scholarly journals Effects of Inequality on Trust and Reciprocity: An Experiment With Real Effort

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amalia Rodrigo-González ◽  
María Caballer-Tarazona ◽  
Aurora García-Gallego
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Trust Game ◽  
General Knowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
Real Effort ◽  
Trust And Reciprocity ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

The purpose of this paper is analyzing whether trust and reciprocity are affected by how rich the partner is or how well the partner performed several tasks with real effort. A trust game (TG) experiment is designed with three treatments. First, a baseline Treatment B in which subjects play a finitely repeated TG. Second, in a Treatment H with history, subjects know the partner’s wealth level reached in the past. Third, in a Treatment E with effort the individual endowment with which the TG is played is endogenous and results from the subject’s performance in three different real effort tasks (maths, cognitive and general knowledge related). The data analysis highlights the importance of past wealth levels (Treatment H) as well as endowment heterogeneity (Treatment E), on the actual levels of trust and reciprocity. Specifically, it is observed that the decision of trustors is positively affected by positive past experienced reciprocity. Moreover, trustors are sensitive to how much money the trustee accumulates each round in Treatment H, trusting more the ones that have accumulated less compared to themselves. In contrast with that, it is remarkable in Treatment E that trustors are sensitive to the endowment level of the trustees, trusting more the partners that have got a higher than own endowment, probably considering that a person that performed better in the tasks is a better partner to trust. As far as second players’ behavior, as the amount received from the trustor increases it is less likely that the trustee reciprocates with higher than or with the egalitarian amount. In Treatments H and E, the probability that the trustee reciprocates with higher amount that the one received increases when inequality in endowment/accumulated earnings favors the trustor. Additional results come from analysis of personality archetypes and socio-demographic variables.

scholarly journals Evolution of the Concept of Citizenship in the Islamic Thought: An Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-141
Author(s):  
Osama Sami AL-Nsour
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Past ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
State And Society ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Islamic Civilization ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Relationship

The concept of citizenship is one of the pillars upon which the modern civil state was built. The concept of citizenship can be considered as the basic guarantee for both the government and individuals to clarify the relationship between them, since under this right individuals can acquire and apply their rights freely and also based on this right the state can regulate how society members perform the duties imposed on them, which will contributes to the development of the state and society .The term citizenship has been used in a wider perspective, itimplies the nationality of the State where the citizen obtains his civil, political, economic, social, cultural and religious rights and is free to exercise these rights in accordance with the Constitution of the State and the laws governing thereof and without prejudice to the interest. In return, he has an obligation to perform duties vis-à-vis the state so that the state can give him his rights that have been agreed and contracted.This paper seeks to explore firstly, the modern connotation of citizenship where it is based on the idea of rights and duties. Thus the modern ideal of citizenship is based on the relationship between the individual and the state. The Islamic civilization was spanned over fourteen centuries and there were certain laws and regulations governing the relationship between the citizens and the state, this research will try to discover the main differences between the classical concept of citizenship and the modern one, also this research will show us the results of this change in this concept . The research concludes that the new concept of citizenship is correct one and the one that can fit to our contemporary life and the past concept was appropriate for their time but the changes in the world force us to apply and to rethink again about this concept.

Biological Ideas and Their Cultural Uses

1984 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 111-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Benton
Keyword(s):  
Biological Evolution ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Political Organizations ◽  
Human Species ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Do So

The topic of my talk is a very ancient one indeed. It bears upon the place of humankind in nature, and upon the place of nature in ourselves. I shall, however, be discussing this range of questions in terms which have not always been available to the philosophers of the past when they have asked them. When we ask these questions today we do so with hindsight of some two centuries of endeavour in the ‘human sciences’, and some one and a half centuries of attempts to situate the human species within a theory of biological evolution. And these ways of thinking about ourselves and our relation to nature have not been confined to professional intellectuals, nor have they been without practical consequences. Social movements and political organizations have fought for and sometimes achieved the power to give practical shape to their theoretical visions. On the one hand, are diverse projects aimed at changing society through a planned modification of the social environment of the individual. On the other hand, are equally diverse projects for pulling society back into conformity with the requirements of race and heredity. At first sight, the two types of project appear to be, and often are, deeply opposed, both intellectually and politically.

scholarly journals Approaching Retirement

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 752A-752
Author(s):  
Bruno C. Moser
Keyword(s):  
Senior Citizen ◽  
Faculty Members ◽  
Department Head ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Faculty Careers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Retirement Incentives ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Career Direction

Society sends numerous signals to those of us who reach official senior citizen status at age 55. Both personal and professional decisions and goals begin to adapt to that inevitable retirement date, which may no longer be age 65. Our institutions send mixed signals of early retirement incentives to individuals on the one hand, but loss of position threats to departments on the other. Elimination of a required retirement age allows individuals to plan past 65, with a number of options available. This forces departments to consider the final career years more closely than in the past. Maintaining viability and aggressiveness of faculty members during this phase of an individual's career is a challenge. Issues of deadwood on the one hand, vs. aggressive productivity up to retirement, can affect a department's capabilities. Discussion of this phase in faculty careers will center around both the individual and his/her department head who, hopefully, are on the same track regarding career direction, but often have different plans for the final years, e.g. semi-retirement and disengagement versus productivity to the last day. Faculty in departments with competitive peers and strong professional development programs throughout the career path lead to the latter as individuals approach retirement.

scholarly journals Rabbi Nachman of Breslev and Cognitive Therapy: A Short Comparison of Conceptual and Educational Similarities

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaacov J Katz
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Therapy ◽  
Depth Psychology ◽  
Emotional Responses ◽  
Spiritual Guidance ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
God's Will ◽  
The Past ◽  
Individual Needs ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Rabbi Nachman of Breslev, born in 1772, was the great-grandson of Rabbi Yisrael Baal Shem Tov (Master of the Good Name) and founder of the Chassidic movement. He grew up to be an outstanding and charismatic Chassidic master. During his lifetime he attracted a group of devoted followers who looked to him as their prime source of spiritual guidance in their quest for God. The teachings of Rabbi Nachman focused on a number of key concepts such as faith in God, simplicity, study of Jewish sources (bible, talmud, legal code) individual and private prayer, and joy. He taught his followers that deviant past actions result from perceiving illusions which contorted reality. In addition, these illusions which led in the past to transgressions and deviant religious and social behavior, need to be rationally understood in order to erase them. The individual needs to focus on the rational present in order to improve his or her perceptions and actions and to live according to God's will. Unlike classical depth psychology which dwells on problematic key personality issues linked to the individual's past and are usually embedded in the subconscious or the unconscious, cognitive therapy suggests that problematic issues affecting the individual can be dealt with by helping the individual to rationally overcome difficulties by identifying and changing dysfunctional thinking, beliefs, behavior, and emotional responses. Cognitive therapy consists of testing the assumptions which one makes and identifying how some of one's usually unquestioned thoughts are distorted, unrealistic and unhelpful on the one hand and what the individual needs to do in order to view life rationally on the other.The conceptual definitions used by Rabbi Nachman in his theological model expounded in the latter part of the eighteenth century and by those espousing the model underlying cognitive therapy in the 20th and 21st centuries are remarkably similar and seem to have evolved from the same psychological assumptions. The similarities between the principles underlying two theories are analyzed and discussed in the present paper.

scholarly journals A comparison of the point scale and the group method of measuring mental ability

1918 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
George Everette Breece
Keyword(s):  
Group Method ◽  
Mental Ability ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
University Of Missouri ◽  
Group Test ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The University

Within the past decade great interest has arisen in the measurement of mental ability. As a result a vast deal of literatures has been written upon this subject. Psychologists have suggested and secured norms for many tests, most of which, or perhaps all of which, are based more or less upon the original Binet-Simon tests. However, this study does not propose either to list or review the history of such mental tests. The one problem of interest, and the problem to which we shall adhere strictly, is to discover the correlation which exists between the Group Test of Mental Ability as worked out and tested by W. H. Pyle of the University of Missouri, and the Individual Tests, otherwise known as The Point Scale Tests as worked out and tested by Robert M. Yerkes, James W. Bridges and Rose S. Hardwick, each of the Psychopathic Hospital, Boston. a thorough explanation of each of these two tests is given in Appendices I and II of this study.

What We Should Do About Korea

Worldview ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 23-35
Author(s):  
Donald L. Ranard
Keyword(s):  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
The Other ◽  
American Power ◽  
The Past ◽  
Land War ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Asian Mainland ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Power And Influence

With the end of the U.S. involvement in Vietnam and Indochina attention has turned to the Korean Peninsula. For the past two decades an uneasy peace has been maintained between two Korean governments—the one Communist, totalitarian, and revolutionary; the other non-Communist, yet authoritarian, undemocratic, and indeed almost as totalitarian in its lack of regard for opposition political voices and the rights of the individual. Probably nowhere else is American power and influence so greatly exposed as on the Korean Peninsula—with all the attendant risks for involving the U.S. in a land war on the Asian mainland.Any sensible discussion of alternatives to U.S. policy in Korea should begin with consideration of the commitment of the U.S. to the defense of Korea, as embodied in the treaty between the U.S. and Korea that entered into force in November, 1954.

Setting the Standard

2020 ◽  
pp. 339-359
Author(s):  
Kimberly White
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Professional Activities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Structure And Dynamics ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
Nineteenth Century France ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Individual Choices

The individual and collective contributions and professional activities of singers had a significant effect on the programming, circulation, and status of operatic works in nineteenth-century France. In the past three decades, scholars engaged in research on performers have made significant strides in revealing, on the one hand, the collaboration of singers and their contributions to the works they performed and, on the other, the structure and dynamics of the operatic marketplace. This chapter explores the various ways in which singers influenced the shape of repertory through their individual choices, the institutional structures under which they worked, and the shifting patterns and places of performance. Indeed, nostalgia for the singers who “created” a role had an important function in the canonization process: the French expression créer un rôle (“create a role”) consciously elevated this activity and imbued it with authorial force. This chapter is paired with Hilary Poriss’s “Redefining the standard: Pauline Viardot and Gluck’s Orphée.”

scholarly journals Advances and Opportunities of Single-Cell Transcriptomics for Plant Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin Seyfferth ◽  
Jim Renema ◽  
Jos R. Wendrich ◽  
Thomas Eekhout ◽  
Ruth Seurinck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Individual Cell ◽  
Plant Biology ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Spatiotemporal Resolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Near Future

Single-cell approaches are quickly changing our view on biological systems by increasing the spatiotemporal resolution of our analyses to the level of the individual cell. The field of plant biology has fully embraced single-cell transcriptomics and is rapidly expanding the portfolio of available technologies and applications. In this review, we give an overview of the main advances in plant single-cell transcriptomics over the past few years and provide the reader with an accessible guideline covering all steps, from sample preparation to data analysis. We end by offering a glimpse of how these technologies will shape and accelerate plant-specific research in the near future. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 72 is May 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals TAREKAT DAN INTELEKTUALITAS: Studi Keterlibatan Kalangan Intelektual dalam Tarekat Tijaniyah di Kota Banjarmasin

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Saifuddin . ◽  
Wardani . ◽  
Dzikri Nirwana
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Rural Culture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The People ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

The development of tariqat in Indonesia is historically and sociologically related to the climate and culture of the people who in the past was formed by rural culture. However, in recent developments, in South Kalimantan for example, the assumption is very different. Although, this tariqat is usually described as traditional, backward, and associated with the countryside, it is not entirely true. With its tradisional nature, the tariqat become attractions for scholars. Those with rational thingkings entering this world with diverse motivations. There are two complementary sides. On the one hand, rational intellectuals/scholars enter into the tariqat and give a new baseline. On the other hand, the members of the tariqat also renew themselves. Motivations that drive the interest to this tariqat are doctrinal, rational, moral, and psychological. This motivation does not stand alone; it is intertwined and supports each other, in the internalization of the tariqat into the consciousness of the individual.

scholarly journals Memoria y retorno del exilio republicano catalán (Memory and Return of the Catalan Republican Exile)

2004 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roser Pujadas Comas d'Argemir
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Sense Of Coherence ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
The Past ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Bear Witness ◽  
Historical Periods

The end of the Spanish Civil War in 1939 meant that many republicans went into exile fleeing Francoism. In the case of intellectuals and writers from Catalunia, exile constituted the only means of ensuring the continuity of their culture, given the cultural and linguistic repression by the dictatorship. Much later than they had expected, some were able to return but, after so many years, return meant yet another rupture; it meant returning to a country no longer the one so often remembered and yearned for. Such events, as is often the case in turbulent historical periods, generated a need to bear witness to the individual and collective experiences, which in literary terms translated into a considerable volume of testimonial works – which continue to be published – by those who suffered this war and exile. As we shall see, memory becomes a kind of con-suelo – comfort - countering the ruptures with a sense of coherence and continuity. For one who has had to leave their country, the land of their birth becomes part of the past, so that in such cases to make present what is far, to remember, involves not only temporal but also spatial issues. When the exile (if such a thing is possible) returns, time inexorably has passed. But what happens with the space re-encountered? In the case of two testimonial texts written by two republicans on their return from exile in Mexico – Al cap de 26 anys (1972) by Avel-lí Artís-Gener and Viatge a l’esperanca (1973), by Artur Bladé Desumvila – we propose to analyse the pattern woven between memory, homeland and return by the experience of exile. We shall see how the return, intended to contrast the idealised country with that in which the exile finds him/herself again, gives rise to a series of reflections about homeland and memory as the foundations of the exile’s identity.

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