scholarly journals Impacts of Color Coding on Programming Learning in Multimedia Learning: Moving Toward a Multimodal Methodology

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Weifeng Ma ◽  
Xiang Guo ◽  
Xuefen Lin ◽  
Chennan Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Color Coding ◽  
Eeg Signals ◽  
Program Code ◽  
Video Lectures ◽  
Band Power ◽  
Practical Implications

In the present study, we tested the effectiveness of color coding on the programming learning of students who were learning from video lectures. Effectiveness was measured using multimodal physiological measures, combining eye tracking and electroencephalography (EEG). Using a between-subjects design, 42 university students were randomly assigned to two video lecture conditions (color-coded vs. grayscale). The participants’ eye tracking and EEG signals were recorded while watching the assigned video, and their learning performance was subsequently assessed. The results showed that the color-coded design was more beneficial than the grayscale design, as indicated by smaller pupil diameter, shorter fixation duration, higher EEG theta and alpha band power, lower EEG cognitive load, and better learning performance. The present findings have practical implications for designing slide-based programming learning video lectures; slides should highlight the format of the program code using color coding.

Research on color coding of fighter jet head-up display key information elements in air–sea flight environment based on eye-tracking technology

2021 ◽  
pp. 095441002110490
Author(s):  
Yafeng Niu ◽  
Tianyu Zhou ◽  
Ling Bai
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Track Length ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Color Coding ◽  
Time Duration ◽  
Time Ratio

HUD is currently the main flight status display commonly used in modern fighter jets. Color coding is an important method in HUD visual information display. Different weather, terrain, climate, time, season, and other environmental phenomena will affect the HUD. The HUD’s multi-color display mode has become a key method to solve the overload display of dynamic and static information in complex flight environments. This paper discusses the use of eye-tracking equipment to record eye movement experimental data using different HUD color schemes, as well as the correct rate and response time to complete the task, in order to evaluate the color combinations of different characters in different high-altitude and sea flight background conditions. Cognitive status was obtained by seven key eye movement indicators (average fixation time, first fixation duration, fixation ratio, fixation time ratio, fixation track length and lookback times, and pupil diameter) designed by color-coded dimensions to evaluate the key element information of the HUD: discernibility, which is related to average fixation time, duration of first fixation, and pupil diameter; perceptibility, which is related to gaze ratio, fixation time ratio, and other indicators; and accessibility, which is related to fixation track length and number of lookbacks. At the same time, the background color brightness interval that affects color matching was obtained, and five key information colors (K1(0, 100, 100), K2(30, 100, 100), K3(300, 100, 100), K4(330, 100, 100), and K5(60, 100, 100)) were selected for experimental exploration to obtain the best matching scheme for color coding of key elements of the HUD against different lightness backgrounds. The results indicate that against a flight background with ocean brightness, ranges are [1–20], [21–40], [41–60], and [61–99] and colors with hues of 30, 300, 60, and 300 are selected for the key information. Finally, the results give an improvement and optimization plan for the HUD. The research conclusion provides some guidance for HUD design and improvement for different flight backgrounds, and a reference for improving pilots' cognitive performance.

scholarly journals Black and White Lies: Race-Based Biases in Deception Judgments

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1125-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Paige Lloyd ◽  
Kurt Hugenberg ◽  
Allen R. McConnell ◽  
Jonathan W. Kunstman ◽  
Jason C. Deska
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Racial Bias ◽  
Lie Detection ◽  
Intergroup Communication ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Truth Bias ◽  
Practical Implications

In six studies ( N = 605), participants made deception judgments about videos of Black and White targets who told truths and lies about interpersonal relationships. In Studies 1a, 1b, 1c, and 2, White participants judged that Black targets were telling the truth more often than they judged that White targets were telling the truth. This truth bias was predicted by Whites’ motivation to respond without prejudice. For Black participants, however, motives to respond without prejudice did not moderate responses (Study 2). In Study 3, we found similar effects with a manipulation of the targets’ apparent race. Finally, in Study 4, we used eye-tracking techniques to demonstrate that Whites’ truth bias for Black targets is likely the result of late-stage correction processes: Despite ultimately judging that Black targets were telling the truth more often than White targets, Whites were faster to fixate on the on-screen “lie” response box when targets were Black than when targets were White. These systematic race-based biases have important theoretical implications (e.g., for lie detection and improving intergroup communication and relations) and practical implications (e.g., for reducing racial bias in law enforcement).

An eye-tracking study on the effect of infographic structures on viewer’s comprehension and cognitive load

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azam Majooni ◽  
Mona Masood ◽  
Amir Akhavan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Information Graphics ◽  
Basic Premise ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Graphical Design ◽  
Tracking Devices

The basic premise of this research is investigating the effect of layout on the comprehension and cognitive load of the viewers in the information graphics. The term ‘Layout’ refers to the arrangement and organization of the visual and textual elements in a graphical design. The experiment conducted in this study is designed based on two stories and each one of these stories is presented with two different layouts. During the experiment, eye-tracking devices are applied to collect the gaze data including the eye movement data and pupil diameter fluctuation. In the research on the modification of the layouts, contents of each story are narrated using identical visual and textual elements. The analysis of eye-tracking data provides quantitative evidence concerning the change of layout in each story and its effect on the comprehension of participants and variation of their cognitive load. In conclusion, it can be claimed that the comprehension from the zigzag form of the layout was higher with a less imposed cognitive load.

Eye tracking and tourism research: A systematic literature review

2021 ◽  
pp. 135676672110533
Author(s):  
Georgiana-Denisse Savin ◽  
Cristina Fleșeriu ◽  
Larissa Batrancea
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Heat Maps ◽  
Tourism Research ◽  
Dynamic Stimuli ◽  
Tracking Technique ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Practical Implications

In recent years, the number of studies in tourism using the eye tracking technique has increased and started generating valuable information for both academics and the industry. However, there is a gap in the literature concerning systematic reviews focused on recent articles and their findings. Thus, the aim of this study is to close this gap by systematically analysing 70 research papers tackling the subject of eye tracking in tourism and published in highly ranked tourism journals. The study identifies the most popular topics and trends for eye tracking research, as well as the most used types of visual stimuli, such as exhibitions, restaurant menus, promotional pictures or websites. The study also details on measurements specific for the analysis of eye tracking data, including fixations, saccades and heat maps. Results are emphasized along with their theoretical and practical implications. In addition, we highlight the lack of the use of dynamic stimuli in the existing literature and suggest further research directions using the eye tracking technique.

Physiological and Metabolic Responses to Exercise on Treadmill, Elliptical Trainer, and Stepper: Practical Implications for Training

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Andrew N. Bosch ◽  
Kirsten C. Flanagan ◽  
Maaike M. Eken ◽  
Adrian Withers ◽  
Jana Burger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Metabolic Responses ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Fuel Utilization ◽  
Trained Runners ◽  
Practical Implications

Elliptical trainers and steppers are proposed as useful exercise modalities in the rehabilitation of injured runners due to the reduced stress on muscles and joints when compared to running. This study compared the physiological responses to submaximal running (treadmill) with exercise on the elliptical trainer and stepper devices at three submaximal but identical workloads. Authors had 18 trained runners (male/female: N = 9/9, age: mean ± SD = 23 ± 3 years) complete randomized maximal oxygen consumption tests on all three modalities. Submaximal tests of 3 min were performed at 60%, 70%, and 80% of peak workload individually established for each modality. Breath-by-breath oxygen consumption, heart rate, fuel utilization, and energy expenditure were determined. The value of maximal oxygen consumption was not different between treadmill, elliptical, and stepper (49.3 ± 5.3, 48.0 ± 6.6, and 46.7 ± 6.2 ml·min−1·kg−1, respectively). Both physiological measures (oxygen consumption and heart rate) as well as carbohydrate and fat oxidation differed significantly between the different exercise intensities (60%, 70%, and 80%) but did not differ between the treadmill, elliptical trainer, and stepper. Therefore, the elliptical trainer and stepper are suitable substitutes for running during periods when a reduced running load is required, such as during rehabilitation from running-induced injury.

scholarly journals ENHANCING THE MOTIVATION AND LEARNING PERFORMANCE IN AN ONLINE CLASSROOM WITH THE USE OF NEUROMARKETING

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hedda Martina Šola ◽  
Fayyaz Hussain Qureshi ◽  
Sarwar Khawaja
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Online Teaching ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Online Classroom ◽  
Business College ◽  
Learning Platform ◽  
Web Camera ◽  
Gaze Behaviour ◽  
Marketing Team ◽  
Self Service

In recent years, the newly emerging discipline of neuromarketing, which employs brain (emotions and behaviour) research in an organisational context, has grown in prominence in academic and practice literature. With the increasing growth of online teaching, COVID-19 left no option for higher education institutions to go online. As a result, students who attend an online course are more prone to lose focus and attention, resulting in poor academic performance. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study is to observe the learner's behaviour while making use of an online learning platform. This study presents neuromarketing to enhance students' learning performance and motivation in an online classroom. Using a web camera, we used facial coding and eye-tracking techniques to study students' attention, motivation, and interest in an online classroom. In collaboration with Oxford Business College's marketing team, the Institute for Neuromarketing distributed video links via email, a student representative from Oxford Business College, the WhatsApp group, and a newsletter developed explicitly for that purpose to 297 students over the course of five days. To ensure the research was both realistic and feasible, the instructors in the videos were different, and students were randomly allocated to one video link lasting 90 seconds (n=142) and a second one lasting 10 minutes (n=155). An online platform for self-service called Tobii Sticky was used to measure facial coding and eye-tracking. During the 90-second online lecture, participants' gaze behaviour was tracked overtime to gather data on their attention distribution, and emotions were evaluated using facial coding. In contrast, the 10-minute film looked at emotional involvement. The findings show that students lose their listening focus when no supporting visual material or virtual board is used, even during a brief presentation. Furthermore, when they are exposed to a single shareable piece of content for longer than 5.24 minutes, their motivation and mood decline; however, when new shareable material or a class activity is introduced, their motivation and mood rise. JEL: I20; I21 <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0805/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Investigating Mindsets and Motivation through Eye Tracking and Other Physiological Measures

2017 ◽  
pp. 48-64
Author(s):  
Shannon R. Zentall ◽  
Angela G. Junglen
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Verbal Responses

Although the influence of mindsets on motivation has been investigated using behavioral measures or verbal responses (e.g., Cimpian et al., 2007), only a handful of studies have used physiological measures, such as eye-tracking, to understand this process beyond explicit responses. Physiological measures are needed to understand thoughts and feelings that children are unable or unwilling to express verbally (e.g., Nisbett & Wilson, 1977). Physiological measures provide the opportunity to identify and quantify possible contributing causes to motivational mindsets (e.g., level of stress or anxiety) that can be compared across settings. Understanding the implicit thoughts and emotions that underlie observable behaviors (e.g., persistence) allow us to better understand mechanism.

Learning to Follow Directions in English Through a Virtual Reality Environment

2021 ◽  
pp. 262-288
Author(s):  
Jorge Bacca-Acosta ◽  
Julian Tejada ◽  
Carlos Ospino-Ibañez
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Virtual Reality Environment ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Key Topics ◽  
Pencil And Paper ◽  
Gaze Fixations

Learning how to give and follow directions in English is one of the key topics in regular English as a Foreign Language (EFL) courses. However, this topic is commonly taught in the classroom with pencil and paper exercises. In this chapter, a scaffolded virtual reality (VR) environment for learning the topic of following directions in English is introduced. An eye tracking study was conducted to determine how students perceive the scaffolds for completing the learning task, and an evaluation of acceptance and usability was conducted to identify the students' perceptions. The results show that scaffolds in the form of text and images are both effective for increasing the students' learning performance. The gaze frequency is higher for the textual scaffold, but the duration of gaze fixations is lower for the scaffolds in the form of images. The acceptance and usability of the VR environment were found to be positive.

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