scholarly journals Comparisons of Underlying Mechanisms, Clinical Efficacy and Safety Between Anti-PD-1 and Anti-PD-L1 Immunotherapy: The State-of-the-Art Review and Future Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yating Zhao ◽  
Liu Liu ◽  
Liang Weng
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Clinical Performance ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
The Past ◽  
Real World Evidence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
Cancer Types ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Over the past decade, diverse PD-1/PD-L1 blockades have demonstrated significant clinical benefit in across a wide range of tumor and cancer types. With the increasing number of PD-1/PD-L1 blockades available in the market, differences between the clinical performance of each of them started to be reported. Here, we provide a comprehensive historical and biological perspective regarding the underlying mechanism and clinical performance of PD-1/PD-L1 blockades, with an emphasis on the comparisons of their clinical efficacy and safety. The real-world evidence indicated that PD-1 blockade may be more effective than the PD-L1, though no significant differences were found as regards to their safety profiles. Future head-to-head studies are warranted for direct comparison between them. Finally, we summarize the yet to be elucidated questions and future promise of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy, including a need to explore novel biomarkers, novel combinatorial strategies, and their clinical use on chronic infection.

scholarly journals Tackling Cancer Resistance by Immunotherapy: Updated Clinical Impact and Safety of PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors

Cancers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shifaa Abdin ◽  
Dana Zaher ◽  
El-Shaimaa Arafa ◽  
Hany Omar
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Death Receptor ◽  
Clinical Applications ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Cancer Resistance ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Anticancer Effect ◽  
Checkpoint Protein ◽  
Programmed Death ◽  
Wide Range

Cancer therapy has been constantly evolving with the hope of finding the most effective agents with the least toxic effects to eradicate tumors. Cancer immunotherapy is currently among the most promising options, fulfilling this hope in a wide range of tumors. Immunotherapy aims to activate immunity to fight cancer in a very specific and targeted manner; however, some abnormal immune reactions known as immune-related adverse events (IRAEs) might occur. Therefore, many researchers are aiming to define the most proper protocols for managing these complications without interfering with the anticancer effect. One of these targeted approaches is the inhibition of the interaction between the checkpoint protein, programmed death-receptor 1 (PD-1), and its ligand, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), via a class of antibodies known as PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. These antibodies achieved prodigious success in a wide range of malignancies, including those where optimal treatment is not yet fully identified. In this review, we have critically explored and discussed the outcome of the latest PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitor studies in different malignancies compared to standard chemotherapeutic alternatives with a special focus on the clinical efficacy and safety. The approval of the clinical applications of nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, avelumab, and durvalumab in the last few years clearly highlights the hopeful future of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors for cancer patients. These promising results of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have encouraged many ongoing preclinical and clinical trials to explore the extent of antitumor activity, clinical efficacy and safety as well as to extend their applications.

scholarly journals Current Trends in Treatment for Acid-Dependent Diseases: Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Rabeprazole

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
O. D. Lopina ◽  
B. K. Nurgalieva ◽  
T. L. Lapina
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
System A ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Antisecretory Effect ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pleiotropic Action ◽  
H Pylori

Aim. A comparative review of the rabeprazole properties vs. other PPIs, its efficacy and safety in treatment for aciddependent diseases.Key points. Rabeprazole provides a rapid proton pump blockade in parietal cells due to its high dissociation constant (pKa). A lower rabeprazole metabolic dependence on cytochrome P-450 enzyme system renders its antisecretory effect predictable and reduces the risk of interactions with other drugs metabolised through this system. A faster antisecretory effect and higher acid-suppressive activity of rabeprazole determine its better clinical efficacy in treatment for such acid-dependent diseases as gastroesophageal reflux disease and peptic ulcer. This makes rabeprazole (Pariet) a preferred drug in course and maintenance therapies for acid-dependent diseases, as well as in H. pylori eradication.Conclusion. The rabeprazole properties of high acid suppression potential, persistent antisecretory effect from first day of therapy, non-enzymatic metabolism and pleiotropic action determine its high efficacy in treatment for a wide range of acid-dependent diseases at a minimal risk of drug interaction.

scholarly journals Clinical Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine or Chloroquine in Patients with COVID-19: An Umbrella Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavous Shahsavarinia ◽  
Morteza Ghojazadeh ◽  
Sarvin Sanaie ◽  
Leila Vahedi ◽  
Mahta Ahmadpour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Umbrella Review ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Background Many of the known coronaviruses cause a wide range of respiratory infections in humans, and the novel coronavirus is no exception to this rule. Although no drug has yet been discovered to prevent or treat this disease, chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been widely used in studies showing different results. Methods The present study is an umbrella study. The search was conducted for the articles published from January 2020 to November 2020 using the keywords ("COVID-19" OR "SARS-CoV-2" AND "Hydroxychloroquine" OR "Chloroquine" AND "Systematic Review" OR "Metanalysis"). This study was limited to human samples and systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis. The quality of the articles was also evaluated independently by two researchers. Results To evaluate the clinical efficacy of HCQ and CQ, a total of 176 papers and 643569 cases ranging from patients with mild pneumonia to intubated critically ill patients were evaluated. Finally, 8 studies were included. Conclusion There are conflicting results regarding HCQ or CQ efficacy and safety in the systematic reviews. More evidence is needed to confirm whether these drugs are useful in COVID-19 infection, and their usage as the standard care cannot be recommended based on the majority of the studies included in this umbrella review.

scholarly journals Results of studying the clinical efficacy and safety of tofacitinib in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. V. Korotaeva ◽  
E. Yu. Loginova
Keyword(s):  
Psoriatic Arthritis ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Life Questionnaire ◽  
Inadequate Response ◽  
Medical Monitoring ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Wide Range

The paper reviews of the data available in the literature on the clinical efficacy and safety of tofacitinib (TOFA) in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis (PsA). It considers the mechanism of action of TOFA, which is mainly in the selective inhibition of signal transmission due to its effect on the activity of JAK3 and/or JAK1, the enzymes that ensure the function of turning on and turning off the signals transmitted by cytokines. TOFA is noted to directly or indirectly act on a wide range of a number of molecules that play an important role in the pathogenesis of PsA.The paper analyzes the current data on the clinical efficacy of TOFA in treating PsA, which have been obtained in the 12-month OPAL Broaden study including patients with PsA and an inadequate response to synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs and in the 6-month OPAL Beyond study enrolling those with PsA and an inadequate response to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitors. It is noted that the results of these studies confirmed the efficacy of the drug in treating PsA not only according to the data of objective (medical) monitoring, but also to the subjective characteristics of pain, to the global assessment of disease activity, fatigue, as well as the mental and physical components of the SF-36 quality of life questionnaire.It is concluded that the current findings allow JAK inhibitors to be recommended as a new pathogenetically sound approach to treating PsA and suggest that TOFA has benefits in managing patients unresponsive to therapy with TNF-α inhibitors. 

A1/A1-Oxide Interface Diffusion During Electromigration

1995 ◽  
Vol 391 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Augur ◽  
R.A.M. Wolters ◽  
W. Schmidt ◽  
S. Kordić
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Current Density ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Oxide Interface ◽  
Interface Diffusion ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Extended Range ◽  
Modification Of The Surface

AbstractThis paper presents new results concerning diffusion at the interface between Al and its oxide, due to electromigration in Al interconnects. The results show that the phenomenon is an important and general one. Significant large-scale modification of the surface of Alalloy conductors was observed after electromigration stress under a wide range of different conditions: 1) in a number of different alloys (Al-Si, Al-Cu, Al-Si-V & Al-Si-V-Pd), 2) with and without passivation, 3) over an extended temperature range, 4) over an extended range of current density, and 5) with a number of different underlayers (SiO2, W-Ti (no vacuum-break before Al deposition) and W-Ti (oxidized surface before Al deposition)). After electromigration stressing, the surface showed height variations: at certain locations the original thickness remained, while at adjacent locations the thickness was reduced; as much as 150nm in 2500 hrs, for Al-Si on oxidized W-Ti metallization. Damage by thinning has received little attention in the past. Based on the results presented, a model for the underlying mechanism is proposed. In this model Al atoms diffuse concurrently along the interface between the Al-metal and its oxide, and through the grain boundaries, even at low stress conditions and in non-bamboo lines.

scholarly journals Experience of a flu-like illness in the time of COVID-19 and a potential role for turmeric in alleviating symptoms: a case study

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Kiran Bhadriraju
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Transcription Factor Activity ◽  
Respiratory Illnesses ◽  
The Past ◽  
Direct Testing ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Laboratory Investigations

Turmeric has been known in India since the time of the writing of the Charaka Samhita as a remedy for a wide range of illnesses, including respiratory illnesses. Laboratory investigations in cultured cells in the past several decades have shown that turmeric and its constituents influence signaling pathways and transcription factor activity, changes that are not incompatible with it having a beneficial effect. However, there are currently no rigorously designed modern investigations into the clinical efficacy of turmeric for respiratory illnesses. Here, the consumption of turmeric together with warm milk is anecdotally reported to have provided acute relief from severe congestion during a recent flu-like illness. Since the safety of turmeric has already been demonstrated by thousands of years of use, this report attempts to motivate the direct testing of its clinical efficacy for moderating the severity of flu-like respiratory illnesses in robustly designed clinical trials.

Optical Properties of HVEM Accelerators

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 180-181
Author(s):  
A. Strojnik ◽  
J.W. Scholl ◽  
V. Bevc
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Electron Accelerator ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Electron Source ◽  
High Brightness ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Optical Behavior

The electron accelerator, as inserted between the electron source (injector) and the imaging column of the HVEM, is usually a strong lens and should be optimized in order to ensure high brightness over a wide range of accelerating voltages and illuminating conditions. This is especially true in the case of the STEM where the brightness directly determines the highest resolution attainable. In the past, the optical behavior of accelerators was usually determined for a particular configuration. During the development of the accelerator for the Arizona 1 MEV STEM, systematic investigation was made of the major optical properties for a variety of electrode configurations, number of stages N, accelerating voltages, 1 and 10 MEV, and a range of injection voltages ϕ0 = 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300 kV).

Endovenous procedures in varicose veins

Phlebologie ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 37 (05) ◽  
pp. 229-236
Author(s):  
N. Cayne ◽  
G. Jacobowitz ◽  
P. Lamparello ◽  
T. Maldonado ◽  
C. Rockman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Varicose Veins ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Postoperative Recovery ◽  
Comparable Efficacy ◽  
Intense Pulse Light ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Endovenous Laser Ablation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Early Evidence ◽  
Endovenous Treatment

SummaryOver the past ten years endoveous treatment options for varicose veins have evovled considerably, offering clinicians a multitude of options to meet the needs of their patients. The endothermal ablation procedures have moved to the forefront as the choice modality for treating truncal reflux. Both radiofrequency ablation and endovenous laser ablation are widely accepted and interchangeable, showing comparable efficacy and safety. Although numerous endovenous laser wavelengths exist, the data indicates that the differences do not affect the efficacy or postoperative recovery of the procedure. The endovenous laser innovation that has shown early evidence of improved patient outcome is the jacket-tip fiber. The versatility of sclerotherapy makes it a critical component in the endovenous treatment of varicosities. Although not approved by the Food and Drug Administration (USA), the use of a foamed sclerosing agent is the fastest growing segment of sclerotherapy and an important treatment modality in the future of varicose vein treatment. Cutaneous lasers and intense pulse light devices contribute a crucial element, enabling clinicians to treat minute veins that may be impossible to treat with other therapies.

Pursuit of the Abscopal Effect

2020 ◽  
Vol 04 (04) ◽  
pp. 369-372
Author(s):  
Paul B. Romesser ◽  
Christopher H. Crane
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Immunology ◽  
Antitumor Immunity ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Immune Recognition ◽  
Immune Modulators ◽  
Cancer Subtypes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tumor Irradiation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Tumor Recognition

AbstractEvasion of immune recognition is a hallmark of cancer that facilitates tumorigenesis, maintenance, and progression. Systemic immune activation can incite tumor recognition and stimulate potent antitumor responses. While the concept of antitumor immunity is not new, there is renewed interest in tumor immunology given the clinical success of immune modulators in a wide range of cancer subtypes over the past decade. One particularly interesting, yet exceedingly rare phenomenon, is the abscopal response, characterized by a potent systemic antitumor response following localized tumor irradiation presumably attributed to reactivation of antitumor immunity.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document