scholarly journals Neuropsychological Functioning in Users of Serotonergic Psychedelics – A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas A. Basedow ◽  
Thomas G. Riemer ◽  
Simon Reiche ◽  
Reinhold Kreutz ◽  
Tomislav Majić
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Neuropsychological Functioning ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Neuropsychological Measures ◽  
Matching Problems ◽  
States Of Consciousness ◽  
Neuropsychological Profile ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
The Individual

Background: Serotonergic psychedelics (SPs) like LSD, psilocybin, DMT, and mescaline are a heterogeneous group of substances that share agonism at 5-HT2a receptors. Besides the ability of these substances to facilitate profoundly altered states of consciousness, persisting psychological effects have been reported after single administrations, which outlast the acute psychedelic effects. In this review and meta-analysis, we investigated if repeated SP use associates with a characteristic neuropsychological profile indicating persisting effects on neuropsychological function.Methods: We conducted a systematic review of studies investigating the neuropsychological performance in SP users, searching studies in Medline, Web of Science, embase, ClinicalTrials.gov, and EudraCT. Studies were included if they reported at least one neuropsychological measurement in users of SPs. Studies comparing SP users and non-users that reported mean scores and standard deviations were included in an exploratory meta-analysis.Results: 13 studies (N = 539) published between 1969 and 2020 were included in this systematic review. Overall, we found that only three SPs were specifically investigated: ayahuasca (6 studies, n = 343), LSD (5 studies, n = 135), and peyote (1 study, n = 61). However, heterogeneity of the methodological quality was high across studies, with matching problems representing the most important limitation. Across all SPs, no uniform pattern of neuropsychological impairment was identified. Rather, the individual SPs seemed to be associated with distinct neuropsychological profiles. For instance, one study (n = 42) found LSD users to perform worse in trials A and B of the Trail-Making task, whereas meta-analytic assessment (5 studies, n = 352) of eleven individual neuropsychological measures indicated a better performance of ayahuasca users in the Stroop incongruent task (p = 0.03) and no differences in the others (all p > 0.05).Conclusion: The majority of the included studies were not completely successful in controlling for confounders such as differences in non-psychedelic substance use between SP-users and non-users. Our analysis suggests that LSD, ayahuasca and peyote may have different neuropsychological consequences associated with their use. While LSD users showed reduced executive functioning and peyote users showed no differences across domains, there is some evidence that ayahuasca use is associated with increased executive functioning.

scholarly journals A-09 The Relationship Between Subjective Cognitive Complaints, Depression, and Executive Functioning in mTBI Veterans

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 782-782
Author(s):  
T Scott ◽  
J Spellman ◽  
N Walker ◽  
J Rivera ◽  
D Waltzman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Cognitive Complaints ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Neuropsychological Measures ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Subjective Complaints ◽  
Subjective Cognitive Complaints

Abstract Objective Among individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), those with depression report greater subjective cognitive complaints than those without depression. In mTBI patients with general cognitive complaints, depression may account for poor performance on objective neuropsychological measures. This study seeks to expand this research by examining depression, subjective executive functioning (EF) complaints, and objective EF performance in Veterans with mTBI. Method Fifty-seven Veterans with deployment-related mTBI (12% female; age M = 42.0, SD = 13.6; years education M = 15.0, SD = 1.8) with (n = 29) or without (n = 28) a chart diagnosis of depression. Participants were administered the Behavioral Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning (BRIEF) and objective neuropsychological measures of working memory (i.e., Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV Working Memory Index) and aspects of EF (i.e., Trail Making Test B and Delis-Kaplan Executive Functioning System (D-KEFS) subtests). Results Principal component analysis identified similar domains of EF to the BRIEF, including: task monitoring (Trail Making Test B, D-KEFS Letter Fluency, and D-KEFS Tower Test, eigenvalue = 1.93) and shifting (D-KEFS: Color-Word Interference Conditions 3 and 4, and Category Switching, eigenvalue = 1.24). Individuals with depression had greater subjective EF complaints in each BRIEF domain than non-depressed individuals (p’s ≤ .01). However, subjective complaints in these domains were not related to objective performance (r’s = −0.17,-0.19, p’s > .05). Moreover, depressed and non-depressed individuals performed similarly on all EF measures (p’s > .05). Conclusions mTBI Veterans with depression report more subjective EF complaints than those without depression. The lack of association between subjective complaints and objective EF performance suggests it is important to treat depression in mTBI patients to remedy perceived cognitive deficits.

scholarly journals Structural and functional changes related to memory deficit in non-demential elderly individuals

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 533
Author(s):  
Nísea De A. Corrêa ◽  
Maria P. Foss ◽  
Paula R. B. Diniz
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Memory Deficit ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Wechsler Memory Scale ◽  
Trail Making

Objetivo: Verificar as alterações estruturais e funcionais, evidenciadas através da imagem por ressonância magnética, relacionadas aos déficits de memória identificados em idosos normais, quando comparados a adultos jovens. Metodologia: Procedeu-se à revisão sistemática, cujo protocolo obedeceu ao fluxograma do Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Foram investigadas as bases de dados PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, utilizando o gerenciador de referências JabRef, na versão 2.10, e o Web of Science, pelo website. Foram incluídos artigos de estudos quase experimentais, transversais, em coorte ou tipo caso-controle, publicados entre 2005 e 2014, em periódicos indexados nacionais e internacionais, cuja amostra incluísse idosos a partir de 60 anos, não dementes, submetidos à investigação de alterações estruturais e funcionais do sistema nervoso central, por ressonância magnética e sua associação com déficits de memória avaliados por testes neuropsicológicos. Resultados: Quanto à técnica de imagem empregada, identificaram-se dois estudos com imagem por ressonância magnética estrutural, seis estudos com utilização de imagem por ressonância magnética funcional, e quatro estudos que empregaram ambas as técnicas. Nos 12 estudos foi identificado o emprego de 38 testes neuropsicológicos distintos, com uma média de cinco testes por estudo, com variação de um a 12 testes. Dentre os testes mais usados, estiveram o WAIS Digit Span Backwards (em sete estudos), o Trail Making Test A and B (em quatro estudos) e o Wechsler Memory Scale (em quatro estudos). Conclusão: Os estudos demonstraram que no envelhecimento normal, ocorre redução do volume de substância branca para-hipocampal, do volume do hipocampo e do córtex entorrinal com redução de memória verbal, possivelmente por desmielinização das fibras; redução das vias que ligam o lobo temporal e frontal, contribuindo para a redução da memória episódica, da memória de trabalho e da fluência verbal; redução da supressão de informações irrelevantes, o que contribui para menor registro de informação; alterações das áreas frontal e parietal que comprometem a memória de reconhecimento; modificações na atividade e na conectividade do default mode network; reorganização das funções cognitivas, bem como alentecimento de resposta por provável redução de ativação do córtex pré- frontal

scholarly journals The prevalence and risk factors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among adults in Ethiopia: a study protocol for extending a systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsiwaye Gebreyesus ◽  
Kalkidan Nigussie ◽  
Moges Gashaw ◽  
Balamurugan Janakiraman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
Abstract Data ◽  
Size Type ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Background Work-related musculoskeletal disorders impose a significant and most often underappreciated burden to the individual, nation, healthcare system, and society as a whole. To the best of our knowledge, there is a lack of reliable estimates on the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in Ethiopia. The objective of this study will be to assess the existing literature on the prevalence rates and determinant factors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders in Ethiopia. Method We will search PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, SCOPUS, PsycINFO, PEDro, and Ebsco (from January 2000 onwards). Gray literature will be identified through searching Google Scholar and dissertation databases. Observational studies reporting on the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among adult Ethiopians will be included. The primary outcome will be the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Secondary outcomes will be the prevalence of any risk factors in association with work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations, full-text articles, and abstract data. The study methodological quality (or bias) will be appraised using an appropriate tool. If feasible, we will conduct random effects meta-analysis of observational data. Subgroup analyses will be conducted to explore the potential sources of heterogeneity (e.g., gender, sample size, type of occupation). Publication bias and heterogeneity between the included studies will also be assessed and reported. Discussion This systematic review will provide a synthesis of the literature on the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and their risk factors in Ethiopia. The results of this review could help the policymakers in occupational health and healthcare sectors in identifying priority areas for interventions in work-related musculoskeletal disorders and will also serve as a baseline for the decision-making processes of musculoskeletal health promotion, work exposure implementations, and prevention programs in workplaces. Systematic review registration PROSPERO, CRD42020164240

scholarly journals Non-intubated thoracoscopic lobectomies for lung cancer: an exploratory systematic review and meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Prisciandaro ◽  
Luca Bertolaccini ◽  
Giulia Sedda ◽  
Lorenzo Spaggiari
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Risk Ratio ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Length Of Hospital Stay ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Complication Rates ◽  
Thoracoscopic Lobectomy ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Studies ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Our goal was to assess the safety, feasibility and oncological outcomes of non-intubated thoracoscopic lobectomies for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). A comprehensive search was performed in EMBASE (via Ovid), MEDLINE (via PubMed) and Cochrane CENTRAL from January 2004 to March 2020. Studies comparing non-intubated anaesthesia with intubated anaesthesia for thoracoscopic lobectomy for NSCLC were included. An exploratory systematic review and a meta-analysis were performed by combining the reported outcomes of the individual studies using a random effects model. For dichotomous outcomes, risk ratios were calculated and for continuous outcomes, the mean difference was used. Three retrospective cohort studies were included, with a total of 204 patients. The comparison between non-intubated and intubated patients undergoing thoracoscopic lobectomy showed no statistically significant differences in postoperative complication rates [risk ratio 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36–1.16; P = 0.30; I2 = 17%], operating times (mean difference −12.40, 95% CI −28.57 to 3.77; P = 0.15; I2 = 48%), length of hospital stay (mean difference −1.13, 95% CI −2.32 to 0.05; P = 0.90; I2 = 0%) and number of dissected lymph nodes (risk ratio 0.92, 95% CI 0.78–1.25; P = 0.46; I2 = 0%). Despite the limitation of only 3 papers included, awake and intubated thoracoscopic lobectomies for resectable NSCLC seem to have comparable perioperative and postoperative outcomes. Nevertheless, the oncological implications of the non-intubated approach should be considered. The long-term benefits for patients with lung cancer need to be carefully assessed.

scholarly journals Predicting suicide following self-harm: systematic review of risk factors and risk scales

2016 ◽  
Vol 209 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa K. Y. Chan ◽  
Henna Bhatti ◽  
Nick Meader ◽  
Sarah Stockton ◽  
Jonathan Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Suicide Ideation ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mental Healthcare ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Self Harm ◽  
The Individual

BackgroundPeople with a history of self-harm are at a far greater risk of suicide than the general population. However, the relationship between self-harm and suicide is complex.AimsTo undertake the first systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies of risk factors and risk assessment scales to predict suicide following self-harm.MethodWe conducted a search for prospective cohort studies of populations who had self-harmed. For the review of risk scales we also included studies examining the risk of suicide in people under specialist mental healthcare, in order to broaden the scope of the review and increase the number of studies considered. Differences in predictive accuracy between populations were examined where applicable.ResultsTwelve studies on risk factors and 7 studies on risk scales were included. Four risk factors emerged from the metaanalysis, with robust effect sizes that showed little change when adjusted for important potential confounders. These included: previous episodes of self-harm (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.68, 95% CI 1.38–2.05, K = 4), suicidal intent (HR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.91–3.81, K = 3), physical health problems (HR = 1.99, 95% CI 1.16–3.43, K = 3) and male gender (HR = 2.05, 95% CI 1.70–2.46, K = 5). The included studies evaluated only three risk scales (Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Suicide Intent Scale (SIS) and Scale for Suicide Ideation). Where meta-analyses were possible (BHS, SIS), the analysis was based on sparse data and a high heterogeneity was observed. The positive predictive values ranged from 1.3 to 16.7%.ConclusionsThe four risk factors that emerged, although of interest, are unlikely to be of much practical use because they are comparatively common in clinical populations. No scales have sufficient evidence to support their use. The use of these scales, or an over-reliance on the identification of risk factors in clinical practice, may provide false reassurance and is, therefore, potentially dangerous. Comprehensive psychosocial assessments of the risks and needs that are specific to the individual should be central to the management of people who have self-harmed.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Determinants of Trachomatous Trichiasis towards Elimination of Trachoma in Ethiopia: A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Geleta ◽  
Netsanet Workneh
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Trachomatous Trichiasis

Abstract Background: Trachomatous Trichiasis is a preventable and treatable late stage of trachoma infection, mainly exacerbating the condition of poor and marginalized people. Given the hurtful nature of the infection, many countries, including Ethiopia, lack coherent data on the status of the problem toward its targeted time of elimination. Hence, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the prevalence and determinants of trachomatous trichiasis towards the elimination of trachoma in Ethiopia.Methods: Based on the predefined criteria, electronic database searches on the peer-reviewed journal papers of an English version were reviewed on the prevalence and determinants of trachomatous trichiasis among the adult population in Ethiopia from January 2015 to December 2020. After reviewing the quality of the individual sources of evidence by three reviewers, the data items were extracted using a locally devised charting form. Data were synthesized qualitatively and quantitatively in terms of publication year, design, study participants, and outcome of interest. Finally, quantitative results were pooled, explored for sources of variation, tested for a potential source of influence of prevalence estimates and publication bias in the statistical meta-analysis using STATA version-16 software.Result: After the exclusion of 121 duplicates, 108 extraneous titles & abstracts, and removal of three articles for the reasons detected on full-text screening, ten eligible studies were included for analysis. All the included studies were cross-sectional studies that took prevalence as the main outcome of interest. Accordingly, the overall pooled prevalence of Trachomatous trichiasis was 1.80 % (95%CI=1.15, 2.44) while an individual prevalence estimate of the studies ranged from 0.5% (95%CI= 0.42, 0.60) to 3.9 % (95%CI=3.82, 3.98). On subgroup analysis, the highest [3.76% (95% CI = 3.20, 4.41)] and the lowest [0.5% (95%CI= 0.42, 0.60)] prevalence were respectively reported in Gambella and Somalia. The trend of the prevalence has demonstrated unstable pattern, while there were no published studies on the determinants of trachoma trichiasis among adult over the specified period of the review.Conclusion: The prevalence of TT was significantly higher than the elimination threshold in all regions of Ethiopia, needing further implementation to facilitate roads toward the elimination.Trail registration: CRD42021260802

scholarly journals The Neuropsychological Profile of Severe and Enduring Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Broomfield ◽  
Kristin Stedal ◽  
Stephen Touyz
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Neuropsychological Functioning ◽  
Central Coherence ◽  
Treatment Development ◽  
Neuropsychological Profile ◽  
Conflicting Evidence ◽  
Current Systematic Review ◽  
Confounding Variables

Characteristics of Severe and Enduring Anorexia Nervosa (SE-AN) are being investigated to differentiate the patients experiencing SE-AN from those at earlier stages of the AN disease. The current systematic review was the first step in exploring neuropsychological functioning as a potentially identifying characteristic for long-term presentations. With a subgroup of AN patients reflecting a unique neuropsychological profile that is proportionate to the quantity of patients that go on to develop SE-AN, it was the aim of this review to assess neuropsychological functioning in the later stage of the disease. In accordance with PRISMA guidelines, a literature search was conducted using four electronic databases (PsycINFO, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus) for neuropsychological research on AN participants with a seven or more year illness duration. Datasets that met inclusion criteria were screened for SE-AN participants (N = 166) and neuropsychological data extracted together with potentially confounding variables and information required to conduct a quality assessment. In research investigating decision-making, participants with a SE-AN presentation demonstrated significantly lower functioning compared to healthy controls. There was conflicting evidence for differences in intellectual functioning and set-shifting abilities with no variability indicated in central coherence, memory, attention, reasoning, or processing speed. If findings from this preliminary analysis are confirmed through empirical research, implications include earlier identification of SE-AN patients and more effective treatment development.

scholarly journals Relationship between social capital and the experience of dental carie: systematic review and meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Amaro DAMASCENO ◽  
Antônio Carlos PEREIRA ◽  
Andreza Maria Luzia Baldo de SOUZA ◽  
Luciane Miranda GUERRA ◽  
Denise de Fatima Barros CAVALCANTE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
P Value ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT Objective Understanding the individual and collective behavior of individuals about their oral health conditions is important to prevent and control of dental caries. This study aimed to seek evidence of the relationship between social capital and caries experience. Methods Using a systematic review with meta-analysis, we searched articles in PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, LILACS, IBECS, BBO, SCIELO, The Cochrane Library and MEDLINE databases. Studies with humans, of all ages and languages, published until July 2019, which related social capital to the caries experience, were included in this review. Results We identified 1163 articles evaluated considering inclusion and exclusion criteria, leaving 5 articles selected to compose the study sample, and only 3 included in the meta-analysis. In the final analysis p value was significant (p <0.001), showing that both social cohesion and neighborhood empowerment are associated with the caries experience. In the random model, the individual has 2.39 chances of not having the caries disease. The results reinforce the importance of community social capital in the caries experience of individuals. Conclusions The high level of community social capital is directly related to lower caries experience rates.

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