scholarly journals Olfaction in the Multisensory Processing of Faces: A Narrative Review of the Influence of Human Body Odors

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrice Damon ◽  
Nawel Mezrai ◽  
Logan Magnier ◽  
Arnaud Leleu ◽  
Karine Durand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Multisensory Processing ◽  
Social Relevance ◽  
Odor Cues ◽  
Axillary Sweat ◽  
Scanning Behavior ◽  
Axillary Odor ◽  
Body Odors

A recent body of research has emerged regarding the interactions between olfaction and other sensory channels to process social information. The current review examines the influence of body odors on face perception, a core component of human social cognition. First, we review studies reporting how body odors interact with the perception of invariant facial information (i.e., identity, sex, attractiveness, trustworthiness, and dominance). Although we mainly focus on the influence of body odors based on axillary odor, we also review findings about specific steroids present in axillary sweat (i.e., androstenone, androstenol, androstadienone, and estratetraenol). We next survey the literature showing body odor influences on the perception of transient face properties, notably in discussing the role of body odors in facilitating or hindering the perception of emotional facial expression, in relation to competing frameworks of emotions. Finally, we discuss the developmental origins of these olfaction-to-vision influences, as an emerging literature indicates that odor cues strongly influence face perception in infants. Body odors with a high social relevance such as the odor emanating from the mother have a widespread influence on various aspects of face perception in infancy, including categorization of faces among other objects, face scanning behavior, or facial expression perception. We conclude by suggesting that the weight of olfaction might be especially strong in infancy, shaping social perception, especially in slow-maturing senses such as vision, and that this early tutoring function of olfaction spans all developmental stages to disambiguate a complex social environment by conveying key information for social interactions until adulthood.

scholarly journals Computational Models of Face Perception

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleix M. Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Inverse Problem ◽  
Facial Expression ◽  
Computational Modeling ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Important Means ◽  
The Brain

Faces are one of the most important means of communication for humans. For example, a short glance at a person’s face provides information about his or her identity and emotional state. What are the computations the brain uses to acquire this information so accurately and seemingly effortlessly? This article summarizes current research on computational modeling, a technique used to answer this question. Specifically, my research tests the hypothesis that this algorithm is tasked with solving the inverse problem of production. For example, to recognize identity, our brain needs to identify shape and shading features that are invariant to facial expression, pose, and illumination. Similarly, to recognize emotion, the brain needs to identify shape and shading features that are invariant to identity, pose, and illumination. If one defines the physics equations that render an image under different identities, expressions, poses, and illuminations, then gaining invariance to these factors can be readily resolved by computing the inverse of this rendering function. I describe our current understanding of the algorithms used by our brains to resolve this inverse problem. I also discuss how these results are driving research in computer vision to design computer systems that are as accurate, robust, and efficient as humans.

scholarly journals “Excavating AI” Re-excavated: Debunking a Fallacious Account of the JAFFE Dataset

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Facial Expression ◽  
Human Computer Interaction ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
Affective Computing ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Computer Interaction ◽  
Training Sets

Twenty-five years ago, my colleagues Miyuki Kamachi and Jiro Gyoba and I designed and photographed JAFFE, a set of facial expression images intended for use in a study of face perception. In 2019, without seeking permission or informing us, Kate Crawford and Trevor Paglen exhibited JAFFE in two widely publicized art shows. In addition, they published a nonfactual account of the images in the essay “Excavating AI: The Politics of Images in Machine Learning Training Sets.” The present article recounts the creation of the JAFFE dataset and unravels each of Crawford and Paglen’s fallacious statements. I also discuss JAFFE more broadly in connection with research on facial expression, affective computing, and human-computer interaction.

scholarly journals Posterior Fusiform and Midfusiform Contribute to Distinct Stages of Facial Expression Processing

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 3209-3219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanning Li ◽  
R Mark Richardson ◽  
Avniel Singh Ghuman
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Classification Analysis ◽  
Early Peak ◽  
The Face ◽  
Competing Models ◽  
Intracranial Electrodes ◽  
Expression Processing ◽  
Expression Perception

Abstract Though the fusiform is well-established as a key node in the face perception network, its role in facial expression processing remains unclear, due to competing models and discrepant findings. To help resolve this debate, we recorded from 17 subjects with intracranial electrodes implanted in face sensitive patches of the fusiform. Multivariate classification analysis showed that facial expression information is represented in fusiform activity and in the same regions that represent identity, though with a smaller effect size. Examination of the spatiotemporal dynamics revealed a functional distinction between posterior fusiform and midfusiform expression coding, with posterior fusiform showing an early peak of facial expression sensitivity at around 180 ms after subjects viewed a face and midfusiform showing a later and extended peak between 230 and 460 ms. These results support the hypothesis that the fusiform plays a role in facial expression perception and highlight a qualitative functional distinction between processing in posterior fusiform and midfusiform, with each contributing to temporally segregated stages of expression perception.

scholarly journals What functional brain studies have revealed about face and facial expression perception?

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 36-49
Author(s):  
O.A. Korolkova
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
Brain Mapping ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Face Identification ◽  
Expression Recognition ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Functional Brain Mapping ◽  
Dynamic Faces

The models of face perception mechanisms have been substantially extended recently by the results obtained with functional brain mapping studies. The current paper reviews the studies that help to define more precisely the functional organization of the distributed facial system. We explore the issue of independence versus interrelation of face identification and expression recognition; compare the mechanisms of static and dynamic faces perception, as well as face-in-context perception. We emphasize the importance of higher ecological validity of face perception and its brain mechanisms.

Emotion Residue: Emotion Lingers in a Face Intended to Display Neutrality

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel N Albohn ◽  
Reginald B. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
General Assumption ◽  
Contextual Influences ◽  
Neutral Face ◽  
Emotional Meaning

Despite the prevalent use of neutral faces in the facial expression research, the term neutral still remains ill-defined. A general assumption is that one’s overt attempt to pose a nonexpressive face results in a neutral display, one devoid of any expressive information. Ample research has demonstrated that nonexpressive faces do convey emotional meaning through stereotypes, emotion-resembling appearance, and even contextual influences. Here, we examined whether prior expressive information lingers on a face in the form of emotion residue, despite overt attempts to display a neutral face devoid of any expression. Across three studies we found that explicit attempts at posing neutral displays retained emotion residue from a prior expression. This residue in turn significantly impacted impressions formed based on these otherwise “neutral” displays. We discuss implications of this work for better understanding how accurate impressions are derived from so-called “neutral” faces and underscore definitional considerations for future face perception research.

scholarly journals Posterior and Mid-Fusiform Contribute to Distinct Stages of Facial Expression Processing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanning Li ◽  
R. Mark Richardson ◽  
Avniel Singh Ghuman
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Classification Analysis ◽  
Early Peak ◽  
The Face ◽  
Competing Models ◽  
Intracranial Electrodes ◽  
Expression Processing ◽  
Expression Perception

AbstractThough the fusiform is well-established as a key node in the face perception network, its role in facial expression processing remains unclear, due to competing models and discrepant findings. To help resolve this debate, we recorded from 17 subjects with intracranial electrodes implanted in face sensitive patches of the fusiform. Multivariate classification analysis showed that facial expression information is represented in fusiform activity, in the same regions that represent identity, though with a smaller effect size. Examination of the spatiotemporal dynamics revealed a functional distinction between posterior and mid-fusiform expression coding, with posterior fusiform showing an early peak of facial expression sensitivity at around 180 ms after subjects viewed a face and mid-fusiform showing a later and extended peak between 230 – 460 ms. These results support the hypothesis that the fusiform plays a role in facial expression perception and highlight a qualitative functional distinction between processing in posterior and mid-fusiform, with each contributing to temporally segregated stages of expression perception.

Correlated Studies of Cellular Interactions Using TEM, Freeze Etching, and SEM

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 320-321
Author(s):  
J. P. Revel
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cell Movement ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Cell Sheets ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Early Developmental

Movement of individual cells or of cell sheets and complex patterns of folding play a prominent role in the early developmental stages of the embryo. Our understanding of these processes is based on three- dimensional reconstructions laboriously prepared from serial sections, and from autoradiographic and other studies. Many concepts have also evolved from extrapolation of investigations of cell movement carried out in vitro. The scanning electron microscope now allows us to examine some of these events in situ. It is possible to prepare dissections of embryos and even of tissues of adult animals which reveal existing relationships between various structures more readily than used to be possible vithout an SEM.

Electron investigations of rhabdovirus-like particles in mexican bean beetles and crickets

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 378-379
Author(s):  
J. R. Adams ◽  
G. J Tompkins ◽  
A. M. Heimpel ◽  
E. Dougherty
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Integrated Pest Management ◽  
Pest Management ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Management Program ◽  
Acheta Domesticus ◽  
Epilachna Varivestis ◽  
House Cricket ◽  
Similar Morphology ◽  
Bean Beetle

As part of a continual search for potential pathogens of insects for use in biological control or on an integrated pest management program, two bacilliform virus-like particles (VLP) of similar morphology have been found in the Mexican bean beetle Epilachna varivestis Mulsant and the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L. ).Tissues of diseased larvae and adults of E. varivestis and all developmental stages of A. domesticus were fixed according to procedures previously described. While the bean beetles displayed no external symptoms, the diseased crickets displayed a twitching and shaking of the metathoracic legs and a lowered rate of activity.Examinations of larvae and adult Mexican bean beetles collected in the field in 1976 and 1977 in Maryland and field collected specimens brought into the lab in the fall and reared through several generations revealed that specimens from each collection contained vesicles in the cytoplasm of the midgut filled with hundreds of these VLP's which were enveloped and measured approximately 16-25 nm x 55-110 nm, the shorter VLP's generally having the greater width (Fig. 1).

The Fine Structure of the Sheath of Volvox Carteri f. Weismannia

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 346-347
Author(s):  
Regina Birchem
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
Sulfated Polysaccharides ◽  
Volvox Carteri ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscopy ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
Sheath Formation ◽  
And Inversion ◽  
Sheath Material

Spheroids of the green colonial alga Volvox consist of biflagellate Chlamydomonad-like cells embedded in a transparent sheath. The sheath, important as a substance through which metabolic materials, light, and the sexual inducer must pass to and from the cells, has been shown to have an ordered structure (1,2). It is composed of both protein and carbohydrate (3); studies of V. rousseletii indicate an outside layer of sulfated polysaccharides (4).Ultrastructural studies of the sheath material in developmental stages of V. carteri f. weismannia were undertaken employing variations in the standard fixation procedure, ruthenium red, diaminobenzidine, and high voltage electron microscopy. Sheath formation begins after the completion of cell division and inversion of the daughter spheroids. Golgi, rough ER, and plasma membrane are actively involved in phases of sheath synthesis (Fig. 1). Six layers of ultrastructurally differentiated sheath material have been identified.

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