scholarly journals Efficacy and Safety of Ketone Supplementation or Ketogenic Diets for Alzheimer's Disease: A Mini Review

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthieu Lilamand ◽  
François Mouton-Liger ◽  
Emmanuelle Di Valentin ◽  
Marta Sànchez Ortiz ◽  
Claire Paquet
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Amyloid Peptide ◽  
Nutritional Interventions ◽  
Ketogenic Diets ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Β Amyloid ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent age-related neurodegenerative disorder, with no curative treatment available so far. Alongside the brain deposition of β-amyloid peptide and hyperphosphorylated tau, neuroinflammation triggered by the innate immune response in the central nervous system, plays a central role in the pathogenesis of AD. Glucose usually represents the main fuel for the brain. Glucose metabolism has been related to neuroinflammation, but also with AD lesions. Hyperglycemia promotes oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. Insulinoresistance (e.g., in type 2 diabetes) or low IGF-1 levels are associated with increased β-amyloid production. However, in the absence of glucose, the brain may use another fuel: ketone bodies (KB) produced by oxidation of fatty acids. Over the last decade, ketogenic interventions i.e., ketogenic diets (KD) with very low carbohydrate intake or ketogenic supplementation (KS) based on medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) consumption, have been studied in AD animal models, as well as in AD patients. These interventional studies reported interesting clinical improvements in animals and decrease in neuroinflammation, β-amyloid and tau accumulation. In clinical studies, KS and KD were associated with better cognition, but also improved brain metabolism and AD biomarkers. This review summarizes the available evidence regarding KS/KD as therapeutic options for individuals with AD. We also discuss the current issues and potential adverse effects associated with these nutritional interventions. Finally, we propose an overview of ongoing and future registered trials in this promising field.

scholarly journals Effects of Ketone Bodies on Brain Metabolism and Function in Neurodegenerative Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 8767
Author(s):  
Nicole Jacqueline Jensen ◽  
Helena Zander Wodschow ◽  
Malin Nilsson ◽  
Jørgen Rungby
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Brain Metabolism ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Ketogenic Diets ◽  
Cognitive Benefits ◽  
The Brain

Under normal physiological conditions the brain primarily utilizes glucose for ATP generation. However, in situations where glucose is sparse, e.g., during prolonged fasting, ketone bodies become an important energy source for the brain. The brain’s utilization of ketones seems to depend mainly on the concentration in the blood, thus many dietary approaches such as ketogenic diets, ingestion of ketogenic medium-chain fatty acids or exogenous ketones, facilitate significant changes in the brain’s metabolism. Therefore, these approaches may ameliorate the energy crisis in neurodegenerative diseases, which are characterized by a deterioration of the brain’s glucose metabolism, providing a therapeutic advantage in these diseases. Most clinical studies examining the neuroprotective role of ketone bodies have been conducted in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, where brain imaging studies support the notion of enhancing brain energy metabolism with ketones. Likewise, a few studies show modest functional improvements in patients with Parkinson’s disease and cognitive benefits in patients with—or at risk of—Alzheimer’s disease after ketogenic interventions. Here, we summarize current knowledge on how ketogenic interventions support brain metabolism and discuss the therapeutic role of ketones in neurodegenerative disease, emphasizing clinical data.

scholarly journals A Chinese Herbal Formula, Gengnianchun, Amelioratesβ-Amyloid Peptide Toxicity in aCaenorhabditis elegansModel of Alzheimer’s Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanhui Meng ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
Yanqiu Rao ◽  
Wenjun Wang ◽  
Yan Fu
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Amyloid Peptide ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Pheochromocytoma Cells ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Chinese Herbal ◽  
Chinese Medicine Formula ◽  
Age Related

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder, and the few drugs that are currently available only treat the symptoms. Traditional medicine or phytotherapy has been shown to protect against AD. In our previous studies, Gengnianchun (GNC), a traditional Chinese medicine formula with a prolongevity effect, protected against Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in pheochromocytoma cells (PC-12 cells) and hippocampal cells. Here, we investigated the effects and possible mechanisms by which GNC protected against Aβtoxicity using transgenicCaenorhabditis elegansCL4176. Our results showed that GNC effectively delayed the Aβtoxicity-triggered body paralysis of CL4176 worms. GNC decreased Aβby reducing AβmRNA levels. Moreover, GNC significantly reduced reactive oxygen species in the AD model worms compared with the controls. In addition, GNC upregulated the daf-16, sod-3, hsp-16.2 genes, and enhanced DAF-16 translocation from the cytoplasm to the nuclei under oxidative stress conditions. GNC treatment ofC. elegansstrains lacking DAF-16 did not affect the paralysis phenotype. Taken together, these findings suggest that GNC could protect against Aβ-induced toxicity via the DAF-16 pathway inC. elegans. Further studies are required to analyze its effectiveness in more complex animals.

Role of TREM2 in Alzheimer's Disease and its Consequences on β- Amyloid, Tau and Neurofibrillary Tangles

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (13) ◽  
pp. 1216-1229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anurag K. Singh ◽  
Gaurav Mishra ◽  
Anand Maurya ◽  
Rajendra Awasthi ◽  
Komal Kumari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Tau Pathology ◽  
Functional Roles ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Β Amyloid ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Neuronal Stress

: Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is age-related neurodegenerative disorder recognized by a steadily gradual cognitive decline that has devastating personal and socioeconomic implications. Recently, some genetic factors for AD have been identified which attracted wide attention of researchers in different areas of AD biology and possible new therapeutic targets. Alternative forms of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) genes are examples of such risk factors, which contribute higher risk for developing AD. Comprehending TREM2 function pledge to provide salient insight into how neuroinflammation contributes to AD pathology. The dearth of microglial TREM2 shepherd to augmented tau pathology is couple with frequent enhancement of activated neuronal stress kinases. The involvement of TREM2 in the regulation of tau-associated innate immune response of the CNS has clearly demonstrated through these findings. However, whether decrease level of TREM2 assists pathology of tau through changed clearance and pathological escalation of tau or through direct contact between microglia and neuron and any alternative possible mechanisms need to examine. This review briefly summarizes distinct functional roles of TREM2 in AD pathology and highlights the TREM2 gene regulation. We have also addressed the impact of TREM2 on β-amyloid plaques and tau pathology in Alzheimer’s disease.

scholarly journals Amyloid-Beta Peptide, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease: Potential Neuroprotective Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Dyall
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Amyloid Peptide ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Beta Peptide ◽  
The Brain

Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia in the elderly and is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by a decline in cognitive function and also profound alterations in mood and behaviour. The pathology of the disease is characterised by the presence of extracellular amyloid peptide deposits and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Although many hypotheses have been put forward for the aetiology of the disease, increased inflammation and oxidative stress appear key to be features contributing to the pathology. The omega-3 polyunsaturated fats, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have well-characterised effects on inflammation and may have neuroprotective effects in a number of neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer's disease. The aims of this paper are to review the neuroprotective effects of EPA and DHA in Alzheimer's disease, with special emphasis on their role in modulating oxidative stress and inflammation and also examine their potential as therapeutic agents.

scholarly journals Administration of anti-ERMAP antibody ameliorates Alzheimer’s disease in mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiyan Liu ◽  
Jin Zhao ◽  
Yujun Lin ◽  
Min Su ◽  
Laijun Lai
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
T Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Macrophage Phagocytosis ◽  
B7 Family ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating age-related neurodegenerative disorder and characterized by progressive loss of memory and cognitive functions, which are associated with amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques. Immune cells play an important role in the clearance of Aβ deposits. Immune responses are regulated by immune regulators in which the B7 family members play a crucial role. We have recently identified erythroid membrane-associated protein (ERMAP) as a novel B7 family-related immune regulator and shown that ERMAP protein affects T cell and macrophage functions. Methods We produced a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against ERMAP protein and then determined the ability of the mAb to affect cognitive performance and AD pathology in mice. Results  We have shown that the anti-ERMAP mAb neutralizes the T cell inhibitory activity of ERMAP and enhances macrophages to phagocytose Aβ in vitro. Administration of the mAb into AD mice improves cognitive performance and reduces Aβ plaque load in the brain. This is related to increased proportion of T cells, especially IFNγ-producing T cells, in the spleen and the choroid plexus (CP), enhanced expression of immune cell trafficking molecules in the CP, and increased migration of monocyte-derived macrophages into the brain. Furthermore, the production of anti-Aβ antibodies in the serum and the macrophage phagocytosis of Aβ are enhanced in the anti-ERMAP mAb-treated AD mice. Conclusions Our results suggest that manipulating the ERMAP pathway has the potential to provide a novel approach to treat AD patients.

scholarly journals The Dual Role of Glutamatergic Neurotransmission in Alzheimer’s Disease: From Pathophysiology to Pharmacotherapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (20) ◽  
pp. 7452
Author(s):  
Vidyasagar Naik Bukke ◽  
Moola Archana ◽  
Rosanna Villani ◽  
Antonino Davide Romano ◽  
Agata Wawrzyniak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Glutamatergic System ◽  
Excitatory Neurotransmitter ◽  
Neuronal Synapses ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Energy

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related dementia and neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by Aβ and tau protein deposition impairing learning, memory and suppressing synaptic plasticity of neurons. Increasing evidence suggests that there is a link between the glucose and glutamate alterations with age that down-regulates glucose utilization reducing glutamate levels in AD patients. Deviations in brain energy metabolism reinforce the development of AD by hampering glutamate levels in the brain. Glutamate is a nonessential amino acid and the major excitatory neurotransmitter synthesized from glucose. Alterations in cerebral glucose and glutamate levels precede the deposition of Aβ plaques. In the brain, over 40% of neuronal synapses are glutamatergic and disturbances in glutamatergic function have been implicated in pathophysiology of AD. Nevertheless, targeting the glutamatergic system seems to be a promising strategy to develop novel, improved therapeutics for AD. Here, we review data supporting the involvement of the glutamatergic system in AD pathophysiology as well as the efficacy of glutamatergic agents in this neurodegenerative disorder. We also discuss exciting new prospects for the development of improved therapeutics for this devastating disorder.

Electromagnetic field in Alzheimer’s disease: a literature review of recent preclinical and clinical studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reem Habib Mohamad Ali Ahmad ◽  
Marc Fakhoury ◽  
Nada Lawand
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽  
The Brain

: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of neurons leading to cognitive and memory decay. The main signs of AD include the irregular extracellular accumulation of amyloidbeta (Aβ) protein in the brain and the hyper-phosphorylation of tau protein inside neurons. Changes in Aβ expression or aggregation are considered key factors in the pathophysiology of sporadic and early-onset AD and correlate with the cognitive decline seen in patients with AD. Despite decades of research, current approaches in the treatment of AD are only symptomatic in nature and are not effective in slowing or reversing the course of the disease. Encouragingly, recent evidence revealed that exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) can delay the development of AD and improve memory. This review paper discusses findings from in vitro and in vivo studies that investigate the link between EMF and AD at the cellular and behavioural level, and highlights the potential benefits of EMF as an innovative approach for the treatment of AD.

Emerging Promise of Immunotherapy for Alzheimer’s Disease: A New Hope for the Development of Alzheimer’s Vaccine

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 1214-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Tanvir Kabir ◽  
Md. Sahab Uddin ◽  
Bijo Mathew ◽  
Pankoj Kumar Das ◽  
Asma Perveen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Aβ Oligomers ◽  
Th2 Immune Response ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder and the characteristics of this devastating disorder include the progressive and disabling deficits in the cognitive functions including reasoning, attention, judgment, comprehension, memory, and language. Objective: In this article, we have focused on the recent progress that has been achieved in the development of an effective AD vaccine. Summary: Currently, available treatment options of AD are limited to deliver short-term symptomatic relief only. A number of strategies targeting amyloid-beta (Aβ) have been developed in order to treat or prevent AD. In order to exert an effective immune response, an AD vaccine should contain adjuvants that can induce an effective anti-inflammatory T helper 2 (Th2) immune response. AD vaccines should also possess the immunogens which have the capacity to stimulate a protective immune response against various cytotoxic Aβ conformers. The induction of an effective vaccine’s immune response would necessitate the parallel delivery of immunogen to dendritic cells (DCs) and their priming to stimulate a Th2-polarized response. The aforesaid immune response is likely to mediate the generation of neutralizing antibodies against the neurotoxic Aβ oligomers (AβOs) and also anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus preventing the AD-related inflammation. Conclusion: Since there is an age-related decline in the immune functions, therefore vaccines are more likely to prevent AD instead of providing treatment. AD vaccines might be an effective and convenient approach to avoid the treatment-related huge expense.

scholarly journals Intermittent Hypoxic Conditioning Rescues Cognition and Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Profile in the Triple Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 461
Author(s):  
Sónia C. Correia ◽  
Nuno J. Machado ◽  
Marco G. Alves ◽  
Pedro F. Oliveira ◽  
Paula I. Moreira
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Mitochondrial Bioenergetics ◽  
Related Phenotype ◽  
Brain Resilience ◽  
The Brain

The lack of effective disease-modifying therapeutics to tackle Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is unsettling considering the actual prevalence of this devastating neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Intermittent hypoxic conditioning (IHC) is a powerful non-pharmacological procedure known to enhance brain resilience. In this context, the aim of the present study was to investigate the potential long-term protective impact of IHC against AD-related phenotype, putting a special focus on cognition and mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics. For this purpose, six-month-old male triple transgenic AD mice (3×Tg-AD) were submitted to an IHC protocol for two weeks and the behavioral assessment was performed at 8.5 months of age, while the sacrifice of mice occurred at nine months of age and their brains were removed for the remaining analyses. Interestingly, IHC was able to prevent anxiety-like behavior and memory and learning deficits and significantly reduced brain cortical levels of amyloid-β (Aβ) in 3×Tg-AD mice. Concerning brain energy metabolism, IHC caused a significant increase in brain cortical levels of glucose and a robust improvement of the mitochondrial bioenergetic profile in 3×Tg-AD mice, as mirrored by the significant increase in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and respiratory control ratio (RCR). Notably, the improvement of mitochondrial bioenergetics seems to result from an adaptative coordination of the distinct but intertwined aspects of the mitochondrial quality control axis. Particularly, our results indicate that IHC favors mitochondrial fusion and promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and transport and mitophagy in the brain cortex of 3×Tg-AD mice. Lastly, IHC also induced a marked reduction in synaptosomal-associated protein 25 kDa (SNAP-25) levels and a significant increase in both glutamate and GABA levels in the brain cortex of 3×Tg-AD mice, suggesting a remodeling of the synaptic microenvironment. Overall, these results demonstrate the effectiveness of the IHC paradigm in forestalling the AD-related phenotype in the 3×Tg-AD mouse model, offering new insights to AD therapy and forcing a rethink concerning the potential value of non-pharmacological interventions in clinical practice.

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