scholarly journals The Effect of Electrical Stimulation–Induced Pain on Time Perception and Relationships to Pain-Related Emotional and Cognitive Factors: A Temporal Bisection Task and Questionnaire–Based Study

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Chun Weng ◽  
Ning Wang ◽  
Yu-Han Zhang ◽  
Jin-Yan Wang ◽  
Fei Luo
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Pain Catastrophizing ◽  
Weber Fraction ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Bisection Task ◽  
Painful Stimulation ◽  
Cognitive Components ◽  
Temporal Bisection ◽  
Temporal Bisection Task

Pain has not only sensory, but also emotional and cognitive, components. Some studies have explored the effect of pain on time perception, but the results remain controversial. Whether individual pain-related emotional and cognitive factors play roles in this process should also be explored. In this study, we investigated the effect of electrical stimulation–induced pain on interval timing using a temporal bisection task. During each task session, subjects received one of five types of stimulation randomly: no stimulus and 100 and 300 ms of non-painful and painful stimulation. Pain-related emotional and cognitive factors were measured using a series of questionnaires. The proportion of “long” judgments of a 1,200-ms visual stimulus duration was significantly smaller with 300 ms painful stimulation than with no stimulus (P < 0.0001) and 100 ms (P < 0.0001) and 300 ms (P = 0.021) non-painful stimulation. The point of subjective equality (PSE) did not differ among sessions, but the average Weber fraction (WF) was higher for painful sessions than for no-stimulus session (P = 0.022). The pain fear score correlated positively with the PSE under 100 ms non-painful (P = 0.031) and painful (P = 0.002) and 300 ms painful (P = 0.006) stimulation. Pain catastrophizing and pain anxiety scores correlated significantly with the WF under no stimulus (P = 0.005) and 100 ms non-painful stimulation (P = 0.027), respectively. These results suggest that electrical stimulation–induced pain affects temporal sensitivity, and that pain-related emotional and cognitive factors are associated with the processing of time perception.

scholarly journals When Dogs Shrink the Typical Lengthening Effect Caused by Negative Emotions

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 94-106
Author(s):  
Quentin Hallez ◽  
Nicolas Baltenneck ◽  
Anna-Rita Galiano
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Emotional Facial Expressions ◽  
Bisection Task ◽  
Temporal Bisection ◽  
Dog Owners ◽  
Temporal Bisection Task ◽  
Emotional Effects

Abstract. This paper examines how dogs can modulate the effects of emotion on time perception. To this end, participants performed a temporal bisection task with stimulus durations presented in the form of neutral or emotional facial expressions (angry, sad, and happy faces). In the first experiment, dog owners were compared with nondog owners, while in the second experiment, students were randomly assigned to one of the three waiting groups (waiting alone, with another person, or with a dog) before being confronted with the temporal bisection task. The results showed that dogs allowed the participants to regulate the intensity of negative emotional effects, while no statistical differences emerged for the happy facial expressions. In certain circumstances, dogs could even lead the subjects to generate underestimation of time when faced with negative facial expressions.

scholarly journals Formalin-induced and neuropathic pain altered time estimation in a temporal bisection task in rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinhe Liu ◽  
Ning Wang ◽  
Jinyan Wang ◽  
Fei Luo
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Lever Press ◽  
Time Estimation ◽  
Formalin Injection ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Bisection Task ◽  
Temporal Bisection ◽  
Pure Tones ◽  
Temporal Bisection Task

AbstractTime perception is an important ability that is related closely to humans’ and animals’ daily activities. It can be distorted by various emotional states. In human studies, experimental pain has been shown to prolong the perception of time. However, related animal studies are lacking. In this study, we used a temporal bisection task to investigate how acute inflammatory pain (induced by hind-paw formalin injection) and chronic neuropathic pain [induced by spinal nerve ligation (SNL)] affected time perception in rats. Rats were trained to recognize “short” (1200-ms) and “long” (2400-ms) anchor-duration pure tones and were rewarded for corresponding lever presses. During testing, rats perceived a series of intermediate-duration and anchor-duration pure tones, and selected levers corresponding to the “short” and “long” tones. After formalin injection, rats gave more “long” lever-press responses than after saline injection. The point of subjective equality after formalin injection also increased, suggesting that formalin-induced acute pain extended time perception. In contrast, rats that had undergone SNL gave fewer “long” lever-press responses compared with the sham surgery group. This animal study suggests that formalin-induced pain and neuropathic pain may have different effects on time perception.

scholarly journals Stronger cortisol response to acute psychosocial stress is correlated with larger decrease in temporal sensitivity

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhuxi Yao ◽  
Liang Zhang ◽  
Caihong Jiang ◽  
Kan Zhang ◽  
Jianhui Wu
Keyword(s):  
Time Perception ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Subjective Duration ◽  
Bisection Task ◽  
Temporal Bisection ◽  
Cortisol Responses ◽  
Temporal Bisection Task ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Weber Ratio

As a fundamental dimension of cognition and behavior, time perception has been found to be sensitive to stress. However, how one’s time perception changes with responses to stress is still unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between stress-induced cortisol response and time perception. A group of 40 healthy young male adults performed a temporal bisection task before and after the Trier Social Stress Test for a stress condition. A control group of 27 male participants completed the same time perception task without stress induction. In the temporal bisection task, participants were first presented with short (400 ms) and long (1,600 ms) visual signals serving as anchor durations and then required to judge whether the intermediate probe durations were more similar to the short or the long anchor. The bisection point and Weber ratio were calculated and indicated the subjective duration and the temporal sensitivity, respectively. Data showed that participants in the stress group had significantly increased salivary cortisol levels, heart rates, and negative affects compared with those in the control group. The results did not show significant group differences for the subjective duration or the temporal sensitivity. However, the results showed a significant positive correlation between stress-induced cortisol responses and decreases in temporal sensitivity indexed by increases in the Weber ratio. This correlation was not observed for the control group. Changes in subjective duration indexed by temporal bisection points were not correlated with cortisol reactivity in both the groups. In conclusion, the present study found that although no significant change was observed in time perception after an acute stressor on the group-level comparison (i.e., stress vs. nonstress group), individuals with stronger cortisol responses to stress showed a larger decrease in temporal sensitivity. This finding may provide insight into the understanding of the relationship between stress and temporal sensitivity.

Biasing performance through differential payoff in a temporal bisection task.

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Cambraia ◽  
Marco Vasconcelos ◽  
Jérémie Jozefowiez ◽  
Armando Machado
Keyword(s):  
Bisection Task ◽  
Temporal Bisection ◽  
Temporal Bisection Task

scholarly journals Periodic Fluctuation of Perceived Duration

i-Perception ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 204166951876062
Author(s):  
Shuhei Shima ◽  
Yuki Murai ◽  
Kenichi Yuasa ◽  
Yuki Hashimoto ◽  
Yuko Yotsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Performance ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Target Interval ◽  
Bisection Task ◽  
Periodic Fluctuation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Temporal Bisection ◽  
Temporal Bisection Task ◽  
Cognitively Demanding Tasks ◽  
Perceived Duration

In recent years, several studies have reported that the allocation of spatial attention fluctuates periodically. This periodic attention was revealed by measuring behavioral performance as a function of cue-to-target interval in the Posner cueing paradigm. Previous studies reported behavioral oscillations using target detection tasks. Whether the influence of periodic attention extends to cognitively demanding tasks remains unclear. To assess this, we examined the effects of periodic attention on the perception of duration. In the experiment, participants performed a temporal bisection task while a cue was presented with various cue-to-target intervals. Perceived duration fluctuated rhythmically as a function of cue-to-target interval at a group level but not at an individual level when the target was presented on the same side as the attentional cue. The results indicate that the perception of duration is influenced by periodic attention. In other words, periodic attention can influence the performance of cognitively demanding tasks such as the perception of duration.

scholarly journals Identification of an Age Maturity in Time Discrimination Abilities

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quentin Hallez ◽  
Sylvie Droit-Volet
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Bisection Task ◽  
Time Discrimination ◽  
Temporal Bisection ◽  
Time Sensitivity ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Temporal Bisection Task ◽  
Weber Ratio

The aim of this study was to identify the age at which parameters of timing performance in a temporal bisection task converge on an adult-like stable level. Participants in the three- to 20-year-old range were tested using a temporal bisection task with sub-second and supra-second durations. The data were divided into two samples. In the first sample, all participants were integrated into the analysis regardless of their success. In the second sample, only performers were inserted. The point of subjective equality (PSE) and the Weber Ratio (WR) were analyzed for each participant in each sample. By fitting a mathematical model to these parameters as a function of age, we showed a large inter-individual variability in the PSE, such that it does not stabilize with increasing age, i.e., during the significant period of development. Interestingly, time sensitivity (WR) shows a similar pattern through the two samples as adult-like performance appeared at an earlier age for short than for long durations. For the first sample, the modeling of WR data suggests that the children reached an adult-like time sensitivity at the age of six years for the short durations and 8½ years for the long durations. For the second sample, the developmental curve was stable at about the same age for the long duration (seven years), and at earlier age for the short durations, i.e., before three years.

Learning in the temporal bisection task: Relative or absolute?

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilia Pinheiro de Carvalho ◽  
Armando Machado ◽  
François Tonneau
Keyword(s):  
Bisection Task ◽  
Temporal Bisection ◽  
Temporal Bisection Task

scholarly journals Optimal time discrimination

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filiz Çoşkun ◽  
Zeynep Ceyda Sayalı ◽  
Emine Gürbüz ◽  
Fuat Balcı
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Endogenous Timing ◽  
Bisection Task ◽  
Temporal Bisection ◽  
Expected Gain ◽  
Timing Uncertainty ◽  
Reward Functions ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
Temporal Bisection Task

In the temporal bisection task, participants categorize experienced stimulus durations as short or long based on their similarity to previously acquired reference durations. Reward maximization in this task requires integrating endogenous timing uncertainty as well as exogenous probabilities of the reference durations into temporal judgements. We tested human participants on the temporal bisection task with different short and long reference duration probabilities (exogenous probability) in two separate test sessions. Incorrect categorizations were not penalized in Experiment 1 but were penalized in Experiment 2, leading to different levels of stringency in the reward functions that participants tried to maximize. We evaluated the judgements within the framework of optimality. Our participants adapted their choice behaviour in a nearly optimal fashion and earned nearly the maximum possible expected gain they could attain given their level of endogenous timing uncertainty and exogenous probabilities in both experiments. These results point to the optimality of human temporal risk assessment in the temporal bisection task. The long categorization response times (RTs) were overall faster than short categorization RTs, and short but not long categorization RTs were modulated by reference duration probability manipulations. These observations suggested an asymmetry between short and long categorizations in the temporal bisection task.

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