scholarly journals Effects of Resistant Starch Interventions on Metabolic Biomarkers in Pre-Diabetes and Diabetes Adults

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aswir Abd Rashed ◽  
Fatin Saparuddin ◽  
Devi-Nair Gunasegavan Rathi ◽  
Nur Najihah Mohd Nasir ◽  
Ezarul Faradianna Lokman

Simple lifestyle changes can prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition to maintaining a physically active way of life, the diet has become one of the bases in managing TD2M. Due to many studies linking the ability of resistant starch (RS) to a substantial role in enhancing the nutritional quality of food and disease prevention, the challenge of incorporating RS into the diet and increasing its intake remains. Therefore, we conducted this review to assess the potential benefits of RS on metabolic biomarkers in pre-diabetes and diabetes adults based on available intervention studies over the last decade. Based on the conducted review, we observed that RS intake correlates directly to minimize possible effects through different mechanisms for better control of pre-diabetic and diabetic conditions. In most studies, significant changes were evident in the postprandial glucose and insulin incremental area under the curve (iAUC). Comparative evaluation of RS consumption and control groups also showed differences with inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, and E-selectin. Only RS2 and RS3 were extensively investigated and widely reported among the five reported RS types. However, a proper comparison and conclusion are deemed inappropriate considering the variations observed with the study duration, sample size, subjects and their metabolic conditions, intervention doses, and the intervention base products. In conclusion, this result provides interesting insights into the potential use of RS as part of a sustainable diet in diabetes management and should be further explored in terms of the mechanism involved.

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enas K. Al-Tamimi ◽  
Paul A. Seib ◽  
Brian S. Snyder ◽  
Mark D. Haub

Objective. The objective was to compare the postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses to nutrition bars containing either cross-linked RS type 4 (RS4XL) or standard wheat starch in normoglycemic adults (n= 13; age = 27±5 years; BMI = 25±3 kg/m2).Methods. Volunteers completed three trials during which they consumed a glucose beverage (GLU), a puffed wheat control bar (PWB), and a bar containing cross-linked RS4 (RS4XL) matched for available carbohydrate content. Serial blood samples were collected over two hours and glucose and insulin concentrations were determined and the incremental area under the curve (iAUC) was calculated.Results. TheRS4XLpeak glucose and insulin concentrations were lower than the GLU and PWB (P<.05). The iAUC for glucose and insulin were lower following ingestion of RS4 compared with the GLU and PWB trials.Conclusions. These data illustrate, for the first time, that directly substituting standard starch withRS4XL, while matched for available carbohydrates, attenuated postprandial glucose and insulin levels in humans. It remains to be determined whether this response was due to the dietary fiber and/or resistant starch aspects of theRS4XLbar.


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Lenz ◽  
Joy Nolte Fong ◽  
Holly Parker ◽  
Wanyi Wang ◽  
Araz Sarkissian ◽  
...  

Abstract Objectives Resistant starch (RS) is a non-digestible fermentable carbohydrate found naturally in food sources such as potatoes that can lower postprandial glucose and improve insulin sensitivity. Potato RS can be increased by baking then chilling the potato. The purpose of this study is to identify which body composition and dietary outcomes affect glucose and insulin response after female subjects consume a boiled hot Russet potato (∼6 g RS) compared to a baked then chilled Russet potato (∼12 g RS). Methods Subjects were randomized to consume 250 g of either a chilled or boiled potato with a one week wash-out between the two visits using crossover study design. Three days prior to each visit, dietary intake was obtained from food records. Mean three-day nutrient analysis prior to each visit was analyzed by Nutrition Data System for Research. Body composition (% lean mass (%LM) and fat mass (%FM)) was measured by air displacement plethysmograph at baseline. Fasting and postprandial blood following the intake of each potato were collected for area under the curve (AUC(0–120)) glucose and insulin determination. Spearman's rho examined the relationship among %FM, %LM, and each mean three-day dietary variables on AUC(0–120) glucose and insulin following each potato intervention. Results Healthy overweight (n = 25; mean BMI 31.8 ± 7.4 kg/m2) adult females (mean age 29.0 ± 5.9 years) completed the study. In both chilled and boiled potatoes, AUC(0–120) insulin was significantly positively related to %FM, but significantly inversely related to %LM. AUC(0–120) glucose was not related to body composition. Mean energy, macronutrients, added sugars, total sugars, soluble fiber, and glycemic index were significantly positively related to AUC(0–120) insulin in both chilled and boiled potato; energy and most macronutrients (except fat) were significantly positively related to AUC(0–120) glucose only after boiled potato. Conclusions A body composition higher in %FM and lower in %LM exhibits less insulin control following potato intake. Higher energy and nutrient intake patterns contribute to less favorable glucose concentrations following boiled potato consumption, but not after chilled potato consumption. The higher RS in the chilled potato may have contributed to glucose homeostasis. Funding Sources The Alliance for Potato Research and Education and the University's Small Grant Program.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 403-403
Author(s):  
Riley Hughes ◽  
Leslie Woodhouse ◽  
Nancy Keim

Abstract Objectives The objective of this analysis is to determine whether intake of wheat products high in resistant starch (RS) increase satiety relative to conventional wheat products via blunting of the glycemic response and stimulation of hormones such as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), leptin, or ghrelin. Methods Metabolic responses generated from a double-blind, placebo controlled, crossover clinical trial of RS and regular wheat were used to investigate whether RS supplementation affects subjective and objective measures of satiety relative to conventional wheat. Women and men consumed 3 or 4 rolls per day, respectively, made from RS (14–18 g total dietary fiber, TDF) or conventional wheat (4–5.5 g TDF) for 7 days during each arm of the trial. Linear mixed models of glycemic and satiety outcomes were used to determine the effect RS supplementation. Results A total of 30 healthy adults ages 40–65 completed the study. We observed a significant effect of RS wheat on glycemic response such that postprandial glucose and insulin incremental area under the curve (iAUC) during RS supplementation were lower than during regular wheat consumption (P = 0.004, P &lt; 0.001, respectively). Biological indicators of satiety showed lower iAUC and peak GIP (piAUC &lt; 0.001, ppeak &lt; 0.001) as well as higher fasting and peak PYY (pfasting = 0.004, ppeak = 0.004). There were no significant effects of treatment observed for ghrelin, leptin, or GLP-1. Additionally, there were no significant effects of treatment on subjective measures of fullness or hunger during test days (P = 0.57 and P = 0.20, respectively). Conclusions The results of this analysis indicate that RS supplementation is effective at blunting the postprandial glycemic response but has marginal effects on objective and subjective measures of satiety. Further research is needed to determine the potential effects of providing RS in different doses, volumes (e.g., supplement versus whole food), food matrix (e.g., pasta versus rolls), or duration of exposure on satiety. Funding Sources Funding was provided by the University of California Innovation Institute for Food and Health with gifts from Arcadia Biosciences and Ardent Mills.


Author(s):  
Alice Scavarda ◽  
Giuseppe Costa ◽  
Franca Beccaria

Within the past several years, a considerable body of research on adherence to diabetes regimen has emerged in public health. However, the focus of the vast majority of these studies has been on the individual traits and attitudes affecting adherence. Still little is known on the role of the social and physical context in supporting or hindering diabetes self-management, particularly from a qualitative standpoint. To address these limitations, this paper presents the findings of a Photovoice study on a sample of 10 type 2 diabetic older adults living in a deprived neighbourhood of an Italian city. The findings reveal that the possibility to engage in diet, exercise and blood sugar monitoring seems to be more affected by physical and social elements of the respondents’ environment than by the interviewees’ beliefs and attitudes. Both environmental barriers and social isolation emerge as barriers to lifestyle changes and self-care activities related to blood sugar monitoring. The predominance of bonding social capital, the scant level of trust and the negative perception of local health services result in a low level of social cohesion, a limited circulation of health information on diabetes management and, consequently, in poor health outcomes.


2021 ◽  
pp. 194173812110282
Author(s):  
Ayami Yoshihara ◽  
Erin E. Dierickx ◽  
Gabrielle J. Brewer ◽  
Yasuki Sekiguchi ◽  
Rebecca L. Stearns ◽  
...  

Background: While increased face mask use has helped reduce COVID-19 transmission, there have been concerns about its influence on thermoregulation during exercise in the heat, but consistent, evidence-based recommendations are lacking. Hypothesis: No physiological differences would exist during low-to-moderate exercise intensity in the heat between trials with and without face masks, but perceptual sensations could vary. Study Design: Crossover study. Level of Evidence: Level 2. Methods: Twelve physically active participants (8 male, 4 female; age = 24 ± 3 years) completed 4 face mask trials and 1 control trial (no mask) in the heat (32.3°C ± 0.04°C; 54.4% ± 0.7% relative humidity [RH]). The protocol was 60 minutes of walking and jogging between 35% and 60% of relative VO2max. Rectal temperature (Trec), heart rate (HR), temperature and humidity inside and outside of the face mask (Tmicro_in, Tmicro_out, RHmicro_in, RHmicro_out) and perceptual variables (rating of perceived exertion (RPE), thermal sensation, thirst sensation, fatigue level, and overall breathing discomfort) were monitored throughout all trials. Results: Mean Trec and HR increased at 30- and 60-minute time points compared with 0-minute time points, but no difference existed between face mask trials and control trials ( P > 0.05). Mean Tmicro_in, RHmicro_in, and humidity difference inside and outside of the face mask (ΔRHmicro) were significantly different between face mask trials ( P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in perceptual variables between face mask trials and control trials ( P > 0.05), except overall breathing discomfort ( P < 0.01). Higher RHmicro_in, RPE, and thermal sensation significantly predicted higher overall breathing discomfort ( r2 = 0.418; P < 0.01). Conclusion: Face mask use during 60 minutes of low-to-moderate exercise intensity in the heat did not significantly affect Trec or HR. Although face mask use may affect overall breathing discomfort due to the changes in the face mask microenvironment, face mask use itself did not cause an increase in whole body thermal stress. Clinical Relevance: Face mask use is feasible and safe during exercise in the heat, at low-to-moderate exercise intensities, for physically active, healthy individuals.


Author(s):  
Lee-Huang Chen ◽  
Kyunam Kim ◽  
Ellande Tang ◽  
Kevin Li ◽  
Richard House ◽  
...  

This paper presents the design, analysis and testing of a fully actuated modular spherical tensegrity robot for co-robotic and space exploration applications. Robots built from tensegrity structures (composed of pure tensile and compression elements) have many potential benefits including high robustness through redundancy, many degrees of freedom in movement and flexible design. However to fully take advantage of these properties a significant fraction of the tensile elements should be active, leading to a potential increase in complexity, messy cable and power routing systems and increased design difficulty. Here we describe an elegant solution to a fully actuated tensegrity robot: The TT-3 (version 3) tensegrity robot, developed at UC Berkeley, in collaboration with NASA Ames, is a lightweight, low cost, modular, and rapidly prototyped spherical tensegrity robot. This robot is based on a ball-shaped six-bar tensegrity structure and features a unique modular rod-centered distributed actuation and control architecture. This paper presents the novel mechanism design, architecture and simulations of TT-3, the first untethered, fully actuated cable-driven six-bar tensegrity spherical robot ever built and tested for mobility. Furthermore, this paper discusses the controls and preliminary testing performed to observe the system’s behavior and performance.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reihaneh Rezaee ◽  
Masoud Mohebbi ◽  
Mozhgan Afkhamizadeh ◽  
Mohammad Ali Yaghoubi ◽  
Mona Najaf Najafi ◽  
...  

Background and Objective: Subclinical hypothyroidism can potentially develop to overt hypothyroidism. Thyroid hormones have substantial roles in metabolism and glucose homeostasis and thus are closely related to determinant factors of metabolic syndromes, such as obesity and insulin resistance. Osteocalcin is considered a predictor of metabolic conditions in thyroid diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effect of levothyroxine vs. placebo on serum osteocalcin levels in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Methods: This randomized clinical trial was performed on 30 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism who were referred to the endocrine clinics of Ghaem and Imam Reza hospitals in Mashhad, Iran. After giving informed consent, patients were randomly divided into intervention (50 µg/day levothyroxine for 2 months) and control (placebo) groups. Serum levels of osteocalcin, thyroid hormones, lipid profile, insulin, and fasting glucose, as well as other clinical and anthropometric data, were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. SPSS was used to analyze the data and P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: Mean age in the intervention and control groups was 35.07 ± 9.94 and 31.30 ± 4.30, respectively (P=0.20). There was no significant difference between osteocalcin levels before and after the intervention in either of the groups (P=0.54). TSH level was significantly decreased in the levothyroxine group after the intervention (P<0.01). T4 level was significantly increased in the intervention group (P=0.02). Conclusion: Levothyroxine had no significant effect on increasing the levels of serum osteocalcin in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. We have registered the trial in the Iranian registry of clinical trials (IRCT) with the registration code IRCT20171129037677N1.


Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annick Alleleyn ◽  
Mark van Avesaat ◽  
Dina Ripken ◽  
Sinéad Bleiel ◽  
Daniel Keszthelyi ◽  
...  

Activation of the intestinal brake by infusing nutrients into the distal small intestine with catheters inhibits food intake and enhances satiety. Encapsulation of macronutrients, which protects against digestion in the proximal gastrointestinal tract, can be a non-invasive alternative to activate this brake. In this study, we investigate the effect of oral ingestion of an encapsulated casein and sucrose mixture (active) targeting the distal small intestine versus a control product designed to be released in the stomach on food intake, satiety, and plasma glucose concentrations. Fifty-nine volunteers received the active and control product on two separate test days. Food intake was determined during an ad libitum meal 90 min after ingestion of the test product. Visual analogue scale scores for satiety and blood samples for glucose analysis were collected at regular intervals. Ingestion of the active product decreased food intake compared to the control product (655 kcal compared with 699 kcal, respectively, p < 0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) for hunger was decreased (p < 0.05) and AUC for satiety was increased (p < 0.01) after ingestion of the active product compared to the control product. Ingestion of an encapsulated protein-carbohydrate mixture resulted in inhibition of food intake compared to a non-encapsulated control product.


2007 ◽  
Vol 85 (9) ◽  
pp. 856-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anamaria Dascalu ◽  
John L. Sievenpiper ◽  
Alexandra L. Jenkins ◽  
Mark P. Stavro ◽  
Lawrence A. Leiter ◽  
...  

Evidence indicates that the glycemia-lowering effect of American ginseng root may be batch dependent. We therefore evaluated the effect of 5 root batches, representative of Ontario-grown American ginseng, on postprandial glucose and insulin indices. Twelve healthy subjects (5 male, 7 female), mean ± SE age 26.5 ± 2 years, body mass index 23.96 ± 3.41 kg/m2, fasting blood glucose 4.77 ± 0.04 mmol/L, were assigned to consume 9 g of American ginseng from 5 farms (A–E), administered in randomized sequence on 5 separate visits, and a water-control during the 6th and last visit. Treatments were consumed 40 min before a 2-hour 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test. Plasma glucose and insulin were measured at baseline, before, and during the test. Compared with control, batches A and C reduced glucose incremental area under the curve (IAUC) by 35.2% (156 vs. 240 mmol·min/L) and 32.6% (162 vs. 240 mmol·min/L), respectively. Batches A, C, and E reduced incremental peak glucose by 1.3, 1.2, and 1.1 mmol/L, respectively. Batch C reduced the insulin IAUC by 27.7% (15.8 vs. 21.8 nmol·min/L). Effects on glucose and insulin parameters were not different across ginseng treatments. The mean of the 5 ginseng treatments reduced peak postprandial glucose by 1.0 mmol/L, glucose IAUC by 27.7% (173 vs. 240 mmol·min/L), and insulin IAUC by 23.8% (16.6 vs. 21.8 nmol·min/L) relative to control. (All results statistically significant at p < 0.05.) American ginseng decreased postprandial glycemia and insulinemia; however, 40% of the batches did not reduce glycemia with the anticipated magnitude, irrespective of their saponin composition.


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