scholarly journals The New Is Old: Novel Germination Strategy Evolved From Standing Genetic Variation in Weedy Rice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengchuan Zhou ◽  
Yang Feng ◽  
Gengyun Li ◽  
Mengli Wang ◽  
Jinjing Jian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Weedy Rice ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Transcriptomic Data ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Novel Traits ◽  
Allele Specific

Feralization of crop plants has aroused an increasing interest in recent years, not only for the reduced yield and quality of crop production caused by feral plants but also for the rapid evolution of novel traits that facilitate the evolution and persistence of weedy forms. Weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) is a conspecific weed of cultivated rice, with separate and independent origins. The weedy rice distributed in eastern and northeastern China did not diverge from their cultivated ancestors by reverting to the pre-domestication trait of seed dormancy during feralization. Instead, they developed a temperature-sensing mechanism to control the timing of seed germination. Subsequent divergence in the minimum critical temperature for germination has been detected between northeastern and eastern populations. An integrative analysis was conducted using combinations of phenotypic, genomic and transcriptomic data to investigate the genetic mechanism underlying local adaptation and feralization. A dozen genes were identified, which showed extreme allele frequency differences between eastern and northeastern populations, and high correlations between allele-specific gene expression and feral phenotypes. Trancing the origin of potential adaptive alleles based on genomic sequences revealed the presence of most selected alleles in wild and cultivated rice genomes, indicating that weedy rice drew upon pre-existing, “conditionally neutral” alleles to respond to the feral selection regimes. The cryptic phenotype was exposed by activating formerly silent alleles to facilitate the transition from cultivation to wild existence, promoting the evolution and persistence of weedy forms.

scholarly journals Response of sugar beet to different foliar fertilizers

2008 ◽  
pp. 127-136
Author(s):  
Diána Ungai ◽  
Zoltan Győri
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Element Composition ◽  
Laboratory System ◽  
Foliar Fertilization ◽  
Cu Content ◽  
Yield And Quality

The yield and quality of the sugar beet are mainly determined by level crop production system; therefore the effects of foliar fertilization were studied. Our field trials were carried out in 2005  and 2006 in Hajdúböszörmény, at two experimental sites. In our trials the effects of Biomit Plussz, Fitohorm and Kelcare Cu (having high Cu content) as foliar fertilizers, as well as a fungicide with high sulphur content, Cosavet DF, were studied andcompared. Effects of treatments were studied in four replicates. We took root samples at 4 week intervals, starting in August. The quality of root (sucrose, potassium, sodium and alfa-amino N content) was determined from filtrated beet broth, by an automatic beet laboratory system, called VENEMA. Leaf samples were taken three times in the growing season, element composition was measured by ICP-OES.We found that the crop and the sugar yield were significantly influenced by the foliar treatments both of the two years.

scholarly journals Genome editing for horticultural crop improvement

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiemeng Xu ◽  
Kai Hua ◽  
Zhaobo Lang
Keyword(s):  
Genome Editing ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Horticultural Crop ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Horticultural Research

Abstract Horticultural crops provide humans with many valuable products. The improvement of the yield and quality of horticultural crops has been receiving increasing research attention. Given the development and advantages of genome-editing technologies, research that uses genome editing to improve horticultural crops has substantially increased in recent years. Here, we briefly review the different genome-editing systems used in horticultural research with a focus on clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated 9 (Cas9)-mediated genome editing. We also summarize recent progress in the application of genome editing for horticultural crop improvement. The combination of rapidly advancing genome-editing technology with breeding will greatly increase horticultural crop production and quality.

scholarly journals Impact of Grafting on Watermelon Growth, Fruit Yield and Quality

2012 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fouad Mohamed ◽  
Khalid El-Hamed ◽  
Mohammed Elwan ◽  
Mennat-Allah Hussien
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Abiotic Stress Tolerance ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Crop Damage ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Male Flowers

Impact of Grafting on Watermelon Growth, Fruit Yield and QualityGrafting is an alternative approach to reduce crop damage resulting from soil-borne pathogens and increases plant abiotic stress tolerance, which in turn increases crop production. The purpose of this study was to determine whether grafting could improve plant growth and fruit quality of watermelon through monitoring the changes induced by different rootstock-scion combinations. Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) cv. Aswan F1was grafted into five rootstocks (Nun 6001 F1, Strongtosa F1, Tetsukabuto F1, Ferro F1and Shintoza F1) hybrids betweenCucurbita maximaandCucurbita moschata.Highest vegetative growth and fruit yield were obtained by ‘Nun 6001 F1’ as a rootstock using the tongue approach method. Grafting reduced significantly sex ratio by reducing the number of male flowers. Grafting increased significantly lycopene content in fruit flesh by 57% over the control treatment, but did not affect soluble solids content (SSC). One third of the control non-grafted plants died andFusarium oxysporumwas isolated as the responsible pathogen. These results indicate that grafting watermelon onto specific rootstock influences growth, productivity, and quality of the fruit as well as disease resistance. Grafting can be suggested as an alternative method to control ofFusariumwilt in watermelon production.

scholarly journals Genomic divergence during feralization reveals both conserved and distinct mechanisms of parallel weediness evolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiyuki Imaizumi ◽  
Kaworu Ebana ◽  
Yoshihiro Kawahara ◽  
Chiaki Muto ◽  
Hiroyuki Kobayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Weedy Rice ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Tropical Japonica ◽  
Adaptive Introgression ◽  
Genomic Signatures ◽  
Genomic Divergence ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms

AbstractAgricultural weeds are the most important biotic constraints to global crop production, and chief among these is weedy rice. Despite increasing yield losses from weedy rice in recent years worldwide, the genetic basis of weediness evolution remains unclear. Using whole-genome sequence analyses, we examined the origins and adaptation of Japanese weedy rice. We find evidence for a weed origin from tropical japonica crop ancestry, which has not previously been documented in surveys of weedy rice worldwide. We further show that adaptation occurs largely through different genetic mechanisms between independently-evolved temperate japonica- and tropical japonica-derived strains; most genomic signatures of positive selection are unique within weed types. In addition, some weedy rice strains have evolved through hybridization between weedy and cultivated rice with adaptive introgression from the crop. Surprisingly, introgression from cultivated rice confers not only crop-like adaptive traits (such as shorter plant height, facilitating crop mimicry) but also weedy-like traits (such as seed dormancy). These findings reveal how hybridization with cultivated rice can promote persistence and proliferation of weedy rice.

scholarly journals Effect of honeybee pollination on seed and fruit yield of agricultural crops in Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tura Bareke ◽  
Admassu Addi
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Crop Pollination ◽  
Insect Pollination ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Insect Pollinators ◽  
Essential Input

Pollination is a critical link in the functioning of ecosystems, and it improves the yield of crops. Insect pollination is an essential input in the production of crops grown worldwide. Of the approximately 300 commercial crops about 84% are insect pollinated. Honeybees are responsible for 70-80% of insect pollination. This indicated how much honeybees are the most efficient insect pollinators of cultivated crops and wild flora in agricultural systems. The main reason is that honeybees are abundant and widespread everywhere. They have well developed mechanism of communication to exploit their environment. The value of additional yields obtained by pollination service rendered by honeybees is 15-20 times more than the value of all hive products put together. Studies conducted in Ethiopia have also proven the role of honeybee pollination in improving the yield and quality of some crops such as Malus sylvestris (apple), Allium cepa (red onion), Guizotia abyssinica (niger) and Vicia faba (faba bean). The yield increment was varied from 33.5-84% among the above crops due to honeybee pollination. However, unwise pesticide applications become the main problem for some crops in Ethiopia. This is due to, low level understanding of the value of pollination on the yield of agricultural crops. Therefore, attention should be given for the legal protection of honeybees and other insect pollinators; especially, protecting the honeybees from pesticide poisoning, developing pollinators’ conservation policy, the idea of crop pollination should be included in national crop production strategic plan and awareness creation should be given to the society about the value of crop pollination.

Rice yield and quality as affected by cultivar and red rice (Oryza sativa) density

Weed Science ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian V. Ottis ◽  
Kenneth L. Smith ◽  
Robert C. Scott ◽  
Ronald E. Talbert
Keyword(s):  
Rice Yield ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Rice Cultivars ◽  
University Of Arkansas ◽  
Red Rice ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
The University ◽  
Extension Center

Previous research has examined the extent to which red rice affects both yield and grain quality of cultivated rice. However, this research was conducted over 15 yr ago. Modern long-grain rice cultivars have the potential to produce yields above 10,000 kg ha−1; however, it is unknown whether modern rice cultivars sacrifice competitiveness to achieve higher yields, or if, in fact, they are more competitive. Field studies were conducted in 2002 and 2003 at the Southeast Research and Extension Center near Rohwer, AR, and at the University of Arkansas Pine Bluff Research Farm near Lonoke, AR, to investigate the effect of red rice density on interference between red rice and five rice cultivars (‘CL161’, ‘Cocodrie’, ‘LaGrue’, ‘Lemont’, and ‘XL8’). White rice yield reductions were between 100 and 755 kg ha−1for every red rice plant m−2. The hybrid rice, XL8, had higher yields than the conventional cultivars. Red rice contamination in milling samples increased linearly as a function of red rice density at Lonoke and Rohwer in 2003. Dockage for each cultivar was calculated on the basis of the relationship between red rice density and red rice contamination. Semidwarf Lemont was the most contaminated and hybrid XL8 the least contaminated by the various densities of red rice.

scholarly journals Türkiye’de Sürdürülebilir Mera Islahı Olanakları

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1714-1719
Author(s):  
Rüştü Hatipoğlu ◽  
Selahattin Çınar ◽  
Mustafa Avcı
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
The Village

Forage produced from can notTurkey's current native pasture and meadow cattles areas as sheeps well as from forage crop production areas cannot meet the requirement of 73.7 million cattle and sheep. There are 14.6 million hectares of native meadow and pasture areas in Turkey. A significant amount of these areas need to be improved in order to increase the yield and quality of forage and ensure its sustainability. It has been calculated that a total budget of 45.6 billion TL is needed for the improvement of the native meadow and pasture areas and an average of 4 billion TL for annual maintenance. With the adoption of the Pasture Law No. 4342, the pasture areas that has been rehabilitated with Pasture Improvement and Management Projects are quite insufficient. In addition, due to non-compliance with the technical rules of pasture management in the improved areas, the process is not sustainable. Due to the insufficiency of available budget resources and the fact that pasture improvement by state facilities will take many years, there is a need for a new perspective and policy change in sustainable pasture improvement. In this article, some improvement and utilization models for the effective improvement and sustainable use of Turkey's pasture lands are discussed. With the proposal made, it has been suggested that rangelands larger than 1000 decares and pastures lager than 500 decares should be leased to the private sector and rehabilitated with the "improve and operate" system. It has been suggested that ¾ of the reclaimed area should be used by the private sector, and ¼ by the animal owners in the village where the pasture is allocated. In addition, it has been proposed that the rangelands with an area of less than 1000 decares and pastures with less than 500 decares must be leased to the Pasture Management Unions in the settlement where they are allocated, to ensure their rehabilitation and sustainable use. In cases where Pasture Management Unions are not willing to rent for improvement purposes, it has been suggested that these rangeland and pastures must be leased to the private sector regardless of the size of the area.

scholarly journals Impact of different levels of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of preseasonal sugarcane ratoon in Inceptisols

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 812-820
Author(s):  
N. B. Ghube ◽  
A. D. Kadlag ◽  
B. M. Kamble
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Farm Yard Manure ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizers ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Organic And Inorganic Fertilizers ◽  
Sugarcane Ratoon

A field experiment was conducted at soil test crop response (STCR) correlation project farm of Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri Maharashtra.The result showed that individual application of nitrogen (N), phosphorus(P),potassium(K) or organic nutrient sources (Farm yard manure) recorded less value of preseasonal sugarcane ratoon but the integration of both the sources showed significantly improved all the growth, yield and quality parameters of preseasonal sugarcane ratoon. The maximum number of internodes were ranged between 21-30 with mean of 25.42, number of leaves 6-10 with mean of 7.21, length of internodes 12.50-16.80 cm with mean of 14.41 cm, girth of internodes 11.30-13.10 cm with mean of 12.15 cm and height of millable cane 335-385 with mean of 351.75 cm, respectively were found higher with application of residual effect of 30 t ha-1 farm yard manure (FYM). However, the quality traits viz., brix ranged from 18.70 to 22.80 with mean of 19.87, pol per cent ranged from 15.81 to 18.41 per cent with mean of 17.53 per cent and commercial cane sugar (CCS) per cent from 9.39 to 12.09 per cent with mean of 10.76 per cent. The CCS yield was ranged between 9.58-16.30 MT ha-1 with mean value of 14.13 MT ha-1were enhanced considerably with residual 15 and 30 t FYM ha-1 blocks over without FYM. The application of organic and inorganic fertilizers will not only enhance the growth, yield and quality of preseasonal sugarcane ratoon but also conserve agro-ecosystem for sustainable crop production.

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