 2

Human milk microorganisms contribute not only to the healthy development of the immune system in infants, but also in shaping the gut microbiota. We evaluated the effect of the maternal diet during pregnancy and during the first month of lactation on the human milk microbiota in a cross-sectional study including 94 healthy lactating women. Microbiota composition was determined by 16S rDNA profiling and nutrient intake assessed through food questionnaires. Thirteen genera were present in at least 90% of all samples, with three genera present in all samples: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Corynebacterium. Cluster analysis indicated two distinct compositions: one marked by a high abundance of Streptococcus (cluster 1), and other by a high abundance of Staphylococcus (cluster 2). A global association with milk microbiota diversity was observed for vitamin C intake during pregnancy (p = 0.029), which was higher for cluster 2 individuals (cluster 2 median = 232 mg/d; cluster 1 = 175 mg/d; p = 0.02). Positive correlations were found between Bifidobacterium in the milk and intake of polyunsaturated and linoleic fatty acids during the lactation period (p < 0.01). We show that maternal diet influences the human milk microbiota, especially during pregnancy, which may contribute in shaping the gut microbiota.

scholarly journals Microbiome signatures of progression toward celiac disease onset in at-risk children in a longitudinal prospective cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (29) ◽  
pp. e2020322118
Author(s):  
Maureen M. Leonard ◽  
Francesco Valitutti ◽  
Hiren Karathia ◽  
Meritxell Pujolassos ◽  
Victoria Kenyon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Streptococcus Thermophilus ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal Study ◽  
Microbial Species ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Other than exposure to gluten and genetic compatibility, the gut microbiome has been suggested to be involved in celiac disease (CD) pathogenesis by mediating interactions between gluten/environmental factors and the host immune system. However, to establish disease progression markers, it is essential to assess alterations in the gut microbiota before disease onset. Here, a prospective metagenomic analysis of the gut microbiota of infants at risk of CD was done to track shifts in the microbiota before CD development. We performed cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of gut microbiota, functional pathways, and metabolites, starting from 18 mo before CD onset, in 10 infants who developed CD and 10 matched nonaffected infants. Cross-sectional analysis at CD onset identified altered abundance of six microbial strains and several metabolites between cases and controls but no change in microbial species or pathway abundance. Conversely, results of longitudinal analysis revealed several microbial species/strains/pathways/metabolites occurring in increased abundance and detected before CD onset. These had previously been linked to autoimmune and inflammatory conditions (e.g., Dialister invisus, Parabacteroides sp., Lachnospiraceae, tryptophan metabolism, and metabolites serine and threonine). Others occurred in decreased abundance before CD onset and are known to have anti-inflammatory effects (e.g., Streptococcus thermophilus, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Clostridium clostridioforme). Additionally, we uncovered previously unreported microbes/pathways/metabolites (e.g., Porphyromonas sp., high mannose–type N-glycan biosynthesis, and serine) that point to CD-specific biomarkers. Our study establishes a road map for prospective longitudinal study designs to better understand the role of gut microbiota in disease pathogenesis and therapeutic targets to reestablish tolerance and/or prevent autoimmunity.

Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Disorders: Advances in Therapeutic Interventions

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Sajid Hamid Akash ◽  
Fareeha Fiayyaz ◽  
Kanwal Rehman ◽  
Shakila Sabir ◽  
Muhammad Hidayat Rasool
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions

Gut Mycobiota and Fungal Metabolites in Human Homeostasis

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabella Mogilnicka ◽  
Marcin Ufnal
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Fungal Metabolites ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Fecal Transplantation ◽  
Bacterial Microbiota ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Background:Accumulating evidence suggests that microbiota play an important role in host’s homeostasis. Thus far, researchers have mostly focused on the role of bacterial microbiota. However, human gut is a habitat for several fungal species, which produce numerous metabolites. Furthermore, various types of food and beverages are rich in a wide spectrum of fungi and their metabolites.Methods:We searched PUBMED and Google Scholar databases to identify clinical and pre-clinical studies on fungal metabolites, composition of human mycobiota and fungal dysbiosis.Results:Fungal metabolites may serve as signaling molecules and exert significant biological effects including trophic, anti-inflammatory or antibacterial actions. Finally, research suggests an association between shifts in gut fungi composition and human health. Changes in mycobiota composition have been found in obesity, hepatitis and inflammatory bowel diseases.Conclusion:The influence of mycobiota and dietary fungi on homeostasis in mammals suggests a pharmacotherapeutic potential of modulating the mycobiota which may include treatment with probiotics and fecal transplantation. Furthermore, antibacterial action of fungi-derived molecules may be considered as a substitution for currently used antibacterial agents and preservatives in food industry.

Microbiota-Immune System Interactions in Human Neurological Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 509-526
Author(s):  
Qin Huang ◽  
Fang Yu ◽  
Di Liao ◽  
Jian Xia
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies

: Recent studies implicate microbiota-brain communication as an essential factor for physiology and pathophysiology in brain function and neurodevelopment. One of the pivotal mechanisms about gut to brain communication is through the regulation and interaction of gut microbiota on the host immune system. In this review, we will discuss the role of microbiota-immune systeminteractions in human neurological disorders. The characteristic features in the development of neurological diseases include gut dysbiosis, the disturbed intestinal/Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) permeability, the activated inflammatory response, and the changed microbial metabolites. Neurological disorders contribute to gut dysbiosis and some relevant metabolites in a top-down way. In turn, the activated immune system induced by the change of gut microbiota may deteriorate the development of neurological diseases through the disturbed gut/BBB barrier in a down-top way. Understanding the characterization and identification of microbiome-immune- brain signaling pathways will help us to yield novel therapeutic strategies by targeting the gut microbiome in neurological disease.

scholarly journals Cow’s milk exposure and atopic dermatitis after six months of age

2017 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 325
Author(s):  
Surya Jayanti Kadek ◽  
Dewi Kumara Wati Ketut ◽  
Karyana Putu Gede
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Study Population

Background About 60% of individuals with atopic dermatitis (AD) develop their first manifestation during infancy. Cow’s milk (CM) exposure is considered to be a risk factor for AD.Objective To evaluate for an association between cow’s milk exposure and atopic dermatitis in infants > 6 months of age.  Methods This cross-sectional study consisted of subjects from a previous study and new subjects recruited in order to meet the minimum required number of subjects. Our study population comprised 120 infants, born between 1 February and 30 November, 2012 in Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar. Subjects were divided into CM and non-CM groups and analyzed for their risk of AD. Subjects were included to CM group if they were fed with cow’s milk/formula  and included to non-CM group if they were breastfeed exclusively in the first six months of life. Other possible risk factors were assessed by multivariate analysis. Results One hundred twenty subjects were enrolled and analyzed (59 in the CM and 61 in the non-CM groups). The prevalence of AD was 30%. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed a significant association between CM exposure and AD, with odds ratio (OR) 2.37 (95%CI 1.036 to 5.420; P=0.04). In addition, maternal diet including eggs and/or cow’s milk during the breastfeeding period was significantly associated with AD in infants (OR 3.18; 95%CI 1.073 to 9.427; P=0.04).Conclusion Cow’s milk exposure is significantly associated with atopic dermatitis in infants  > six months of age. 

scholarly journals The lung–gut axis during viral respiratory infections: the impact of gut dysbiosis on secondary disease outcomes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Sencio ◽  
Marina Gomes Machado ◽  
François Trottein
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Disease Outcomes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Viral Respiratory Infections ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Viral Respiratory

AbstractBacteria that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract are essential for good health. The gut microbiota has a critical role in pulmonary immunity and host’s defense against viral respiratory infections. The gut microbiota’s composition and function can be profoundly affected in many disease settings, including acute infections, and these changes can aggravate the severity of the disease. Here, we discuss mechanisms by which the gut microbiota arms the lung to control viral respiratory infections. We summarize the impact of viral respiratory infections on the gut microbiota and discuss the potential mechanisms leading to alterations of gut microbiota’s composition and functions. We also discuss the effects of gut microbial imbalance on disease outcomes, including gastrointestinal disorders and secondary bacterial infections. Lastly, we discuss the potential role of the lung–gut axis in coronavirus disease 2019.

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