scholarly journals Maternal HIV Infection as a Risk Factor for Primary Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in Kenyan Infants

2022 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela Samayoa-Reyes ◽  
Sidney O. Ogolla ◽  
Ibrahim I. Daud ◽  
Conner Jackson ◽  
Katherine R. Sabourin ◽  
...  

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is known to be associated with EBV shedding in saliva suggesting an increased risk of EBV transmission to infants born to mothers with HIV at an earlier age. In this study we investigated (i) whether maternal HIV status was a risk factor for EBV in blood at delivery or for shedding in saliva and breast milk of 6- and 10-weeks post-partum mothers, (ii) if there was a difference in EBV strains shed between HIV+ and HIV- mothers, and (iii) if maternal HIV status was a determinant of EBV viral load in their infants. Samples were collected as part of a prospective cohort study that followed HIV-positive (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV-) pregnant women in Western Kenya through delivery and post-partum period. EBV viral load in blood was found to be significantly higher in mothers with HIV (p-value = 0.04). Additionally, a statistically significant difference was observed between EBV viral load in saliva samples and HIV status where HIV+ mothers had a higher EBV viral load in saliva at 6-weeks post-partum compared to HIV- mothers (p-value < 0.01). The difference in EBV shedding in breast milk was not found to be statistically significant. Furthermore, no difference in frequency of EBV strain was attributable to HIV- or HIV+ mothers. Interestingly, we found that infants born to HIV+ mothers had a higher EBV viral load at the time of their first EBV detection in blood than infants born to HIV- mothers and this was independent of age at detection. Overall, our study suggests that HIV infected mothers shed more virus in saliva than HIV-negative mothers and infants born to HIV+ mothers were at risk for loss of control of primary EBV infection as evidenced by higher EBV viral load following primary infection.

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 416
Author(s):  
Anita Liliana ◽  
Melania Wahyuningsih

Abstract Adequacy of milk production in the newborns will affect the success of exclusive breastfeeding. Not all postpartum mothers are able to increase milk production in the postpartum period. Acupressure at the meridian points is one way to increase milk production in postpartum mothers. This study aims to determine the effect of acupressure therapy on increasing breast milk production in postpartum mothers at PKU Muhamadiyah Bantul. This study was a quantitative study  a quasi-experimental research design with pre-test and post-test nonequivalent control group. The number of respondents in each group was 17 people. The treatment given was acupressure at the meridian points for 5 minutes on days 2 and 3of poatpartum. Breastfeeding adequacy was assessed before treatment and on day 4 postpartum. Data were analyzed by Mc Nemar analysis. The results showed that there was a significant difference in breast milk production before and after acupressure with p value of 0.000 (p value <0.05). There was a significant difference in breast milk production in the control group before and after being given the breastfeeding technique leaflet p value 0.001 (p value <0.05). Conclusion: There is no significant difference in breast milk production after being given acupressure and after being given leaflets about breastfeeding techniques at PKU Muhamadiyah Bantul p value 0.100 (p value> 0.05).  Keywords: acupressure, breast milk production, postpartum


Blood ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 136 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 19-19
Author(s):  
Jule F Vasquez ◽  
Cesar Samanez-Figari ◽  
Lourdes Lopez ◽  
Shirley Quintana ◽  
Rolig Aliaga ◽  
...  

Background:Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is an aggressive lymphoma associated mainly to HIV infection, although cases in immunocompetent patients are described as well. Objective:To describe the clinicopathologic features and determine the overall survival of lymphoma patients according human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status in Peruvian patients. Methods:We reviewed the pathology databases of 2 cancer centers and a general hospital from Peru. Forty cases were documented between 2005 and 2020. Categorical variables were compared using Fisher's exact test. Survival curves were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test. Statistical analysis was based on SPSS Program version 23. All cases were reviewed by two pathologists. Results:32 patients (80%) were HIV-positive. The median age for the whole cohort was 40 years (range, 22-86). The median age for HIV-positive and HIV-negative PBL patients were 37 years (range 22-67 years) and 57 years (range 27-86 years), respectively. The proportion of patients ≥60 years was lower in HIV-positive than in HIV-negative patients (8% and 37%, respectively; p= 0.046). 80% of patients in the whole cohort were female, and 84% and 62% in the HIV-positive and HIV-negative group, respectively. Extra-oral primary sites were the most frequent primary sites in both groups (66% and 88%, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences in Ann Arbor stage, Ki-67 expression, LDH levels, IPI scores, albumin levels, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio between HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients. All cases showed large lymphoid cells, of plasmablastic morphology with expression of at least one plasma cell marker (CD138, CD38, MUM1), CD45 positivity, variable expression of EMA, CD79 and CD30 and absence of expression of CD20, CD3, CD68 and LMP1; the proliferative index Ki67 varied between 60 and 90%. A small proportion of patients (18%) did not receive chemotherapy because of poor performance status or a personal decision. DA-EPOCH regimen was used in 52% and 25% of HIV+ and HIV- patients, respectively and CHOP/CHOEP regimen in 48 % and 75%, respectively. The overall response rate was 68% and 57% in HIV+ and HIV- patients with complete response (CR) in 32% and 14%, respectively. In the HIV-positive group, 66% of patients were antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 38 months and 7 months for HIV+ and HIV- patients, and the 1-year PFS was 74% and 0%, respectively. The median overall survival (OS) was 43 months (range 0.2-86.5) in HIV-positive patients and 10 months (range 0.5-19.0 months) in HIV-negative patients and the 1-year OS were 59% y 38%, respectively (p=0.27). Conclusions: PBL is a rare lymphoma, specially, if not related to HIV infection. In this study, 60 years or older was the only variable that showed significant difference. In our cohort, HIV-positive patients had better prognosis than HIV-negative PBL patients. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Yushida Yushida ◽  
Evi Zahara

Background: Breast milk is the main source of nutrition for babies from birth until they are able to digest other nutritional sources after 6 months of age. Failure in the breastfeeding process is often caused by maternal factors, namely breastfeeding. Actions to facilitate milk production include the oxytocin massage method.Objective: The aim of the study was to analyze the effect of oxytocin massage compared to counseling on breastfeeding techniques using leaflets on the milk production of primiparous postpartum mothers.Methods: The study used a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. The sample selection was accidental sampling with inclusion and exclusion criteria, which consisted of 30 postpartum mothers who were divided into 2 groups, 15 respondents were given oxytocin massage and 15 respondents were given leaflets. The data analysis method was univariate and bivariate using Paired T-test and Independent T-test.Results: The results showed that the oxytocin massage treatment had a p-value= 0.000 (p < 0.05) meaning that there was a difference between before and after treatment. The control group had a p-value= 0.432 (p > 0.05) meaning that there was no difference between before and after treatment. There was a significant difference between the treatment group compared to the control group.Conclusion: Oxytocin massage has a significant effect in increasing milk production in primiparous postpartum mothers. Oxytocin massage is more effective than counseling using leaflet media to increase breast milk production.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Herlinadiyaningsih Herlinadiyaningsih ◽  
Peni Ruttata

Breastmilk (ASI) is the first, main and best food for neonates, which is natural and contains various nutrients needed in the process of baby growth and development. Lack of milk production is one of the reasons why mothers give formula milk to their babies. Oxytocin massage is a massage along the spine (vertebrae) to the fifth-sixth rib and is an attempt to stimulate the hormones prolactin and oxytocin after childbirth. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of oxytocin massage on breast milk volume. This research design is quasy experiment with post test design. The population of this study was 78 post-partum mothers with a total sample of 26 post-partum mothers who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria using purposive sampling technique. The data collection method is by pumping breast milk and measuring it using a measuring cup and observation sheet. This research was conducted in February – April 2019 at the Independent Practice of Midwives E, Palangka Raya City. Data analysis used Man-Whitney. The results showed that the average value of breastfeeding volume was 21,369 in the cc intervention group and the average value of breast milk volume was 19,385 cc in the control group. The results of statistical analysis obtained a P-value of 0.840. The conclusion of this study is that there is no significant difference in the volume of breastmilk between oxytocin massage and oxytocin massage at the Bidan E Practice, Palangka Raya City. Research is needed relating to other factors that can increase the amount of milk production.


2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-345
Author(s):  
Dewi Yustianti ◽  
Susilawati Susilawati ◽  
Dessy Hermawan

The effect of marmet technique and breast milk production in postpartumBackground: Breast milk coverage in Indonesia is only 42%. This figure is clearly below the WHO target which requires coverage of breast milk up to 50%. The inability of breastfeeding mothers can be prevented by teaching appropriate techniques to expedite the release of breast milk, one of which is the technique of marmet which is a massage using two fingers that can stimulate the hormone oxytocin to produce milk.Purpose: Knowing the effect of marmet technique and breast milk production in postpartum.Methods: This type of quantitative research with quasi-experimental research designs or quasi-experimental with two groups pretest-posttest. The study population of post partum at community medical center (BPM Nurhayati, S.ST) Jati Agung Sub district, South Lampung Regency of 56 post partum mothers and 30 samples. 15 samples treated marmet technique and 15 as comparison groups. The technique sample with accidental sampling. Analysis data of univariate and bivariate t-test.Results: There was a significant difference before and after the Marmet technique shows the highest significant was after the Marmet technique because of the meanest values with a difference of 40.63 milliliters of Breast milk and t-test results 11.398 and p-value 0.000 <0.05.Conclusion: There was a significant influence before and after the technique of Marmet on breast milk Production in Post Partum.Keywords: Breast Milk Production; Marmet technique; PostpartumPendahuluan: Cakupan ASI di Indonesia hanya 42%. Angka ini jelas berada di bawah target WHO yang mewajibkan cakupan ASI hingga 50%. Ketidakmampuan ibu menyusui dapat dicegah dengan mengajarkan teknik yang sesuai untuk memperlancar pengeluaran ASI, salah satunya dengan teknik marmet yang merupakan pijitan dengan menggunakan dua jari yang dapat merangsang hormone ositosin untuk memproduksi ASI.Tujuan: Diketahui pengaruh tekhnik marmet terhadap peningkatan produksi ASI pada ibu post partum.Metode: Jenis penelitian kuantitatif dengan rancangan penelitian quasi eksperimen atau eksperimen semu dengan two group pretest-postest. Populasi penelitian ibu post partum di BPM Nurhayati, S.ST Kecamatan Jati Agung Kabupaten Lampung Selatan sebanyak 56 ibu post partum dan sampel sebanyak 30 ibu. Dimana dibagi 2 kelompok, 15 ibu dilakukan perlakuan (teknikmarmet) dan 15 ibu sebagai kelompok pembanding. Teknik sampel dengan acidental sampling. Analisa data univariat dan bivariat uji t (t-test).Hasil: Ada perbedaan yang signifikan sebelum dan sesudah teknik Marmet menunjukan signifikan tertinggi terdapat pada sesudah teknik Marmet karena sesudah teknik Marmet mempunyai nilai mean paling banyak dengan perbedaan sebanyak 40,63 mililiter ASI dan hasil t-test 11,398 dan nilai p-value 0,000 < 0,05.Simpulan: Ada pengaruh yang signifikan sebelum dan sesudah teknik marmet terhadap produksi ASI pada ibu post partum. 


2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (Suppl. 1) ◽  
pp. S64-S69

Background: Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for developing coronary artery disease. Lifestyle modification including an intake of healthy food as well as medication have approved effect in lowering serum cholesterol. Objective: The primary objective of the present study was to determine the impact of a gamma-oryzanol-enriched rice bran oil, a product of Thailand, on serum cholesterol level. Materials and Methods: A total of in 54 hypercholesterolemic patients were divided into two groups; RBOh (20,000 ppm of gammaoryzanol, n = 27), and RBOn (5,000 ppm gamma-oryzanol, n = 27). The assigned RBO (15 ml) was intake each day for 8 weeks. Fasting serum lipids were measured at baseline and at the 4th and 8th weeks of the intervention. All patients were advised about lifestyle modifications. Results: When compared to the baseline, subjects received RBOh showed a significant difference in 2 parameters including a reduction of cholesterol level at 8th weeks (p-value = 0.0101), and decrease in LDL-C level at the end of 8th weeks (p-value = 0.0013). In the group treated with RBOn, a significant increase in HDL-C level at the end of 8th weeks (p-value = 0.0303) without any effect on total cholesterol or LDL was observed. No sign of toxic effect on liver or renal functions was seen in both treatment groups. Conclusion: RBO with gamma-oryzanol-enriched could decrease cholesterol and LDL-C level in hypercholesterolemic patients. Therefore, gamma-oryzanol-enriched RBO is a functional food that may reduce cardiovascular disease risk factor. Keywords: Hypercholesterolemia, Rice bran oil, Gamma-oryzanol, Oryza sativa


2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Pratik Gahalaut ◽  
Nitin Mishra ◽  
Sandhya Chauhan ◽  
Mir Mubashir Ali ◽  
Madhur Kant Rastogi ◽  
...  

Lunula is the white, half-moon shaped area seen in proximal ends of some nails. Though a few studies have described the nail changes that can occur in association with HIV infection, none of these paid much attention to lunula. Aims and Objectives. To study the lunula in fingernails among HIV infected patients. Materials and Methods. An observational, cross-sectional study to record presence of lunula in 168 HIV-positive patients and compare it with age and sex matched 168 healthy HIV-negative control. Anolunula (absence of lunula) in HIV-positive patients was correlated with CD4 counts, stages of HIV infection, time since patient was diagnosed as HIV-positive, and status of antiretroviral therapy. Results. Anolunula was present in significantly more fingernails in HIV-positive patients compared to HIV-negative controls. There was a highly significant difference for total anolunula (anolunula in all fingernails) in study and control group. Incidence of total anolunula was directly proportional to the stage of HIV infection, increasing progressively as the HIV infection advances from stage 1 to stage 4. Conclusion. Absence of lunula is related to not only HIV infection per se but also the stages of HIV infection.


2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (9) ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
D. N. Аdzhablaeva

The objective of the study: to perform comparative assessment of life quality (LQ) associated with health of children and adolescents suffering from tuberculosis, both HIV negative and HIV positive.Subjects and methods. In 2017-2019, the cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted in Pediatric Department of Samarkand Regional TB Dispensary, the study was aimed to assess life quality associated with health in 70 children and adolescents at the age from 5 to 18 years old. 35 of them had tuberculosis and HIV infection (TB/HIV Group), 35 had tuberculosis and negative HIV status. Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory – PedsQL was used to assess the life quality.Conclusion. The combination of HIV infection and tuberculosis has a more pronounced effect on the physical and mental functioning of patients and worsens the life quality of children and adolescents to a greater extent than tuberculosis. 


Author(s):  
Vina Rahmatika ◽  
Musa Ghufron ◽  
Nenny Triastuti ◽  
Syaiful Rochman

Background: The birth rate by caesarean section method is getting higher. Risk data for 2013 shows the method of birth with the operation method of 9.8 percent of the total 49,603 births during 2010 to 2013. Being in practice the mother must be given anesthetic before the surgery begins. This anesthesia will later affect the pain that will occur after SC. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between regional anesthetic drugs and the smoothness of breast milk in women born in sectio caesarea at Muhammadiyah Gresik Hospital. Method: Method with Cross Sectional approach. The population in this study mothers who gave birth in a caesarean section at Muhammadiyah Hospital Gresik in December 2019 to January 2020. The sampling technique in this study is probability / random simple sampling. The sample in this study was a portion of mothers who gave birth in a caesarean section at Muhammadiyah Gresik Hospital. The instrument used was primary data collection in the form of questionnaires and secondary data in the form of patient medical records. Result: The data obtained in this study were processed using spearman correlation statistics. From the statistical test the Correlation coefficient value was 0.807, and obtained P-Value equal to 0,000 this value is less than 0.05. Conclusion: The conclusion of this study is that there is a correlation between the administration of a regional anesthetics and the smoothness of breast milk in mothers of post partum caesarea at Muhammadiyah Gresik Hospital.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jemal H Ali

Abstract Background: Human immuno-deficiency virus is a virus that causes Acquired Immuno- Deficiency Syndrome. The key goal of ART is to achieve and maintain durable viral suppression. Thus, the most important use of the viral load is to monitor the effectiveness of therapy after initiation of ART. The main objective of the study was to determine the time for virological suppression and its associated factors among people living with HIV taking antiretroviral treatments in East shewa zone, Oromiya, Ethiopia. Methods: The study was conducted in East Shewa zone, Oromiya, Ethiopia from August 2017 to January 2018. Patients diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus presenting to the study health centers between October 3, 2011 and March 1, 2013 were included in the study given the following criteria: age 18 years or greater, eligible to start ART. All patients with baseline viral load measurement were included in the study. Interaction between explanatory variables with the response variable was analyzed by using cross tab features of SPSS, IBM Inc. Significance group comparison was done by Kaplan Meier log rank test. Cox proportional hazard model was used to select significant factors to the variability between groups. Data was collected by using structured questionnaires and interview. A total of ETB 81,120.00 was utilized to carry out the study. Result: plasma viral load was suppressed below detection level in 72% of individuals taking different regimen of ART. The median HIV-1 plasma viral load in the cohort was log 5.3111 copies/ml. Survival curve difference were observed in category of marital status (p-value 0.023) and baseline CD4 values (p-value 0.023) whereas no significant difference were observed in Educational status (p-value 0.404), MUAC (p- value 0.407) BMI(p-value 0.335) and BTB(p-value 0.257). Estimated median time to PVL suppression was 181days (CI: 140.5-221.4) with the age group of 30-39years having minimum time to achieve suppression with 92 days (CI: 60.1-123.8) and the maximum time required to reach the level was age group between 50-59 years. Conclusion: Estimated time to achieve PVL after taking ART was found to be 181 days. Factors affecting time to suppression level was marital status and baseline CD4.


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