scholarly journals The Moderating Effect of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms on the Relationship Between Procrastination and Internalizing Symptoms in the General Adult Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mana Oguchi ◽  
Toru Takahashi ◽  
Yusuke Nitta ◽  
Hiroaki Kumano

Background: The symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are known to exacerbate the effect of cognitive-behavioral impairments on emotional burden. Although adults with ADHD frequently experience procrastination and internalizing symptoms such as depression and anxiety, few studies have examined whether the association between procrastination and internalizing symptoms differs by ADHD symptoms.Objective: This study aimed to examine the moderating effect of ADHD symptoms on the association between procrastination and internalizing symptoms.Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 470 adults (mean age=26.57, standard deviation=2.93) using self-reported questionnaires: Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, General Procrastination Scales, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, and State–Trait Anxiety Inventory.Conclusion: Participants with more substantial ADHD symptoms experienced more procrastination and internalizing symptoms than those with the less substantial ADHD symptoms. Therefore, procrastination constitutes the treatment target for those suffering from ADHD and comorbid internalizing symptoms. Alternatively, there was no enhancing effect of ADHD symptoms on the association between procrastination and internalizing symptoms. It is necessary to examine more precise and valid hypotheses and underlying mechanisms of procrastination in high and low ADHD symptom groups.

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S396-S397
Author(s):  
B. Tuzun Mutluer ◽  
T.G. Yener Orum ◽  
S. Sertcelik

ObjectiveIn this study, it was aimed to determine the internet use properties of Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) patients who were followed-up at Haydarpasa Numune Research and Training Hospital, Psychiatry Department; ADHD Outpatient Clinic.MethodThirty participants who were diagnosed with adult ADHD aged between 18–31 years rated their ADHD symptoms in childhood retrospectively, using Wender Utah Rating Scale. Patients rated current adult ADHD symptoms with the Adult ADHD DSM-IV-Based Diagnostic Screening and Rating Scale (DSRS) and severity of symptoms measured by Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS). Internet addiction (IA) was assessed with Young's Internet Addiction Scale (IAS). It was determined that, none of 30 Adult ADHD patients have been diagnosed with IA.29 of patient have moderate internet use although 1 of patients have risky internet use. The results revealed that total ASRS score (P = 0.020), total Adult ADHD DSM-IV-Based DSRS score (P = 0.036) and the Attention Deficit related properties subscale total score (P = 0.042) were significantly correlated with the IAS total score. Subscale of the self-report scales including; failing to finish schoolworks, chores, or duties at workplace, difficulty of following through on instructions (P = 0.017), restiveness; impaired inhibitory performance (P = 0.017), feeling not confident (P = 0.017), difficulty of managing time (P = 0.047), failing to give close attention to details or making careless mistakes (P = 0.037) are closely relevant to IAS total score.ResultIn conclusion, clinical features, which are characteristic of Adult ADHD could have same shared etiology with IA. Furthermore, ADHD patients are more likely to have an IA diagnosis. However, it was thought that this result had to be supported with studies including larger samples.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.


Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 976
Author(s):  
Sunhae Kim ◽  
Hyekyung Lee ◽  
Kounseok Lee

(1) Background: Adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms cause various social difficulties due to attention deficit and impulsivity. In addition, in contrast to ADHD in childhood, ADHD in adulthood is difficult to diagnose due to mixed psychopathologies. This study aimed to determine whether it is possible to predict ADHD symptoms in adults using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) with machine learning (ML) techniques; (2) Methods: Data collected from 5726 college students were analyzed. The MMPI-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) was used, and ADHD symptoms in adults were evaluated using the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale (ASRS). For statistical analysis, three ML algorithms were used, i.e., K-nearest neighbors (KNN), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and random forest, with the ASRS evaluation result as the dependent variable and the 50 MMPI-2-RF scales as predictors; (3) Results: When the KNN, LDA, and random forest techniques were applied, the accuracy was 93.1%, 91.2%, and 93.6%, respectively, and the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.722, 0.806, and 0.790, respectively. The AUC of the LDA method was the largest, with an excellent level of diagnostic accuracy; (4) Conclusions: ML using the MMPI-2 in a large group could provide reliable accuracy in screening for adult ADHD.


2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (S2) ◽  
pp. S27-S28
Author(s):  
B. Rolland ◽  
D. Da Fonseca ◽  
M. Fatseas ◽  
N. Simon

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was initially considered as a childhood psychiatric disorder. However, longitudinal observations have revealed that ADHD symptoms may persist in adulthood among approximately 50% of the patients . Adult ADHD is associated with impaired social outcome and frequent comorbidities such as mood disorders, personality disorders, and substance use disorders [2,3]. Correctly identifying and treating ADHD can significantly improve the global functioning and cognition of adult subjects, and reduce the intensity and frequency of the comorbid states [2,3]. Nonetheless, the clinical features of adult ADHD are clearly different from the youth form [1,2], and ADHD symptoms are easily mixed up in adults with symptoms of the comorbid conditions [2,3]. These clinical intricacies can make the diagnosis of ADHD difficult in adults. Moreover, the management of methylphenidate in adult subjects is also associated with specific risks and pitfalls, such as abuse and tampering behaviors, and additional safety risks . Put together, it appears crucial to identify and treat ADHD in adults, but the clinical and therapeutic complexities of adult ADHD require improved expertise and caution from adult psychiatrists and addiction specialists. In this thematic session of the 2015 French Psychiatry Congress, three French leading experts of adult ADHD will address the aforementioned clinical and therapeutic issues of the adulthood form of this disorder. David Da Fonseca, professor of child psychiatry in Marseille, will disentangle the clinical features of adult ADHD from the typical symptoms observed in the youth form. Mélina FATSEAS, associate professor of psychiatry and addiction medicine in Bordeaux, will specifically focus on the many and complex relationships observed between adult ADHD and substance use disorders. Last, Nicolas Simon, professor of addiction medicine and psychopharmacology in Marseille, will synthesize what are the very risks and issues with prescribing methylphenidate in adults.


Author(s):  
Cuneyt Evren ◽  
Elvan Cicekci ◽  
Gokhan Umut ◽  
Bilge Evren ◽  
Kubra Durmus Cicek

Objective: The first objective of this research was to examine the association of the symptom severity of social anxiety with the adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptom severity in Turkish patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD). The second objective was to examine if harm avoidance and self-esteem mediated this relationship. Method: This cross-sectional analysis was performed among 151 inpatients with AUD at the Bakirkoy/AMATEM, a treatment center for substance use disorder, in Istanbul. Patients were examined with the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS), the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES), and the temperament dimension of Harm Avoidance (HA). Using SPSS-20 software, the data was analyzed using Pearson correlations, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), and multiple linear regressions. Results: The scales scores were mildly correlated with each other. The low self-esteem and high HA were related with the inattentive (IN) dimension of ADHD, whereas low self-esteem solely predicted hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI) dimension of ADHD in MANCOVA. In the linear regression analysis, the severity of social anxiety, particularly avoidance dimension, was associated with the symptom severity of ADHD. In the second step of the analysis, together with the avoidance dimension of social anxiety, self-esteem was associated with the symptom severity of ADHD. However, in the third step, after including HA as an independent variable in the analysis, the avoidance dimension of social anxiety was no longer associated with the severity of adult ADHD symptoms, whereas self-esteem together with HA (particularly “anticipatory worry and pessimism” [HA-1], and “asthenia and fatigability” [HA-4]) predicted. Conclusion: Findings of the present study shows that although the symptom severity of social anxiety is associated with the severity of ADHD symptoms among inpatients with AUD, among dimensions of social anxiety, the avoidance dimension plays a main role in this relationship. Also, while the self-esteem partially mediates this relationship, HA seems to have a full mediator effect on this relationship.


2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Woon LS ◽  
Hazli Z ◽  
Gan LLY

Comorbid adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and stimulant dependence is widely recognized, but efficacy of pharmacotherapy in this patient population is not well established. We aimed to review whether pharmacotherapy is efficacious in reducing ADHD symptoms and stimulant use in comorbid adult ADHD and stimulant use disorder. English articles until June 2017 were systematically searched in electronic databases (MEDLINE and PsycINFO), an online clinical trials register (ClinicalTrial.gov), and through hand-search of article references. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials that studied efficacy of pharmacotherapy in adults with comorbid ADHD and stimulant dependence were included. Two reviewers assessed studies for inclusion and extracted data; disagreements were resolved by consensus. Study outcomes included were changes in ADHD symptom severity, substance abstinence, treatment retention rates and safety. From the 1394 records identified, five trials (n=358) were included. Four studies involved methylphenidate; in another study extended-release mixed amphetamine were used. The comorbid stimulant was cocaine in three studies, and amphetamines in the rest. All were short-term studies involving predominantly young male adults conducted in outpatient settings. There is early promising but mixed evidence for therapeutic efficacy in improving ADHD symptoms. Stimulant medications did not worsen stimulant dependence or adverse effects of stimulant medications. Side effects were mild and tolerable. High attrition rates and small sample size limited the generalizability of findings. Current limited evidence suggests that stimulant treatment for comorbid adult ADHD and stimulant dependence is feasible. Welldesigned trials with adequate power are needed for more robust evidence on ADHD and stimulant use outcomes.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 238
Author(s):  
Shaimaa Ezzat Basha ◽  
Futiem Nasha Alsubie

The present paper aims at determining the contribution of the Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) and self-esteem to predicting Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among female university students in Saudi Arabia. It examines the differences in the research variables according to academic achievement. It also identifies the correlations of these variables. The authors applied the research instruments, i.e., the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-v1.1), Adult Concentration Inventory (ACI), and Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) to a sample of 203 female university students aged 19-31 years (M = 23.29 years; SD= 3.74 years). The results showed no differences in the mean scores of ASRS, ACI, and negative self-esteem in the achievement levels among university students. In contrast, there was a positive direct relationship between ADHD, SCT, and negative self-esteem. SCT contributed significantly (by 40%), whereas self-esteem contributed by 6% in predicting ADHD among university students. The study highlighted the contribution of both negative self-esteem and SCT to predicting ADHD among Saudi university students to understand the nature of the disorder and its predictors. The findings of this study can be utilized to develop preventive programs for enhancing self-esteem and increasing attention among university students.   Received: 17 December 2020 / Accepted: 31 January 2021 / Published: 5 March 2021


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-229
Author(s):  
Aparna Patel ◽  
Jalpa Parikh

Background: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-ADHD is a developmental nervous behavioural disorder mostly diagnosed in childhood and rarely in adults. Characteristic clinical features in adults are mainly, hyperactivity, attention deficit and impulsiveness instability in interpersonal relations and alcohol abuse which can cause poor occupational, academic and social performance in future. As ADHD is usually undiagnosed in adults because of its poor knowledge of the symptoms. Need of study is to see the prevalence of ADHD among individuals, as ADHD youth are at high risk of a wide range of adverse psychiatric outcomes. Methodology: This observational study was performed in 307 young female & male of all the fields aged between 18-24, according to Newman’s classification. The subjects were screened for ADHD by Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) which has two parts- inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive. This questionnaire was sent through Google Form. Results: Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft Excel 10th version. According to ASR Scale among 307, 5.53% were highly likely to have inattentiveness and 6.64% were highly likely to have hyper activeness and impulsiveness. In 207 females 6.28%, 5.79% were highly likely to be inattentive, hyperactive/impulsive and in 100 males 9%,4% were highly likely to be hyperactive/impulsive, inattentive. Conclusion: Total prevalence of Adult ADHD is 11.40%. Among all the participants, prevalence of ADHD for Part-A (Inattentive) is 5.53% and Part-B (Hyperactive/Impulsive) is 6.64%. Out of total, 0.977% got mixed symptoms of ADHD. Keywords: Young individuals, ASRS, Adult ADHD, Inattentive, Hyperactive, Impulsive.


2004 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.H. Dowson ◽  
A. McLean ◽  
E. Bazanis ◽  
B. Toone ◽  
S. Young ◽  
...  

AbstractCharacteristics of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults can also be found as part of other psychiatric disorders. This study investigated the specificity of adult ADHD features in relation to patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD), a syndrome which shares some of its intrinsic features with ADHD and often co-occurs with ADHD. A group of 20 adult patients selected on the basis of a diagnosis of ADHD and 20 patients selected on the basis of a diagnosis of BPD were assessed by the self-report Attention Deficit Scales for Adults (ADSA). The two groups were matched for age, verbal IQ and gender. Of the nine ADSA scales, seven showed significant inter-group differences, in particular involving attention, organisation and persistence. The ‘Consistency/Long-Term’ scale, which mainly reflects impaired task and goal persistence, was the best discriminator between the groups. Furthermore, ratings on this scale correlated significantly with the error score of a computer-administered task of spatial working memory, the performance of which has been reported to be impaired in patients with ADHD. The results provide further validation for the ADSA scales and support a previous claim that ‘long-term consistencies’, i.e., related to task and goal persistence, is ‘the centrepiece behavioural issue’ for adults with ADHD.


2017 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 227-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stickley ◽  
A. Koyanagi ◽  
H. Takahashi ◽  
V. Ruchkin ◽  
Y. Inoue ◽  
...  

AbstractBackground:There has been little research on the association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with co-occurring physical diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the association between possible ADHD and physical multimorbidity (i.e. = 2 physical diseases) among adults in the English general population.Methods:Data were analyzed from 7274 individuals aged = 18 years that came from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2007. ADHD symptoms were assessed with the Adult Self-Report Scale (ASRS) Screener. Information was also obtained on 20 self-reported doctor/other health professional diagnosed physical health conditions present in the past 12 months. Multivariable logistic regression and mediation analyses were conducted to assess the associations.Results:There was a monotonic relation between the number of physical diseases and possible ADHD (ASRS score = 14). Compared to those with no diseases, individuals with = 5 diseases had over 3 times higher odds for possible ADHD (odds ratio [OR]: 3.30, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.48–4.37). This association was observed in all age groups. Stressful life events (% mediated 10.3–24.3%), disordered eating (6.8%), depression (12.8%), and anxiety (24.8%) were significant mediators in the association between possible ADHD and physical multimorbidity.Conclusion:Adults that screen positive for ADHD are at an increased risk for multimorbidity and several factors are important in this association. As many adults with ADHD remain undiagnosed, the results of this study highlight the importance of detecting adult ADHD as it may confer an increased risk for poorer health outcomes, including physical multimorbidity.


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