scholarly journals UDP-N-Acetylglucosamine Pyrophosphorylase 2 (UAP2) and 1 (UAP1) Perform Synergetic Functions for Leaf Survival in Rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaohai Wang ◽  
Qiang Wang ◽  
Lingxia Wei ◽  
Yan Shi ◽  
Ting Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Response ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Growth Time ◽  
Lesion Mimic ◽  
Rice Mutant ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Functional Inactivation ◽  
Leaf Survival

Functional inactivation of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine pyrophosphorylase 1 (UAP1) induces defense response-related lesion-mimic spots and subsequent early senescence in every newly grown leaf of the rice mutant uap1 after a short period's normal growth. However, the molecular mechanism of these leaves sustaining the short period's survival is still unknown. Phenotypic and molecular studies show that defense response-related lesion-mimic spots and early leaf senescence appear on the normally grown uap1 leaf and aggravate with the growth time. Bioinformatic analysis reveals that UAP proteins are evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes, and there exists UAP2 protein except UAP1 protein in many higher organisms, including rice. Rice UAP2 and UAP1 proteins present high sequence identities and very similar predicted 3D structures. Transcriptional expression profile of the UAP2 gene decreases with the appearance and aggravating of leaf spots and early senescence of uap1, implying the role of the UAP2 gene in maintaining the initial normal growth of uap1 leaves. Enzymatic experiments verified that the UAP2 protein performs highly similar UAP enzymatic activity with the UAP1 protein, catalyzing the biosynthesis of UDP-GlcNAc. And these two UAP proteins are found to have the same subcellular localization in the cytoplasm, where they most presumably perform their functions. Overexpression of the UAP2 gene in uap1 plants succeeds to rescue their leaf mutant phenotype to normal, providing direct evidence for the similar function of the UAP2 gene as the UAP1 gene. The UAP2 gene is mainly expressed in the young leaf stage for functions, while the UAP1 gene is highly expressed during the whole leaf developmental stages. Based on these findings, it is suggested that UAP2 and UAP1 play key roles in rice leaf survival during its development in a synergetic manner, protecting the leaf from early senescence.

Hydroperoxide lyase modulates defense response and confers lesion‐mimic leaf phenotype in soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 1315-1333
Author(s):  
Yaqi Wang ◽  
Meifeng Liu ◽  
Dongdong Ge ◽  
Javaid Akhter Bhat ◽  
Yawei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Hydroperoxide Lyase ◽  
Lesion Mimic ◽  
Leaf Phenotype ◽  
Glycine Max L

scholarly journals Linking the gut microbiota to human health

2013 ◽  
Vol 109 (S2) ◽  
pp. S21-S26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Robles Alonso ◽  
Francisco Guarner
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Sequencing Technologies ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome

The human gut is the natural environment for a diverse and dynamic microbial ecosystem, whose structure and functions are presently a major target of research in biomedicine. Experimental studies in germ-free animals performed some decades ago revealed the importance of these microbial communities for normal growth and development and for the maintenance of health in adult life. The host provides habitat and nutrition to the microbial communities and derives many benefits from its symbionts that contribute to metabolic, defensive and trophic functions. Development of novel gene sequencing technologies as well as availability of powerful bioinformatic analysis tools provide new insights into the composition and structure of the human gut microbiota. There is no clear definition of the characteristics of a normal ‘healthy’ gut microbiota in human subjects, but several disease states have been associated with changes in the composition of faecal and intestinal mucosal communities, including inflammatory bowel diseases, obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Probiotics and prebiotics are used to improve symbiosis between enteric microbiota and the host or restore states of dysbiosis.

scholarly journals Age and Behavior-Dependent Differential miRNAs Expression in the Hypopharyngeal Glands of Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.)

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 764
Author(s):  
Tengfei Shi ◽  
Yujie Zhu ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
Liang Ye ◽  
Xingchuan Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Small Rna Sequencing ◽  
Hippo Signaling ◽  
Hypopharyngeal Glands ◽  
Regulation Functions ◽  
Mirnas Expression

This study aims to investigate the expression differences of miRNAs in the hypopharyngeal glands (HPGs) of honeybees at three developmental stages and to explore their regulation functions in the HPGs development. Small RNA sequencing was employed to analyze the miRNA profiles of HPGs in newly-emerged bees (NEB), nurse bees (NB), and forager bees (FB). Results showed that a total of 153 known miRNAs were found in the three stages, and ame-miR-276-3p, ame-miR-375-3p, ame-miR-14-3p, ame-miR-275-3p, and ame-miR-3477-5p were the top five most abundant ones. Furthermore, the expression of 11 miRNAs, 17 miRNAs, and 18 miRNAs were significantly different in NB vs. FB comparison, NB vs. NEB comparison, and in FB vs. NEB comparison, respectively, of which ame-miR-184-3p and ame-miR-252a-5p were downregulated in NB compared with that in both the FB and NEB, while ame-miR-11-3p, ame-miR-281-3p, and ame-miR-31a-5p had lower expression levels in FB compared with that in both the NB and NEB. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the potential target genes of the differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were mainly enriched in several key signaling pathways, including mTOR signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway-fly, FoxO signaling pathway, Hippo signaling pathway-fly. Overall, our study characterized the miRNA profiles in the HPGs of honeybees at three different developmental stages and provided a basis for further study of the roles of miRNAs in HPGs development.

scholarly journals Ethylene Is One of the Key Elements for Cell Death and Defense Response Control in the Arabidopsis Lesion Mimic Mutant vad1

2007 ◽  
Vol 145 (2) ◽  
pp. 465-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Bouchez ◽  
Carine Huard ◽  
Séverine Lorrain ◽  
Dominique Roby ◽  
Claudine Balagué
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Response Control ◽  
Lesion Mimic ◽  
Lesion Mimic Mutant

scholarly journals An Adenylyl Cyclase, CyaA, of Myxococcus xanthus Functions in Signal Transduction during Osmotic Stress

2002 ◽  
Vol 184 (13) ◽  
pp. 3578-3585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshio Kimura ◽  
Yukako Mishima ◽  
Hiromi Nakano ◽  
Kaoru Takegawa
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Adenylyl Cyclase ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Catalytic Domain ◽  
Myxococcus Xanthus ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Amino Terminal ◽  
Mutant Cells

ABSTRACT An adenylyl cyclase gene (cyaA) present upstream of an osmosensor protein gene (mokA) was isolated from Myxococcus xanthus. cyaA encoded a polypeptide of 843 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 91,187 Da. The predicted cyaA gene product had structural similarity to the receptor-type adenylyl cyclases that are composed of an amino-terminal sensor domain and a carboxy-terminal catalytic domain of adenylyl cyclase. In reverse transcriptase PCR experiments, the transcript of the cyaA gene was detected mainly during development and spore germination. A cyaA mutant, generated by gene disruption, showed normal growth, development, and germination. However, a cyaA mutant placed under conditions of ionic (NaCl) or nonionic (sucrose) osmostress exhibited a marked reduction in spore formation and spore germination. When wild-type and cyaA mutant cells at developmental stages were stimulated with 0.2 M NaCl or sucrose, the mutant cells increased cyclic AMP accumulation at levels similar to those of the wild-type cells. In contrast, the mutant cells during spore germination had mainly lost the ability to respond to high-ionic osmolarity. In vegetative cells, the cyaA mutant responded normally to osmotic stress. These results suggested that M. xanthus CyaA functions mainly as an ionic osmosensor during spore germination and that CyaA is also required for osmotic tolerance in fruiting formation and sporulation.

scholarly journals Proteomics Analysis to Identify Proteins and Pathways Associated with the Novel Lesion Mimic Mutant E40 in Rice Using iTRAQ-Based Strategy

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiang-Bo Yang ◽  
Wei-Long Meng ◽  
Meng-Jie Zhao ◽  
An-Xing Zhang ◽  
Wei Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Rice Cultivar ◽  
Japonica Rice ◽  
Absolute Quantitation ◽  
Lesion Mimic ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Lesion Mimic Mutant ◽  
Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis

A novel rice lesion mimic mutant (LMM) was isolated from the mutant population of Japonica rice cultivar Hitomebore generated by ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) treatment. Compared with the wild-type (WT), the mutant, tentatively designated E40, developed necrotic lesions over the whole growth period along with detectable changes in several important agronomic traits including lower height, fewer tillers, lower yield, and premature death. To understand the molecular mechanism of mutation-induced phenotypic differences in E40, a proteomics-based approach was used to identify differentially accumulated proteins between E40 and WT. Proteomic data from isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) showed that 233 proteins were significantly up- or down-regulated in E40 compared with WT. These proteins are involved in diverse biological processes, but phenylpropanoid biosynthesis was the only up-regulated pathway. Differential expression of the genes encoding some candidate proteins with significant up- or down-regulation in E40 were further verified by qPCR. Consistent with the proteomic results, substance and energy flow in E40 shifted from basic metabolism to secondary metabolism, mainly phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, which is likely involved in the formation of leaf spots.

scholarly journals setd2 knockout zebrafish is viable and fertile: differential and developmental stress-related requirements for Setd2 and histone H3K36 trimethylation in different vertebrate animals

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dian-Jia Liu ◽  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Yi Chen ◽  
Yi Jin ◽  
Yuan-Liang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oocyte Maturation ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Developmental Stress ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Evolutionarily Conserved ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Setd2 is the only enzyme that catalyzes histone H3 lysine 36 trimethylation (H3K36me3) on virtually all actively transcribed protein-coding genes, and this mechanism is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to human. Despite this widespread and conserved activity, Setd2 and H3K36me3 are dispensable for normal growth of yeast but are absolutely required for mammalian embryogenesis, such as oocyte maturation and embryonic vasculogenesis in mice, raising a question of how the functional requirements of Setd2 in specific developmental stages have emerged through evolution. Here, we explored this issue by studying the essentiality and function of Setd2 in zebrafish. Surprisingly, the setd2-null zebrafish are viable and fertile. They show Mendelian birth ratio and normal embryogenesis without vascular defect as seen in mice; however, they have a small body size phenotype attributed to insufficient energy metabolism and protein synthesis, which is reversable in a nutrition-dependent manner. Unlike the sterile Setd2-null mice, the setd2-null zebrafish can produce functional sperms and oocytes. Nonetheless, related to the requirement of maternal Setd2 for oocyte maturation in mice, the second generation of setd2-null zebrafish that carry no maternal setd2 show decreased survival rate and a developmental delay at maternal-to-zygotic transition. Taken together, these results indicate that, while the phenotypes of the setd2-null zebrafish and mice are apparently different, they are matched in parallel as the underlying mechanisms are evolutionarily conserved. Thus, the differential requirements of Setd2 may reflect distinct viability thresholds that associate with intrinsic and/or extrinsic stresses experienced by the organism through development, and these epigenetic regulatory mechanisms may serve as a reserved source supporting the evolution of life from simplicity to complexity.

scholarly journals Genetic analysis and fine-mapping of a new rice mutant, white and lesion mimic leaf1

2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Chen ◽  
Haitao Hu ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Zhongwei Wang ◽  
Guojun Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
Fine Mapping ◽  
Lesion Mimic ◽  
Rice Mutant

The rice (Oryza sativa L.) LESION MIMIC RESEMBLING, which encodes an AAA-type ATPase, is implicated in defense response

2014 ◽  
Vol 290 (2) ◽  
pp. 611-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rym Fekih ◽  
Muluneh Tamiru ◽  
Hiroyuki Kanzaki ◽  
Akira Abe ◽  
Kentaro Yoshida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Lesion Mimic

scholarly journals Disruption of OsPHD1, Encoding a UDP-Glucose Epimerase, Causes JA Accumulation and Enhanced Bacterial Blight Resistance in Rice

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 751
Author(s):  
Yu Gao ◽  
Xiaojiao Xiang ◽  
Yingxin Zhang ◽  
Yongrun Cao ◽  
Beifang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Defense Response ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Causal Gene ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Lesion Mimic ◽  
Cloning Strategy ◽  
Ja Signaling

Lesion mimic mutants (LMMs) have been widely used in experiments in recent years for studying plant physiological mechanisms underlying programmed cell death (PCD) and defense responses. Here, we identified a lesion mimic mutant, lm212-1, which cloned the causal gene by a map-based cloning strategy, and verified this by complementation. The causal gene, OsPHD1, encodes a UDP-glucose epimerase (UGE), and the OsPHD1 was located in the chloroplast. OsPHD1 was constitutively expressed in all organs, with higher expression in leaves and other green tissues. lm212-1 exhibited decreased chlorophyll content, and the chloroplast structure was destroyed. Histochemistry results indicated that H2O2 is highly accumulated and cell death is occurred around the lesions in lm212-1. Compared to the wild type, expression levels of defense-related genes were up-regulated, and resistance to bacterial pathogens Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) was enhanced, indicating that the defense response was activated in lm212-1, ROS production was induced by flg22, and chitin treatment also showed the same result. Jasmonic acid (JA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) increased, and the JA signaling pathways appeared to be disordered in lm212-1. Additionally, the overexpression lines showed the same phenotype as the wild type. Overall, our findings demonstrate that OsPHD1 is involved in the regulation of PCD and defense response in rice.

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