scholarly journals Cardiovascular Responses to Simultaneous Diving and Muscle Metaboreflex Activation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annalisa Di Giacomo ◽  
Giovanna Maria Ghiani ◽  
Francesco Todde ◽  
Filippo Tocco
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Impedance Method ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Exercise Protocol ◽  
Muscle Metaboreflex ◽  
Face Immersion ◽  
Simultaneous Activation ◽  
Condition C ◽  
Control Exercise

Background: The aim of study was to assess hemodynamic changes during the simultaneous activation of muscle metaboreflex (MM) and diving reflex (DR) in a laboratory setting. We hypothesized that as long as the exercise intensity is mild DR can overwhelm the MM.Methods: Ten trained divers underwent all four phases (randomly assigned) of the following protocol. (A) Postexercise muscle ischemia session (PEMI): 3 min of resting followed by 3 min of handgrip at 30% of maximum force, followed immediately by 3 min of PEMI on the same arm induced by inflating a sphygmomanometer. Three minutes of recovery was further allowed after the cuff was deflated for a total of 6 min of recovery. (B) Control exercise recovery session: the same rest-exercise protocol used for A followed by 6 min of recovery without inflation. (C) DR session: the same rest-exercise protocol used for A followed by 1 min of breath-hold (BH) with face immersion in cold water. (D) PEMI-DR session: the same protocol used for A with 60 s of BH with face immersion in cold water during the first minute of PEMI. Stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), and cardiac output (CO) were collected by means of an impedance method.Results: At the end of apnea, HR was decreased in condition C and D with respect to A (−40.8 and −40.3%, respectively vs. −9.1%; p < 0.05). Since SV increase was less pronounced at the same time point (C = +32.4 and D = +21.7% vs. A = +6.0; p < 0.05), CO significantly decreased during C and D with respect to A (−23 and −29.0 vs. −1.4%, respectively; p < 0.05).Conclusion: Results addressed the hypothesis that DR overcame the MM in our setting.

Diving response and arterial oxygen saturation during apnea and exercise in breath-hold divers

2002 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 882-886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan P. A. Andersson ◽  
Mats H. Linér ◽  
Elisabeth Rünow ◽  
Erika K. A. Schagatay
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Arterial Oxygen Saturation ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Arterial Oxygen ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Diving Response ◽  
Face Immersion

This study addressed the effects of apnea in air and apnea with face immersion in cold water (10°C) on the diving response and arterial oxygen saturation during dynamic exercise. Eight trained breath-hold divers performed steady-state exercise on a cycle ergometer at 100 W. During exercise, each subject performed 30-s apneas in air and 30-s apneas with face immersion. The heart rate and arterial oxygen saturation decreased and blood pressure increased during the apneas. Compared with apneas in air, apneas with face immersion augmented the heart rate reduction from 21 to 33% ( P < 0.001) and the blood pressure increase from 34 to 42% ( P < 0.05). The reduction in arterial oxygen saturation from eupneic control was 6.8% during apneas in air and 5.2% during apneas with face immersion ( P < 0.05). The results indicate that augmentation of the diving response slows down the depletion of the lung oxygen store, possibly associated with a larger reduction in peripheral venous oxygen stores and increased anaerobiosis. This mechanism delays the fall in alveolar and arterial Po 2 and, thereby, the development of hypoxia in vital organs. Accordingly, we conclude that the human diving response has an oxygen-conserving effect during exercise.

β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB)-free acid attenuates circulating TNF-α and TNFR1 expression postresistance exercise

2013 ◽  
Vol 115 (8) ◽  
pp. 1173-1182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremy R. Townsend ◽  
Maren S. Fragala ◽  
Adam R. Jajtner ◽  
Adam M. Gonzalez ◽  
Adam J. Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Time ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Free Acid ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Intense Exercise ◽  
Exercise Protocol ◽  
Percent Change ◽  
Tnf Α

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate-free acid (HMB-FA) and cold-water immersion (CWI) on circulating concentrations of TNF-α and monocyte TNF-α receptor 1 (TNFR1) expression. Forty resistance-trained men (22.3 ± 2.4 yr) were randomized into four groups [placebo (PL), HMB-FA, CWI, and HMB-FA-CWI] and performed an acute, intense exercise protocol (four sets of up to 10 repetitions of the squat, dead lift, and split squat). Participants also performed four sets of up to 10 repetitions of the squat at 24 and 48 h following the initial exercise bout. Blood was sampled before exercise (PRE), immediately postexercise (IP), and 30 min, 24 h, and 48 h postexercise (30P, 24P, and 48P, respectively). Circulating TNF-α was assayed, and TNFR1 expression on CD14+ monocytes was measured by flow cytometry. The exercise protocol significantly elevated TNF-α in only PL ( P = 0.006) and CWI ( P = 0.045) IP. Mean percent changes show that TNF-α significantly increased from PRE to IP for only PL and CWI groups ( P < 0.05), whereas the percent change of TNF-α for HMB-FA and HMB-FA-CWI was not significant. TNFR1 expression was elevated in PL ( P = 0.023) and CWI ( P = 0.02) at 30P compared with PRE, whereas both HMB-FA-treated groups did not increase significantly. In conclusion, HMB-FA attenuated circulating TNF-α IP and TNFR1 expression during recovery compared with PL and CWI. HMB-FA supplementation may attenuate the initial immune response to intense exercise, which may reduce recovery time following intense exercise.

scholarly journals Blunted cardiovascular responses to exercise in Parkinson’s disease patients: role of the muscle metaboreflex

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (4) ◽  
pp. 1516-1524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeann L. Sabino-Carvalho ◽  
André L. Teixeira ◽  
Milena Samora ◽  
Maurício Daher ◽  
Lauro C. Vianna
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Muscle Metaboreflex ◽  
Pressor Test

Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) exhibit attenuated cardiovascular responses to exercise. The underlying mechanisms that are potentially contributing to these impairments are not fully understood. Therefore, we sought to test the hypothesis that patients with PD exhibit blunted cardiovascular responses to isolated muscle metaboreflex activation following exercise. For this, mean blood pressure, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance were measured using finger photoplethysmography and the Modelflow method in 11 patients with PD [66 ± 2 yr; Hoehn and Yahr score: 2 ± 1 a.u.; time since diagnosis: 7 ± 1 yr; means ± SD) and 9 age-matched controls (66 ± 3 yr). Measurements were obtained at rest, during isometric handgrip exercise performed at 40% maximal voluntary contraction, and during postexercise ischemia. Also, a cold pressor test was assessed to confirm that blunted cardiovascular responses were specific to exercise and not representative of generalized sympathetic responsiveness. Changes in mean blood pressure were attenuated in patients with PD during handgrip (PD: ∆25 ± 2 mmHg vs. controls: ∆31 ± 3 mmHg; P < 0.05), and these group differences remained during postexercise ischemia (∆17 ± 1 mmHg vs. ∆26 ± 1 mmHg, respectively; P < 0.01). Additionally, changes in total peripheral resistance were attenuated during exercise and postexercise ischemia, indicating blunted reflex vasoconstriction in patients with PD. Responses to cold pressor test did not differ between groups, suggesting no group differences in generalized sympathetic responsiveness. Our results support the concept that attenuated cardiovascular responses to exercise observed in patients with PD are, at least in part, explained by an altered skeletal muscle metaboreflex. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) presented blunted cardiovascular responses to exercise. We showed that cardiovascular response evoked by the metabolic component of the exercise pressor reflex is blunted in patients with PD. Furthermore, patients with PD presented similar pressor response during the cold pressor test compared with age-matched controls. Altogether, our results support the hypothesis that attenuated cardiovascular responses to exercise observed in patients with PD are mediate by an altered skeletal muscle metaboreflex.

scholarly journals Clinical safety of blood flow-restricted training? A comprehensive review of altered muscle metaboreflex in cardiovascular disease during ischemic exercise

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (1) ◽  
pp. H90-H109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Cristina-Oliveira ◽  
Kamila Meireles ◽  
Marty D. Spranger ◽  
Donal S. O’Leary ◽  
Hamilton Roschel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Muscle Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Blood Flow Restriction ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Clinical Safety ◽  
Muscle Metaboreflex ◽  
Flow Restriction

Blood flow restriction training (BFRT) is an increasingly widespread method of exercise that involves imposed restriction of blood flow to the exercising muscle. Blood flow restriction is achieved by inflating a pneumatic pressure cuff (or a tourniquet) positioned proximal to the exercising muscle before, and during, the bout of exercise (i.e., ischemic exercise). Low-intensity BFRT with resistance training promotes comparable increases in muscle mass and strength observed during high-intensity exercise without blood flow restriction. BFRT has expanded into the clinical research setting as a potential therapeutic approach to treat functionally impaired individuals, such as the elderly, and patients with orthopedic and cardiovascular disease/conditions. However, questions regarding the safety of BFRT must be fully examined and addressed before the implementation of this exercise methodology in the clinical setting. In this respect, there is a general concern that BFRT may generate abnormal reflex-mediated cardiovascular responses. Indeed, the muscle metaboreflex is an ischemia-induced, sympathoexcitatory pressor reflex originating in skeletal muscle, and the present review synthesizes evidence that BFRT may elicit abnormal cardiovascular responses resulting from increased metaboreflex activation. Importantly, abnormal cardiovascular responses are more clearly evidenced in populations with increased cardiovascular risk (e.g., elderly and individuals with cardiovascular disease). The evidence provided in the present review draws into question the cardiovascular safety of BFRT, which clearly needs to be further investigated in future studies. This information will be paramount for the consideration of BFRT exercise implementation in clinical populations.

scholarly journals Decremental Oscillation Curve Fitting of Heart Rate Response Following Face Immersion into Cold Water.

1997 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 545-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youkou TOMINAGA ◽  
Takaaki NAKATSU ◽  
Shozo KUSACHI ◽  
Masahiro MURAKAMI ◽  
Shinji TOYONAGA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Curve Fitting ◽  
Heart Rate Response ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Face Immersion ◽  
Oscillation Curve

Influence of cold water face immersion on post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation

2009 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hani Al Haddad ◽  
Paul B. Laursen ◽  
Said Ahmaidi ◽  
Martin Buchheit
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Parasympathetic Reactivation ◽  
Face Immersion

Face Immersion in Cold Water Induces Prolongation of the QT Interval and T-Wave Changes in Children With Nonfamilial Long QT Syndrome

1999 ◽  
Vol 83 (10) ◽  
pp. 1494-1497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masao Yoshinaga ◽  
Junko Kamimura ◽  
Toshiro Fukushige ◽  
Ryo Kusubae ◽  
Atsushi Shimago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Long Qt Syndrome ◽  
Qt Interval ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Long Qt ◽  
T Wave ◽  
Face Immersion ◽  
Qt Syndrome

Role Of The Muscle Metaboreflex In Cardiovascular Responses To Apnea During Exercise In Humans

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S268
Author(s):  
Mayumi Matsumoto ◽  
Naoto Fujii ◽  
Masashi Ichinose ◽  
Takeshi Nishiyasu
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Muscle Metaboreflex ◽  
Exercise In Humans

scholarly journals Cardiovascular effects of the respiratory muscle metaboreflexes in dogs: rest and exercise

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 1159-1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua R. Rodman ◽  
Kathleen S. Henderson ◽  
Curtis A. Smith ◽  
Jerome A. Dempsey
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Respiratory Muscle ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Vascular Conductance ◽  
Iliac Arteries ◽  
Muscle Metaboreflex ◽  
Arterial Blood

In awake dogs, lactic acid was injected into the phrenic and deep circumflex iliac arteries to elicit the diaphragm and abdominal muscle metaboreflexes, respectively. At rest, injections into the phrenic or deep circumflex iliac arteries significantly increased mean arterial blood pressure 21 ± 7% and reduced cardiac output 6 ± 2% and blood flow to the hindlimbs 20 ± 9%. Simultaneously, total systemic, hindlimb, and abdominal expiratory muscle vascular conductances were reduced. These cardiovascular responses were not accompanied by significant changes in the amplitude or timing of the diaphragm electromyogram. During treadmill exercise that increased cardiac output, hindlimb blood flow, and vascular conductance 159 ± 106, 276 ± 309, and 299 ± 90% above resting values, lactic acid injected into the phrenic or deep circumflex iliac arteries also elicited pressor responses and reduced hindlimb blood flow and vascular conductance. Adrenergic receptor blockade at rest eliminated the cardiovascular effects of the respiratory muscle metaboreflex. We conclude that the cardiovascular effects of respiratory muscle metaboreflex activation are similar to those previously reported for limb muscles. When activated via metabolite production, the respiratory muscle metaboreflex may contribute to the increased sympathetic tone and redistribution of blood flow during exercise.

Effects of hypercapnia, hypoxia, and rebreathing on heart rate response during apnea

1983 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. C. Lin ◽  
K. K. Shida ◽  
S. K. Hong
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Heart Rate Response ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Gas Composition ◽  
Face Immersion ◽  
The Face ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Male Subjects

Five series of breath-hold (BH) experiments were conducted on eight male subjects with the purpose of partitioning the effects of apnea per se, hypercapnia, and hypoxia on the development and maintenance of BH bradycardia. All BH were 90 s in duration and were achieved by face immersion at room temperature. Of the five series of BH, one was a continuous BH and the remaining included rebreathing at 15-s intervals while the face remained immersed. Comparison of heart rate (HR) responses between the continuous BH with air and that interrupted every 15 s by rebreathing without improving the alveolar gas composition yields the attenuating effect of respiratory activity. The hypercapnic effect was calculated from the difference in HR responses between two series of BH with O2, in which hypoxia was not present and rebreathing was common to both; in one rebreathing was through a CO2 scrubber thus creating different alveolar CO2 levels in the two series. The effect of hypoxia was deduced by finding the difference between the total bradycardial response (continuous BH) and the summed effects of hypercapnia and apnea per se. By this procedure, it was found that apnea and hypoxia reduced the HR by 19 and 18%, respectively, from the pre-BH value, and hypercapnia increased HR by 6% from the pre-BH level, thus accounting for the total 31% reduction in HR in a continuous BH.

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