scholarly journals A Computer-Based Method for the Investigation of Human Behavior in the Iterative Chicken Game

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung-Phil Kim ◽  
Minju Kim ◽  
Jongmin Lee ◽  
Yang Seok Cho ◽  
Oh-Sang Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Computational Model ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Human Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Artificial Agent ◽  
Chicken Game ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Human Opponent ◽  
Human Participants

The present study develops an artificial agent that plays the iterative chicken game based on a computational model that describes human behavior in competitive social interactions in terms of fairness. The computational model we adopted in this study, named as the self-concept fairness model, decides the agent’s action according to the evaluation of fairness of both opponent and self. We implemented the artificial agent in a computer program with a set of parameters adjustable by researchers. These parameters allow researchers to determine the extent to which the agent behaves aggressively or cooperatively. To demonstrate the use of the proposed method for the investigation of human behavior, we performed an experiment in which human participants played the iterative chicken game against the artificial agent. Participants were divided into two groups, each being informed to play with either a person or the computer. The behavioral analysis results showed that the proposed method can induce changes in the behavioral pattern of human players by changing the agent’s behavioral pattern. Also, we found that participants tended to be more sensitive to fairness when they played with a human opponent than with a computer opponent. These results support that the artificial agent developed in this study will be useful to investigate human behavior in competitive social interactions.

scholarly journals A computational model of task allocation in social insects – ecology and interactions alone can drive specialisation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Chen ◽  
Bernd Meyer ◽  
Julian García
Keyword(s):  
Computational Model ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Task Allocation ◽  
Social Insect ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Dynamic Environments ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Single Task ◽  
Performance Counter ◽  
Ecological Success

AbstractSocial insect colonies are capable of allocating their workforce in a decentralised fashion; addressing a variety of tasks and responding effectively to changes in the environment. This process is fundamental to their ecological success, but the mechanisms behind it remain poorly understood. While most models focus on internal and individual factors, empirical evidence highlights the importance of ecology and social interactions. To address this gap we propose a game theoretical model of task allocation. Individuals are characterised by a trait that determines how they split their energy between two prototypical tasks: foraging and regulation. To be viable, a colony needs to learn to adequately allocate its workforce between these two tasks. We study two different processes: individuals can learn relying exclusively on their own experience, or by using the experiences of others via social learning. We find that social organisation can be determined by the ecology alone, irrespective of interaction details. Weakly specialised colonies in which all individuals tend to both tasks emerge when foraging is cheap; harsher environments, on the other hand, lead to strongly specialised colonies in which each individual fully engages in a single task. We compare the outcomes of self-organised task allocation with optimal group performance. Counter to intuition, strongly specialised colonies perform suboptimally, whereas the group performance of weakly specialised colonies is closer to optimal. Social interactions lead to important differences when the colony deals with dynamic environments. Colonies whose individuals rely on their own experience are more exible when dealing with change. Our computational model is aligned with mathematical predictions in tractable limits. This different kind of model is useful in framing relevant and important empirical questions, where ecology and interactions are key elements of hypotheses and predictions.

Continuous Authentication in Computers

2013 ◽  
pp. 268-293
Author(s):  
Harini Jagadeesan ◽  
Michael S. Hsiao
Keyword(s):  
User Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Security Issue ◽  
Age Identity ◽  
Internet Age ◽  
Continuous Authentication ◽  
System Logs ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Authentication System ◽  
High Degree

In the Internet age, identity theft is a major security issue because contemporary authentication systems lack adequate mechanisms to detect and prevent masquerading. This chapter discusses the current authentication systems and identifies their limitations in combating masquerading attacks. Analysis of existing authentication systems reveals the factors to be considered and the steps necessary in building a good continuous authentication system. As an example, we present a continual, non-intrusive, fast and easily deployable user re-authentication system based on behavioral biometrics. It employs a novel heuristic based on keyboard and mouse attributes to decipher the behavioral pattern of each individual user on the system. In the re-authentication process, the current behavior of user is compared with stored “expected” behavior. If user behavior deviates from expected behavior beyond an allowed threshold, system logs the user out of the current session, thereby preventing imposters from misusing the system. Experimental results show that the proposed methodology improves the accuracy of application-based and application independent systems to 96.4% and 82.2% respectively. At the end of this chapter, the reader is expected to understand the dimensions involved in creating a computer based continuous authentication system and is able to frame a robust continual re-authentication system with a high degree of accuracy.

The teleological science of self-control

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Rachlin
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Teleological Behaviorism ◽  
Complex Patterns ◽  
The Mind

In response to Ainslie & Gault: The value of a temporally extended behavioral pattern depends on relationships inherent in the pattern itself. It is not possible to express that value as the simple sum of the discounted present values of the pattern's component acts.In response to Leiber: Teleological behaviorism may be deemed unscientific because it has not yet succeeded to the required degree in predicting and controlling the highly complex patterns of human behavior that comprise our mental lives. However teleological behaviorism is not unscientific because it is teleological or “noncausal;” nor is teleological behaviorism unscientific because it is not reducible to neurophysiology. Nothing in principle bars the development of a teleological science of the mind.

scholarly journals Putative sex-specific human pheromones do not affect gender perception, attractiveness ratings or unfaithfulness judgements of opposite sex faces

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 160831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin M. Hare ◽  
Sophie Schlatter ◽  
Gillian Rhodes ◽  
Leigh W. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromones ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Gender Perception ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Human Pheromones ◽  
Human Participants

Debate continues over the existence of human sex pheromones. Two substances, androstadienone (AND) and estratetraenol (EST), were recently reported to signal male and female gender, respectively, potentially qualifying them as human sex pheromones. If AND and EST truly signal gender, then they should affect reproductively relevant behaviours such as mate perception. To test this hypothesis, heterosexual, Caucasian human participants completed two computer-based tasks twice, on two consecutive days, exposed to a control scent on one day and a putative pheromone (AND or EST) on the other. In the first task, 46 participants (24 male, 22 female) indicated the gender (male or female) of five gender-neutral facial morphs. Exposure to AND or EST had no effect on gender perception. In the second task, 94 participants (43 male, 51 female) rated photographs of opposite-sex faces for attractiveness and probable sexual unfaithfulness. Exposure to the putative pheromones had no effect on either attractiveness or unfaithfulness ratings. These results are consistent with those of other experimental studies and reviews that suggest AND and EST are unlikely to be human pheromones. The double-blind nature of the current study lends increased support to this conclusion. If human sex pheromones affect our judgements of gender, attractiveness or unfaithfulness from faces, they are unlikely to be AND or EST.

scholarly journals Value computations underlying human proposer behaviour in the Ultimatum Game

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erdem Pulcu ◽  
Masahiko Haruno
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Ultimatum Game ◽  
Social Value Orientation ◽  
Social Decision ◽  
Optimal Decisions ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Social Decision Making

AbstractInteracting with others to decide how finite resources should be allocated between parties which may have competing interests is an important part of social life. Considering that not all of our proposals to others are always accepted, the outcomes of such social interactions are, by their nature, probabilistic and risky. Here, we highlight cognitive processes related to value computations in human social interactions, based on mathematical modelling of the proposer behavior in the Ultimatum Game. Our results suggest that the perception of risk is an overarching process across non-social and social decision-making, whereas nonlinear weighting of others’ acceptance probabilities is unique to social interactions in which others’ valuation processes needs to be inferred. Despite the complexity of social decision-making, human participants make near-optimal decisions by dynamically adjusting their decision parameters to the changing social value orientation of their opponents through influence by multidimensional inferences they make about those opponents (e.g. how prosocial they think their opponent is relative to themselves).

scholarly journals Pleasant Stroke Touch on Human Back by a Human and a Robot

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoki Ishikura ◽  
Yuki Kitamura ◽  
Wataru Sato ◽  
Jun Takamatsu ◽  
Akishige Yuguchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Skin Conductance Response ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Facial Electromyography ◽  
Corrugator Supercilii ◽  
Medium Speed ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Valence And Arousal ◽  
Reduced Activity

Abstract Pleasant touching is an important aspect of social interactions that is widely used as a caregiving technique. To address problems resulting from a lack of available human caregivers, previous research has attempted to develop robots that can perform this kind of pleasant touch. However, it remains unclear whether robots can provide such a pleasant touch in a manner similar to humans. To investigate this issue, we compared the effect of the speed of gentle strokes on the back between human and robot agents on the emotional responses of human participants (n = 28). A robot or a human stroked on the participants’ back at slow and medium speeds (i.e., 2.6 and 8.5 cm/s). Participants’ subjective (valence and arousal ratings) and physiological (facial electromyography (EMG) recorded from the corrugator supercilii and zygomatic major muscles, and skin conductance response) emotional reactions were measured. The subjective ratings demonstrated that the medium speed was more pleasant and arousing than the slow speed for both human and robot strokes. The corrugator supercilii EMG showed that the medium speed resulted in reduced activity in response to both human and robot strokes. These results demonstrate similar speed-dependent modulations of stroke on subjective and physiological positive emotional responses across human and robot agents and suggest that robots can provide a pleasant touch similar to that of humans.

scholarly journals TRANSFORMASI KONSEP DIRI MUSLIMAH DALAM HIJABERS COMMUNITY

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 431
Author(s):  
Moch Fakhruroji
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Spiritual Growth ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
The Veil ◽  
Women's Dress ◽  
The Way

<p><strong><em>Abstract: </em></strong><em>Although there are speculation about the phenomenon of the emerging of the veil or hijab in various styles are none other than a phenomenon of commercialized or commodified religion, but this article assumes this phenomenon in another perspective. This paper viewed positively that many newer hijab models not only provided a number of alternative style of Muslim women’s dress, but also has changed the way how people view the hijab in a wider scale has transformed the self-concept as modern Muslim women. As a community that aims to raise the image and socially promoting hijab, Hijabers Community Bandung has contributed in transforming the self-concept of Muslim women. Hijab which was originally seen as something that prevents them from looking attractive has undergone significant changes. By wearing particular hijab model, they remain fashionable without having to leave liability. Likewise, hijab has psychically transformed them into more polite person and experience the spiritual growth. Meanwhile socially, hijab has been positively transforming the quality of their social interactions. </em></p><p dir="RTL"><strong>الملخص:</strong> إذا كان هناك من الإختلاف حول ظاهرة العديد من نموذج الناشئة من النقاب أو الحجاب هذه الأيام ليست سوى تسويق أو تسليع في الدين، ولكن هذه المادة نرى  في هذه الظاهرة بنظر إيجابية في هذه الكتابة أن عدد من النماذج الجديدة الحجاب ليس فقط وقد أعطى عدد من بدائل أسلوب المسلمين في اللباس، ولكن أيضا قد تغير طريقة وجهات نظر المجتمع عن الحجاب على نطاق أوسع حول مفهوم أنفسهم بأنها مسلمة حديثة. كما  انه مجتمع واحد الذي تهدف لرفع الصور وتشجيع الحجاب اجتماعيا، ساهمت المتحجبات من باندونغ في تحويل مفهوم شخصيات المسلمات . واعتبر الحجاب الذى كان شيء يمنعهم من النظر الجاذبية شهدت تغيرات كبيرة. بإرتداء الحجاب بشكل محدد، تبقى المألوف دون الحاجة إلى ترك الوجبات. وكذالك، نفسيا، كان الحجاب تحول إلى النمو الروحي أكثر تهذيبا والخبرة الشخصية. وفي الوقت نفسه اجتماعيا، كان الحجاب تحول إيجابا على نوعية التفاعلات الاجتماعية.</p><p><strong>Abstrak: </strong>Meskipun beberapa pihak berspekulasi bahwa fenomena maraknya model jilbab atau hijab belakangan ini tidak lain merupakan fenomena komersialisasi atau komodifikasi agama, namun tulisan ini melihat fenomena ini dalam perspektif yang lain. Dengan menggunakan studi kasus, tulisan ini melihat secara positif bahwa model-model baru hijab tidak hanya telah memberikan sejumlah alternatif gaya berbusana muslimah, tetapi juga telah mengubah cara pandang masyarakat tentang jilbab yang dalam skala lebih luas telah mentransformasi konsep diri mereka sebagai muslimah modern. Sebagai salah satu komunitas yang bertujuan untuk mengangkat citra hijab secara sosial, Hijabers Community Bandung memiliki andil dalam mentransformasi konsep diri seorang muslimah. Hijab yang pada awalnya dipandang sebagai sesuatu yang menghalangi mereka untuk berpenampilan menarik telah mengalami perubahan signifikan. Dengan mengenakan hijab model tertentu, justru mereka tetap modis tanpa harus meninggalkan kewajiban. Demikian juga secara psikis, hijab telah mentransformasi mereka menjadi pribadi yang lebih santun dan mengalami peningkatan kualitas spiritual. Sementara itu secara sosial, hijab telah mentransformasi secara positif kualitas pergaulan sosial mereka.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Hijab, Konsep diri, Transformasi, Hijabers Community Bandung.<strong><em></em></strong></p>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document