scholarly journals Extension of Dancer’s Legs: Increasing Angles Show Motion

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Mastandrea ◽  
John M. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Motion Perception ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Lightning Bolt ◽  
Static Pictures ◽  
Moderate Range

Usain Bolt’s Lightning Bolt pose, one arm highly extended to one side, suggests action. Likewise, static pictures of animals, legs extended, show animation. We tested a new cue for motion perception—extension—and in particular extension of dancer’s legs. An experiment with pictures of a dancer finds larger angles between the legs suggest greater movement, especially with in-air poses and in lateral views. Leg positions graded from simply standing to very difficult front and side splits. Liking ratings (a small range) were more related to Difficulty ratings (a large range) than Movement ratings (a moderate range).

scholarly journals Characterizing and modeling of low twist yarn mechanics

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 155892501986694
Author(s):  
Benjamin K O Cheung ◽  
Jason P Carey
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Standard Error ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Short Fiber ◽  
Regenerated Cellulose ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Longitudinal Stiffness ◽  
Simple Linear Relationship ◽  
Multifilament Yarns

Twist in yarns can be used for handling or testing purposes, but it is not necessary when using continuous multifilament yarns as compared to the spinning required for a short fiber yarn. Small amounts of twist have shown to increase the strength of the yarn while decreasing the longitudinal stiffness. Previous models, including Gegauff’s cos2 θ model and Rao and Farris’ model, are compared and discussed. A para-aramid (Kevlar 49) and a regenerated cellulose (BioMid) yarn are tested at various levels of twist to compare with these models. Twist is manually applied, and the samples are tested under continuous rate of extension to determine chord modulus, breaking tenacity, and elongation and break. The results are then fit to existing prediction models using a minimization of the standard error of the regression. Finally, a linear regression is also applied to the data to contrast the fit compared to traditional models. It was found that while the Gegauff model and the Rao and Farris model may capture the overall trend and decrease in longitudinal stiffness over a large range of twist, the small range over which twist can practically be used is not well represented by these models and is better represented by a simple linear relationship.

Basic relationships for salinity evaluation from measurements on soil solution

Soil Research ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 199 ◽  
Author(s):  
DS McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Osmotic Potential ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Graphical Form ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
The Us ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Good Agreement

Relationships among total ion concentration, electrical conductivity and osmotic potential have been determined on 137 saturation extracts from Australian soils. The results are presented in graphical form with linear regression equations of best fit, and are compared with results for western U.S.A. soils. If the relationships fitted to the US. data are corrected to the temperature at which the present measurements were made, the differences between the two are less than 20%. As well, the electrical conductivity, and the osmotic potential, have been estimated from the measured compositions of the extracts, and compared with the measured values. Good agreement is found for electrical conductivity over a large range, but only over a small range for osmotic potential.

scholarly journals Vocal Loudness Variation With Spectral Slope

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingo R. Titze ◽  
Anil Palaparthi
Keyword(s):  
Sound Pressure ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Spectral Slope ◽  
Fundamental Frequencies ◽  
Range Profile ◽  
Voice Range ◽  
The Voice ◽  
Theoretical Results

Objective This investigation addresses the loudness variations in sones achievable with spectral slope variations (higher harmonic energy) in human vocalization and compares it to the sound pressure level (SPL) variations typically reported in the voice range profile (VRP). Method The primary methodology was computational. The ISO standard 226 was used to convert SPL values to sones for a 125- to 1000-Hz range of fundamental frequency and a –3 dB/octave to –12 dB/octave range of spectral slope. In addition, a retrospective analysis of human subjects' VRPs was conducted, and the experimental results were compared to the theoretical results. Results A very small range of SPL variation (less than 5 dB) in the VRP can produce a large range of loudness. The sensitivity can be on the order of 4 sones per dB SPL change. Conclusion For vocalization in the modal register, loudness variation is not well described by SPL change in dB, especially at high fundamental frequencies where the SPL range in the VRP becomes very small but sizeable loudness variations are still possible.

GENERALIZATIONS OF THE ENERGY-FLUX PARABOLIC EQUATION

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (04) ◽  
pp. 641-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
DMITRY MIKHIN
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Energy Flux ◽  
Parabolic Equations ◽  
Acoustic Pressure ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Accurate Solution ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Model Following ◽  
Energy Conserving ◽  
Nicolson Scheme

Parabolic equations written in terms of energy flux are inherently immune to the problem of energy conservation at vertical interfaces. Mikhin [J. Comp. Acoust. 9 (2001) 183–203] achieved exact reciprocity and energy conservation in a finite-difference PE model following this approach. However, his model used the implicit Crank–Nicolson scheme in range that requires a small range step for accurate solution. The present paper generalizes the exponential propagator of Collins [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93 (1993) 1736–1742] to solve the energy-flux PE. The obtained solution remains strictly reciprocal and energy conserving, while allowing large range steps. The numerical efficiency is improved by one or two orders of magnitude. A technique is proposed to calculate the acoustic pressure within the large steps, so the solution combines fast advance in range with dense range sampling. Numerical examples are provided.

Effects of vegetation structure and edge habitat on the density and distribution of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in small and large forest patches

2003 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 897-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine S Anderson ◽  
Alan B Cady ◽  
Douglas B Meikle
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Structure ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Peromyscus Leucopus ◽  
Structural Complexity ◽  
Understory Vegetation ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Forest Patches ◽  
Edge Habitat ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Small Forest

We tested the hypothesis that if the quality or quantity of vegetation in small forest patches is greater than in large patches, then vegetation attributes may contribute to greater densities of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in smaller patches. We trapped more mice per hectare in small (range 5–9 ha) than in large (range 110–150 ha) patches, as has been reported by other investigators. The difference appeared to be due primarily to the disproportionately high densities of P. leucopus in the edge habitat of small patches. While the greater edge-to-interior ratio in small patches could contribute to greater overall densities of mice in small patches, we trapped the same relative amount of edge and interior habitats in each of the six study patches. The structural complexity of understory vegetation was much greater in small than in large patches and also in edge than in interior habitats across the six patches. Thus, we trapped the most mice in the most structurally complex vegetation (i.e., edges of small patches). However, while vegetation at the edge of large patches was more complex than in the interior, we did not capture relatively high densities of P. leucopus in edge habitat of large patches. Hence, understory vegetation may differentially influence the distribution of P. leucopus between edge and interior habitats in forest patches of different sizes.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF NORMALIZATION TECHNIQUES ON THE ACCURACY OF HYPERSPECTRAL DATA CLUSTERING

2017 ◽  
Vol XLII-4/W4 ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
A. Alizadeh Naeini ◽  
M. Babadi ◽  
S. Homayouni
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Data Clustering ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Clustering Algorithms ◽  
Similarity Measures ◽  
Hyperspectral Data ◽  
Multidimensional Data ◽  
High Dimensional ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Feature Normalization

Partitioning clustering algorithms, such as k-means, is the most widely used clustering algorithms in the remote sensing community. They are the process of identifying clusters within multidimensional data based on some similarity measures (SM). SMs assign more weights to features with large ranges than those with small ranges. In this way, small-range features are suppressed by large-range features so that they cannot have any effect during clustering procedure. This problem deteriorates for the high-dimensional data such as hyperspectral remotely sensed images. To address this problem, the feature normalization (FN) can be used. However, since different FN methods have different performances, in this study, the effects of ten FN methods on hyperspectral data clustering were studied. The proposed method was implemented on both real and synthetic hyperspectral datasets. The evaluations demonstrated that FN could lead to better results than the case that FN is not performed. More importantly, obtained results showed that the rank-based FN with 15.7% and 12.8% improvement, respectively, in the synthetic and real datasets can be considered as the best FN method for hyperspectral data clustering.

A Large Range Spatial Linear Guide With Torsion Reinforcement Structures

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Rommers ◽  
M. Naves ◽  
D. M. Brouwer ◽  
J. L. Herder
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Small Range ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Precision Engineering ◽  
Linear Guide ◽  
Leaf Springs

Flexure mechanisms are popular in the precision engineering field due to their highly repeatable behavior. However, implementations are limited to small range of motion applications. In this paper, a spatial linear guide with a range comparable to the size of its footprint is presented. The design is based on two novel ‘Triflex’ elements in which torsion reinforcement structures are used to decrease build volume and increase guiding stiffness. The mechanism is compared to a common linear guide consisting of six folded leaf springs, after optimizing both designs. The novel linear guide shows better guiding stiffness performance, while occupying a smaller and less obstructive build volume.

Wave Characteristics of Olympic Breaststroke Swimmers

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross H. Sanders ◽  
Jane M. Cappaert ◽  
David L. Pease
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Analysis ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Vertical Motion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Waves ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Wave Characteristics ◽  
Butterfly Stroke

The purpose of this study was to investigate the wave characteristics of breaststroke swimming. Particular emphasis was accorded the question of whether modern breast-stroke is "flylike" (referring to the butterfly stroke) and whether "waves" travel along the body during the breaststroke cycle. Selected body landmarks and the center of mass (CM) of 8 Olympic breaststroke swimmers were quantified. Fourier analysis was conducted to determine the amplitude, frequency composition, and phase characteristics of the vertical undulations of the vertex of the head, shoulders, hips, knees, and ankles. The differences in phase between these landmarks for the first (HI) and second (H2) Fourier frequencies were investigated to establish whether body waves traveled in a caudal direction. While the motion of the upper body was somewhat flylike, the velocity of the HI wave from the hips to ankles was variable among subjects and, for all subjects, was too slow to be propulsive. Contrary to what one would expect, the range of vertical motion of the CM was inversely related to the range of hip vertical motion. The two highest placing subjects, based on preliminary heat times (SI and S4), were distinguished by a large range of hip vertical motion and a small range of CM vertical motion.

Small Computer System for Micrograph Analysis

1981 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 270-271
Author(s):  
J. F. Hainfeld ◽  
J. S. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Large Range ◽  
Small Computer ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Contour Maps ◽  
Points Of Interest ◽  
Computer Aided Analysis ◽  
Specialized Hardware ◽  
Additional Memory ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Publication Quality

Cost reduction and availability of specialized hardware for image processing have made it reasonable to purchase a stand-alone interactive work station for computer aided analysis of micrographs. Some features of such a system are: 1) Ease of selection of points of interest on the micrograph. A cursor can be quickly positioned and coordinates entered with a switch. 2) The image can be nondestructively zoomed to a higher magnification for closer examination and roaming (panning) can be done around the picture. 3) Contrast and brightness of the picture can be varied over a very large range by changing the display look-up tables. 4) Marking items of interest can be done by drawing circles, vectors or alphanumerics on an additional memory plane so that the picture data remains intact. 5) Color pictures can easily be produced. Since the human eye can detect many more colors than gray levels, often a color encoded micrograph reveals many features not readily apparent with a black and white display. Colors can be used to construct contour maps of objects of interest. 6) Publication quality prints can easily be produced by taking pictures with a standard camera of the T.V. monitor screen.

Spherulite Structures in a Melt Spun Fe-Ni Austenitic Steel

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 52-53
Author(s):  
G. M. Michal ◽  
T. K. Glasgow ◽  
T. J. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Austenitic Steel ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Amorphous Structure ◽  
Nucleation And Growth ◽  
Ni Alloys ◽  
Melt Spun ◽  
Crystal Fibers ◽  
Rapidly Solidified

Large additions of B to Fe-Ni alloys can lead to the formation of an amorphous structure, if the alloy is rapidly cooled from the liquid state to room temperature. Isothermal aging of such structures at elevated temperatures causes crystallization to occur. Commonly such crystallization pro ceeds by the nucleation and growth of spherulites which are spherical crystalline bodies of radiating crystal fibers. Spherulite features were found in the present study in a rapidly solidified alloy that was fully crysstalline as-cast. This alloy was part of a program to develop an austenitic steel for elevated temperature applications by strengthening it with TiB2. The alloy contained a relatively large percentage of B, not to induce an amorphous structure, but only as a consequence of trying to obtain a large volume fracture of TiB2 in the completely processed alloy. The observation of spherulitic features in this alloy is described herein. Utilization of the large range of useful magnifications obtainable in a modern TEM, when a suitably thinned foil is available, was a key element in this analysis.

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