scholarly journals Signalling Three-Way Intersections: Is Redundancy Better Than Only Mandatory or Prohibitory Signs?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Vargas ◽  
Sergio Moreno-Ríos

At intersections, drivers need to infer which ways are allowed by interpreting mandatory and/or prohibitory traffic signs. Time and accuracy in this decision-making process are crucial factors to avoid accidents. Previous studies show that integrating information from prohibitory signs is generally more difficult than from mandatory signs. In Study 1, we compare combined redundant signalling conditions to simple sign conditions at three-way intersections. In Study 2, we carried out a survey among professionals responsible for signposting to test whether common practices are consistent with experimental research. In Study 1, an experimental task was applied (n=24), and in Study 2, the survey response rate was 17%. These included the main cities in Spain such as Madrid and Barcelona. Study 1 showed that inferences with mandatory signs are faster than those with prohibitory signs, and redundant information is an improvement only on prohibitory signs. In Study 2, prohibitory signs were those most frequently chosen by professionals responsible for signposting. In conclusion, the most used signs, according to the laboratory study, were not the best ones for signposting because the faster responses were obtained for mandatory signs, and in second place for redundant signs.

1976 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-235
Author(s):  
Walter M. Mathews

The universities in the United States that offer a Doctorate in Educational Administration were surveyed to collect information on courses that they offer which include decision sciences—techniques which aid the decision-making process of administrators and which are usually mathematically or technologically based. With a 71 per cent response rate to a mail questionnaire, it was found that forty-five of the responding seventy-six universities (59 per cent) offered such a course to their administration majors. Data were collected from the instructors concerning frequency offered, average enrollment, year originated, and percentage of administration doctoral majors enrolled. A tally of the major topic areas was also recorded.


1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aminah Fayek ◽  
Indrani Ghoshal ◽  
Simaan AbouRizk

This paper presents the findings of a survey of the bidding practices of Canadian civil engineering construction contractors. The results of the survey provide insight into the most important factors that contractors consider in making four bid decisions: the decision to bid, the risk allowance, the opportunity allowance, and the markup-size decision. The survey methodology is described to illustrate its effectiveness. Common practices in assessing risks and opportunities, the competition, and markup are discussed. A major conclusion of this paper is that the decision-making process used in bidding is largely subjective and based on experienced judgement. The assessment of the competition is done on an informal basis in most cases, with little use of historical competitor data. Risk and opportunity assessment is subjective and largely based on experience. Although the markup-size decision is critical to the success of a company in achieving its objectives and realizing a profit, markup setting is usually based on experience, with little or no formal methods of analysis.Key words: bidding, markup, risk analysis, surveys, tendering.


Author(s):  
Avner Barnea

This paper investigates the state of competitive intelligence among Israeli firmsin 2014. The methodology used was self completion questionnaires, which were responded to in May and June of 2016. A response rate of 26% was achieved with 39 questionnaires returned of the 69 questionnaires that were sent out to 65 local firms, most of them with an annual turnover of greater than 100 million USD. The results indicated that there were insignificant changes in the use of competitive intelligence in Israel in the last 10 years, since a survey conducted in 2006. Initially it looked as if the use of competitive intelligence was expanding, but the actual findings shows that the contribution of competitive intelligence to the decision making process was not progressing as it was expected to and there were difficulties in making competitiveintelligence an integral part of the decision-making process and having it reach an influential position. The results indicated that the recent global downturn evidently had only a minimal effect on the competitive intelligence scheme and in 75% of the firms there were actually almost no changes in the competitive intelligence programs. Clearly, competitive intelligence was primarily a tool used by the larger organizations and most of the firms that responded (60%),were among those who competed in the global markets. I have also attempted to look into the quality attributes of competitive intelligence performance, and it seemed that the low use of analytical tools was an indicator that we cannot ignore. Only 33% of the competitive intelligence professionals were using these tools regularly as part of their analysis work and in presentingtheir findings.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Verhemel ◽  
Yalda Dahi ◽  
Selay Kakar ◽  
Pravesh S. Gadjradj

To protect appropriate authorship, the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) formulated a guideline on authorship. Researchers not fulfilling these criteria and still enlisted as author are seen as honorary authors (HA). The objective of this study is to assess authorship decision making and the proportion of HA in journals in the field of geriatrics and gerontology. Corresponding authors of six highimpact journals in geriatrics and gerontology were sent a survey. The survey consisted of three parts: i) demographics of the respondent; ii) awareness of authorship guidelines; and iii) authorship decisions made for the paper they are authors of. Respondents were also asked if one of their coauthors does not deserve authorship. This is defined as self-perceived HA. Furthermore, respondents were asked if any of their co-authors only performed tasks from a list of non-authorship tasks. This is defined as ICMJE-defined HA. Of the 1592 contacted authors, 528 filled in a survey (response rate 33.2%). 84.4% was aware of the ICMJE-guidelines, but 44.2% was unaware of the issue of HA. The proportion of self-perceived HA was 12.7%. Independent factors associated with more self-perceived HA were having a senior member automatically enlisted as coauthor [odds ratio (OR) 3.4, 95%confidence interval (CI) 1.8 to 6.4] and have gotten the suggestion to include an HA (OR 11.1, 95% CI 4.4 to 27.9). The proportion of ICMJE defined HA was 39.3%. The journal surveyed (OR 1.2, 1.0 to 1.3) was associated with more, and awareness of the ICMJE-guidelines (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3 to 0.9) was associated with less ICMJE-defined HA respectively. Having a senior member automatically enlisted as co-author (OR 2.1 95% CI 1.3 to 3.4) and having anyone suggest to include an HA (OR 4.8 95% CI 1.8 to 12.8) were also associated with more ICMJE-defined HA. More than one out of ten of the corresponding authors thinks that based on the ICMJE-guidelines, one or more of their coauthors did not deserve authorship. A stricter journal policy and more awareness of the ICMJE-guidelines could help reduce the proportion of HA.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahin Tasharrofi ◽  
J.C. Barnes

Record numbers of inmates are being released to the community for supervision each year. This poses a challenge to the agencies and officers in charge of providing supervision—there are far more offenders in need of supervision than officers can reasonably attend to. This has forced agencies to be innovative in how they allocate their resources. Empirical evidence suggests resources should be allocated to high-risk offenders, but how can officers determine which offender is at a higher risk of misconduct at any given time? Traditionally, this has been achieved by relying on standardized risk assessment. But risk assessment has been criticized for making only marginally better-than-chance predictions of future misconduct. We offer a novel solution by integrating the Elo-rating system into the community supervision decision-making process. We show, by drawing on test data from the Pathways to Desistance Study, that combining the Elo-rating system with traditional risk assessment may lead to increases in predictive power. We then discuss how Elo-rating systems could be used by community supervision agencies to more effectively prioritize their caseloads.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 205566832110652
Author(s):  
Erin O’Brien ◽  
Phillip M Stevens ◽  
Steve Mandacina ◽  
Craig Jackman

Introduction Upper limb research is currently lacking detailed clinical guidance on the provision of unilateral transradial prostheses. Clinical practice guidelines are meant to serve as assistance for the decision-making process, and Delphi surveys have been used with increasing frequency within orthotics and prosthetics to create these guidelines for clinical practice. Methods A three round Delphi survey was used to gain consensus on clinical statements regarding unilateral transradial prostheses. Results We achieved consensus (> 80% agreement) on a total of 40 statements by surveying 22 experts on upper limb prosthetics over three rounds of surveys. Response rate ranged from 81.8–86.4% with a total of 55 total statements under consideration throughout the duration of the survey. The 40 passing statements were arranged into nine guidelines for provision of prosthetic care in this population. Conclusions The Delphi technique allowed for the creation of a set of clinical practice guidelines for the unilateral transradial patient in the absence of conclusive empirical evidence.


Res Publica ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-119
Author(s):  
Peter Biondi

The party executive is the most important organ within a political party especially in Belgium which is charaterised as one of the strongest particracies in Western Europe.  Focusing on the functioning of the party executive within the CVP (1959-1960) and the BSP (1956-1957) at a moment both parties govern with the Liberal Party as coalition partner, the attendances and interventions within the party executive show a group of approximately fives persons playing a predominant role in the decision making process. In both cases the party president is the most important and powerful person. The almost complete absence of government membres within the party executive of the CVP forms a remarkabledifference to the BSP. The relationship between party and government is quite different in both parties. In the BSP the cooperation and support between party and government is much better than within the CVP.


Game Theory ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Alphonse Fodouop Fotso ◽  
Joseph Armel Momo Kenfack ◽  
Bertrand Tchantcho

We study the committee decision making process using game theory. A committee here refers to any group of people who have to select one option from a given set of alternatives under a specified rule. Shenoy (1980) introduced two solution concepts, namely, the one-core and a version of bargaining set for committee games. Shortcomings of these solutions concepts are raised and discussed in this paper. These shortcomings are resolved by introducing two new solutions concepts: the farsighted one-core and the bargaining set revised, inspired by an idea of farsightedness initially defined by Rubinstein (1980). It is shown that the farsighted one-core is always non-empty and is better than the one-core. In a well-specified sense, the bargaining set revised is also better than the bargaining set as defined by Shenoy (1980) and it is always non-empty for simple committee games with linear preferences. Other attractive properties are also proved.


2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ada van Bruchem-van de Scheur ◽  
Arie van der Arend ◽  
Frans van Wijmen ◽  
Huda Huijer Abu-Saad ◽  
Ruud ter Meulen

This article presents the attitudes of nurses towards three issues concerning their role in euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 1509 nurses who were employed in hospitals, home care organizations and nursing homes. The study was conducted in the Netherlands between January 2001 and August 2004. The results show that less than half (45%) of nurses would be willing to serve on committees reviewing cases of euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. More than half of the nurses (58.2%) found it too far-reaching to oblige physicians to consult a nurse in the decision-making process. The majority of the nurses stated that preparing euthanatics (62.9%) and inserting an infusion needle to administer the euthanatics (54.1%) should not be accepted as nursing tasks. The findings are discussed in the context of common practices and policies in the Netherlands, and a recommendation is made not to include these three issues in new regulations on the role of nurses in euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide.


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