The Potential Role of Microbial Biostimulants in the Amelioration of Climate Change-Associated Abiotic Stresses on Crops

Crop plants are more often exposed to abiotic stresses in the current age of fast-evolving climate change. This includes exposure to extreme and unpredictable changes in climatic conditions, phytosanitary hazards, and cultivation conditions, which results in drastic losses in worldwide agricultural productions. Plants coexist with microbial symbionts, some of which play key roles in the ecosystem and plant processes. The application of microbial biostimulants, which take advantage of symbiotic relationships, is a long-term strategy for improving plant productivity and performance, even in the face of climate change-associated stresses. Beneficial filamentous fungi, yeasts, and bacteria are examples of microbial biostimulants, which can boost the growth, yield, nutrition and stress tolerance in plants. This paper highlights recent information about the role of microbial biostimulants and their potential application in mitigating the abiotic stresses occurring on crop plants due to climate change. A critical evaluation for their efficient use under diverse climatic conditions is also made. Currently, accessible products generally improve cultural conditions, but their action mechanisms are mostly unknown, and their benefits are frequently inconsistent. Thus, further studies that could lead to the more precisely targeted products are discussed.

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On Approaches to Taking into Account the Risks of Changing Climatic Conditions when Planning and Implementing Oil and Gas Projects

Issues of Risk Analysis ◽

10.32686/1812-5220-2021-18-1-52-65 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 52-65

Author(s):

P. N. Mikheev

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Oil And Gas Industry ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Qualitative Assessment ◽

Physical Factors ◽

Gas Industry ◽

Climate Risks ◽

The Impact

The article discusses issues related to the impact of climate change on the objects of the oil and gas industry. The main trends in climate change on a global and regional (on the territory of Russian Federation) scale are outlined. Possible approaches to the identification and assessment of climate risks are discussed. The role of climatic risks as physical factors at various stages of development and implementation of oil and gas projects is shown. Based on the example of oil and gas facilities in the Tomsk region, a qualitative assessment of the level of potential risk from a weather and climatic perspective is given. Approaches to creating a risk management and adaptation system to climate change are presented.

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Projected expansion in climatic suitability for Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas Disease, and five widespread Triatoma species by 2070: the role of climate change on infectious diseases

10.1101/490508 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Matthew Nichols ◽

Chris J Butler ◽

Wayne D Lord ◽

Michelle L Haynie

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

United States ◽

Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽

Disease Surveillance ◽

Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽

The United States ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Vector Borne ◽

Current Potential

The vector-borne parasite Trypanosoma cruzi infects seven million individuals globally and causes chronic cardiomyopathy and gastrointestinal diseases. Recently, T. cruzi has emerged in the southern United States. It is crucial for disease surveillance efforts to detail regions that present favorable climatic conditions for T. cruzi and vector establishment. We used MaxEnt to develop an ecological niche model for T. cruzi and five widespread Triatoma vectors based on 546 published localities within the United States. We modeled regions of current potential T. cruzi and Triatoma distribution and then regions projected to have suitable climatic conditions by 2070. Regions with suitable climatic conditions for the study organisms are predicted to increase within the United States. Our findings agree with the hypothesis that climate change will facilitate the expansion of tropical diseases throughout temperate regions and suggest climate change will influence the expansion of T. cruzi and Triatoma vectors in the United States.

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The Potential Application of Endophytes in Management of Stress from Drought and Salinity in Crop Plants

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9081729 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 1729

Author(s):

Hariom Verma ◽

Dharmendra Kumar ◽

Vinod Kumar ◽

Madhuree Kumari ◽

Sandeep Kumar Singh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Abiotic Stresses ◽

Potential Application ◽

Crop Yields ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Crop Plants ◽

Stress Factors ◽

Ph Variation ◽

Regulatory Systems ◽

Protection Systems ◽

Potential Applications

Endophytic microorganisms present inside the host plant play an essential role in host fitness, nutrient supply and stress tolerance. Endophytes are often used in sustainable agriculture as biofertilizers, biopesticides and as inoculants to mitigate abiotic stresses including salinity, drought, cold and pH variation in the soil. In changing climatic conditions, abiotic stresses create global challenges to achieve optimum crop yields in agricultural production. Plants experience stress conditions that involve endogenous boosting of their immune system or the overexpression of their defensive redox regulatory systems with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, rising stress factors overwhelm the natural redox protection systems of plants, which leads to massive internal oxidative damage and death. Endophytes are an integral internal partner of hosts and have been shown to mitigate abiotic stresses via modulating local or systemic mechanisms and producing antioxidants to counteract ROS in plants. Advancements in omics and other technologies have been made, but potential application of endophytes remains largely unrealized. In this review article, we will discuss the diversity, population and interaction of endophytes with crop plants as well as potential applications in abiotic stress management.

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Mosquito Host Seeking in 3D Using a Versatile Climate-Controlled Wind Tunnel System

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience ◽

10.3389/fnbeh.2021.643693 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

Author(s):

Annika Hinze ◽

Jörgen Lantz ◽

Sharon R. Hill ◽

Rickard Ignell

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Wind Tunnel ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Flight Behavior ◽

Future Studies ◽

Host Seeking ◽

Seeking Behavior ◽

Tunnel System

Future anthropogenic climate change is predicted to impact sensory-driven behaviors. Building on recent improvements in computational power and tracking technology, we have developed a versatile climate-controlled wind tunnel system, in which to study the effect of climate parameters, including temperature, precipitation, and elevated greenhouse gas levels, on odor-mediated behaviors in insects. To establish a baseline for future studies, we here analyzed the host-seeking behavior of the major malaria vector mosquito, Anopheles gambiae sensu strico, to human odor and carbon dioxide (CO2), under tightly controlled climatic conditions, and isolated from potential background contamination by the presence of an experimenter. When presented with a combination of human foot odor and CO2 (case study I), mosquitoes engaged in faster crosswind flight, spent more time in the filamentous odor plume and targeted the odor source more successfully. In contrast, female An. gambiae s. s. presented with different concentrations of CO2 alone, did not display host-seeking behavior (case study II). These observations support previous findings on the role of human host-associated cues in host seeking and confirm the role of CO2 as a synergist, but not a host-seeking cue on its own. Future studies are aimed at investigating the effect of climate change on odor-mediated behavior in mosquitoes and other insects. Moreover, the system will be used to investigate detection and processing of olfactory information in various behavioral contexts, by providing a fine-scale analysis of flight behavior.

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Terrestrial Processes and Their Roles in Climate Change

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.825 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nathalie de Noblet-Ducoudré ◽

Andrew J. Pitman

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Greenhouse Gases ◽

Land Surface ◽

Seasonal Cycle ◽

Spatial Scales ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Surface Processes ◽

Climate Modelling ◽

Climate Simulations

The land surface is where humans live and where they source their water and food. The land surface plays an important role in climate and anthropogenic climate change both as a driver of change and as a system that responds to change. Soils and vegetation influence the exchanges of water, energy and carbon between the land and the overlying atmosphere and thus contribute to the variability and the evolution of climate. But the role of the land in climate is scale dependent which means different processes matter on different timescales and over different spatial scales. Climate change alters the functioning of the land with changes in the seasonal cycle of ecosystem growth, in the extent of forests, the melt of permafrost, the magnitude and frequency of disturbances such as fire, drought, … Those changes feedback into climate at both the global and the regional scales. In addition, humans perturb the land conditions via deforestation, irrigation, urbanization, … and this directly affects climatic conditions at the local to regional scales with also sometimes global consequences via the release of greenhouse gases. Not accounting for land surface processes in climate modelling, whatever the spatial scale, will result in biases in the climate simulations.

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Competence and performance in language acquisition

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x00043673 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 730-731

Author(s):

Mark Hale

Keyword(s):

Language Acquisition ◽

Language Change ◽

Critical Evaluation ◽

L2 Acquisition ◽

And Performance ◽

L1 Acquisition

AbstractThe implications of Epstein et al.'s critical evaluation of much of the existing literature on L2-acquisition extends far beyond the domain they discuss. I argue that similar methodological clarification is urgently needed in analyses of the role of UG in L1-acquisition, as well as in discussions in such seemingly “distant” areas as the study of language change.

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Integrating potential climate change into the mechanistic–empirical based pavement design

Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering ◽

10.1139/cjce-2012-0465 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 40 (12) ◽

pp. 1173-1183 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Qiang Joshua Li ◽

Leslie Mills ◽

Sue McNeil ◽

Nii O. Attoh-Okine

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

United States ◽

The United States ◽

Adaptation Strategy ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Pavement Design ◽

Pavement Performance ◽

Climate Change Effects ◽

And Performance ◽

Potential Climate Change

Given anticipated climate change and its inherent uncertainty, a pavement could be subjected to different climatic conditions over its life and might be inadequate to withstand future environmental stresses beyond those currently considered during pavement design. This paper incorporates climate change effects into the mechanistic–empirical (M-E) based pavement design to explore potential climate change and its uncertainty on pavement design and performance. Three important questions are addressed: (1) How does pavement performance deteriorate differently with climate change and its uncertainty? (2) What is the risk if climate change and its uncertainty are not considered in design? and (3) How do pavement designers respond and incorporate this change into M-E design ? Three test sites in the United States are examined and results demonstrate a robust and effective approach to integrate climate change into pavement design as an adaptation strategy.

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Effects of Combined Abiotic Stresses On Nutrient Content of European Wheat and Implications For Nutritional Security Under Climate Change Scenarios

10.21203/rs.3.rs-1055708/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yamdeu Galani ◽

Emilie Øst Hansen ◽

Ioannis Droutsas ◽

Melvin Holmes ◽

Andrew Challinor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Climate Change Scenarios ◽

Wheat Varieties ◽

Nutritional Security ◽

Nutrition Security ◽

Dietary Requirements ◽

Higher Temperature

Abstract Climate change is causing problems for agriculture, but the effect of combined environmental stresses on crop nutritional quality is not clear. Here we studied the effect of 10 combinations of climatic conditions (temperature, CO2, O3 and drought) in controlled growth chamber conditions on the protein and mineral content of 3 wheat varieties. Results show that wheat plants under O3 exposure alone concentrated 15-31% more grain N, Fe, Mg, Mn P and Zn, reduced K by 5%, and C did not change. Ozone in the presence of elevated CO2 and higher temperature enhanced the content of Fe, Mn, P and Zn by 2-18%. Water-limited chronic O3 exposure resulted in 9-46% higher concentrations of all the minerals, except K. The effect of climate change could increase the ability of wheat to meet adult daily dietary requirements by 1.06-1.12-fold for Fe, Zn and protein, but decrease those of Mg, Mn and P by 1.03-1.06-fold, and K by 2.78-fold. The role of wheat in future nutrition security is discussed.

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Climate change and built environment - the role of urban greenery as a mitigation strategy in Greek urban areas

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/899/1/012018 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 899 (1) ◽

pp. 012018

Author(s):

D Apostolopoulou ◽

S Tsoka

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Thermal Comfort ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Heat Waves ◽

Well Being ◽

Climatic Conditions ◽

Mitigation Strategy ◽

Urban Greenery

Abstract Extreme thermal conditions and heat waves, as a result of global warming, have increased in recent years. Especially in the Mediterranean area, cities face higher temperatures during summer months which severely affect thermal comfort and citizens’ well-being. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the role of urban greenery as a mitigation strategy and focuses on its effect towards the improvement of the urban microclimate and thermal comfort under extreme summer conditions. To this aim, a typical square, located in Athens, Greece, has been chosen as a case study. The microclimatic conditions are evaluated for its present state and after an increase of 20% of soil surface and 30% of trees, while both current (i.e., 2020) and future summer climatic conditions (for the year 2060) are examined. It was also proposed that all the soil surfaces would be covered in grass. The potential air temperature, mean radiant temperature and surface temperature are analysed by simulation means, using the ENVI-met microclimate simulation tool. The results of this study showed that increasing the vegetation ratio inside the study area contributes to considerably lower surface temperatures, while a significant reduction on mean radiant and air temperature at the pedestrian level is also achieved, forming better microclimate conditions. Urban greenery is an important factor for healthy and resilient cities. Its presence can provide lower temperatures in the pedestrian level during summer months, reforming the microclimate. The outcomes of this study can be used by urban planners and stakeholders to improve environmentally urban areas, mitigate the results of climate change, and create resilient cities.

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