scholarly journals The Significance of Toll-Like Receptors in the Neuroimmunologic Background of Alcohol Dependence

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Czerwińska-Błaszczyk ◽  
Edyta Pawlak ◽  
Tomasz Pawłowski
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Alcohol Addiction ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Specific Immunity ◽  
The Family

Toll-like receptors (TLR) are a group of protein belonging to the family of Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR) which have the ability to distinguish between an organism's own antigens and foreign ones and to induce immunological response. TLR play a significant part in non-specific immunity but at the same time they are also a vital element linking non-specific response to the specific one. A growing number of data seems to indicate that the non-specific immunity mechanisms affect the development and sustenance of alcohol addiction. Alcohol damages the organism's cells not only directly but also through an increase inintestinal permeability which induces innate immune response of peripheral blood cells. The signaling pathway of Toll-like receptors located on the surface of brain immune cells intensifies the inflammatory reaction and, through modifying gene expression of proinflammatory factors, unnaturally supports it. This overly protracted “sterile inflammatory reaction” positively correlates with alcohol craving affecting also the functioning of the reward system structures and increasing the risk of relapse of alcoholism. Recurrent alcoholic binges sensitize the microglia and cause an escalation in inflammatory reaction which also leads to neurodegeneration. The induction of innate immunity signaling pathways exposes clinical symptoms of alcohol addiction such as increased impulsivity, loss of behavioral control, depressive-anxiety symptoms and cognitive dysfunctions. Traditional methods of treating alcohol addiction have tended to focus predominantly on reducing symptoms which—given the frequency of relapses—seems insufficient. The aim of the present paper is to discuss the role of toll-like receptors as elements of the immunity system which, together with the nervous system, plays a crucial part in the pathogenesis of alcohol addiction. We also wish to present pharmacotherapeutic perspectives targeted at the neuroimmunological mechanisms of alcohol addiction.

scholarly journals Instant Blood-mediated Inflammatory Reaction During Islet Transplantation: The Role of Toll-like Receptors Signaling Pathways

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (9) ◽  
pp. 3192-3194 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Vivot ◽  
A. Langlois ◽  
N. Jeandidier ◽  
W. Bietiger ◽  
M. Pinget ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Islet Transplantation ◽  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Toll Like Receptors

scholarly journals Parasite load, iNOS and cytokine profiles, and histopathological aspects of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs with different clinical presentations

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tassia Cristina Bello de Vasconcelos ◽  
Sávio Freire Bruno ◽  
Luisa Helena Monteiro de Miranda ◽  
Fátima Conceição-Silva ◽  
Vinícius Silva Belo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Parasite Load ◽  
Hepatic Tissue ◽  
Inos Mrna ◽  
White Pulp ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Ifn Γ

ABSTRACT: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonotic disease with a canine urban reservoir in South America. Dogs from an endemic area within Brazil, which were naturally infected with Leishmania infantum, and those presenting severe clinical (SC), mild, or no clinical (MNC) disease, were evaluated. Parasite load, histopathology, and cytokine and iNOS mRNA expressions were assessed in the spleen and liver in order to determine the potential markers for disease susceptibility or resistance. As a result, dogs with both SC and MNC had high parasite loads; IFN-γ was the most expressive cytokine in both organs, along with IL-6 and IL-4 being detected in the spleen and liver, and IL-10 only in liver. The hepatic tissue presented higher medians for IFN-γ and IL-10, and was the main organ to produce cytokines with hepatic IL-10 suggesting a regulatory follow up. Granulomas were detected in both organs; however, when absent in spleen, they were associated with elevated IL-6 levels, thus highlighting the anti-inflammatory role of IL-6. Microscopic lesions in the spleen were predominantly characterized by an extensively disorganized white pulp and splenic response was suggested as sub optimized. Parasite load, tissue damage, and immunological response may vary in the dogs with similar clinical symptoms, which may not be a good parameter for assessing the animal’s susceptibility to VL.

scholarly journals A review on the COVID-19, its history, diagnostic approaches, role of herbs and current world scenario

Biomedicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Singh Devendra ◽  
Agarwal Vishnu
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
International Strategy ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Global Village ◽  
The Family ◽  
Herbal Plants ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Herbal Plant

COVID- 19, a novel coronavirus disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by coronavirus-2) transmitted from person to person, is now declared as a pandemic worldwide by WHO. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the family of Coronaviridae. Covid-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) is an infectious disease with clinical symptoms like fever, sore throat, sneezing, shortness of breath, fatigue, cough, diarrhoea, chills, and respiratory symptoms that has now entered into the new dangerous phase. This virus can easily extend and can cause severe illness to the global village. Till 7Nov 2020, the total number of confirmed COVID-19 cases was 48534508, and the death number is 1231017, affecting, directly and indirectly, more than 215 territories worldwide. Hence an effective international strategy is required to control and prevent this disaster. To combat the coronavirus-2 different approaches have been initiated in scientific concern, but focussed attention should be given to the medical value of herbal plant extract to prevent these endemic type diseases. Hence, this review describes the symptoms and the role of herbal plants in treating the COVID-19.  

The significance of Toll-like receptors in selected nephropathies

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-112
Author(s):  
Sebastian Mertowski ◽  
Ewelina Grywalska ◽  
Jarosław Ludian ◽  
Agnieszka Grafka ◽  
Barbara Pęksa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Chronic Renal Failure ◽  
Inflammatory Reaction ◽  
Inflammatory Mediators ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Kidney Damage ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Stimulation Of

The diseases associated with kidney damage are an increasingly common problem in modern society and complications of chronic renal failure can result in death. Research conducted by many scientific centers, both Polish and foreign, concern the search for possible factors involved in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis. One of the possible causes of nephropathy may include the dysfunction of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which constitute a “bridge” between innate and acquired response. TLRs are involved in receiving signals related to pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as well as receiving information related to the danger associated molecular patterns (DAMP). The stimulation of these receptors activates a cascade of reactions in the course of which various mediators, including pro-inflammatory mediators, are produced. The resulting long-lasting inflammation that develops within the glomerulus may cause kidney damage. In both nephropathies caused by excessive production of antibodies in the IgA class, as well as nephropathy induced by diabetes or lupus, the expression of individual TLRs may indicate an inducer of an inflammatory reaction cascade that leads to kidney damage. This article focuses on literature reports that present current views on the role of TLRs in the pathogenesis of the most common nephropathies.

Non-Normative Events and Family Functioning: The Role of the Family Psychologist

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Harway ◽  
◽  
Nancy Boyd-Franklin ◽  
Robert Geffner ◽  
Marsali Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Functioning ◽  
The Family

Mental Health of War-Affected Youth in Two Conflicts: The Role of the Family, Community and Classroom

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivelina Borisova ◽  
Theresa Betancourt ◽  
Wietse Tol ◽  
Ivan Komproe ◽  
Mark Jordans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
The Family

Mindfulness and Parental Stress Among Parents of Children with Developmental Delays: The Role of the Family Environment

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merideth A. Robinson ◽  
Andrea C. Lewallen ◽  
Robyn Finckbone ◽  
Kristin Crocfer ◽  
Keith P. Klein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
Parental Stress ◽  
Developmental Delays ◽  
The Family

HUBUNGAN PERAN FAMILY CAREGIVER TERHADAP QUALITAS HIDUP LANSIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-56
Author(s):  
RIANI PRADARA JATI ◽  
Sekar Farah Nabila
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Family Caregiver ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Family

  Penempatan peran yang baik bagi Family Caregiver sangatlah membantu lansia dalam meningkatkah qualitas hidupnya, meningkatkan motivasi dalam menjalankan hidup Penelitian ini bertujuan Mengetahui hubungan peran Family Caregiver dalam pemenuhan qualitas hidup bagi lansia di Kelurahan Langenharjo Kabupaten Kendal. DesainPenelitianDeskriptifKorelasional menggunakan pendekatan Krosectional,tehnikSamplingStratified Simple Random Sampling dengan karakteristik heterogen, dari populasi mempunyai hak yang sama untuk diseleksi sebagai sampel teknik undianPengambilan data dengan menggunakan kuesioner yang telah diuji validitas dan reliabilitasnya. Uji statistik Chi-square, dengan taraf signifikasi 5%jumlah sampel pada penelitian ini 70 sampel pada Family Caregiver dari 213 populasi yang ada. Hasil penelitian dari 70 responden didapatkan Peran Family Caregiver tidak baik dengan qualitas hidup tidak baik 33 (47,1%), sedangkan Peran Family Caregiver kurang baik dengan qualitas hidup lansia baik 3 (4,3%). Untuk distribusi Peran Family Caregiver kurang baik dengan qualitas hidup lansia tidak baik sebanyak 6 responden (8,6%) sedangkan untuk distribusi Peran Family Caregiver kurang baik dengan qualitas hidup lansia baik sebanyak 23 responden (32,9%). Terakhir, untuk distribusi Peran Family Caregiver baik dengan qualitas hidup lansia tidak baik didapatkan hasil 2 responden (2, 9%) sedangkan untuk distribusi Peran Family Caregiver baik dengan qualitas hidup lansia baik didapatkan hasil 3 responden (4,3%)Menunjukkan nilai ρ value 0,001 (ρ < 0,05) berarti ada hubungan antara dukungan keluarga dengan kepatuhan lansia dalam keikutsertaan posyandu lansia. Disarankan kepada semua Family Cregiver lansia untuk mampu memahami pentingnya perhatian, dukungan bagi lansia dalammeningkatkan qualitas hidup yang lebih baik bagi lansia.   Kata kunci : Peran family caregiver, qualitas hidup, lansia.   ABSTRACT Placement of a good role for Family Caregiver is very helpful for the elderly to improve their quality of life, increase motivation in living life Research Objective: To know the relationship between the role of Family Caregiver in fulfilling quality of life for the elderly in Langenharjo Village, Kendal Regency. Descriptive Correlational Research Design uses a cross sectional approach, Sampling Stratified Simple Random Sampling technique with heterogeneous characteristics, from the population has the same right to be selected as a sample lottery technique Retrieving data using a questionnaire that has been tested for validity and reliability. Test Chi-square statistics, with a significance level of 5% the number of samples in this study 70 samples on the Family Caregiver from 213 populations. Results of the Study Of 70 respondents found the role of Family Caregiver was not good with poor quality of life 33 (47.1%) , while the role of the Family Caregiver is not good with the quality of life of a good elderly 3 (4.3%). For the distribution of the role of Family Caregiver is not good with the quality of life of the poor family as many as 6 respondents (8.6%) while for the distribution of the Role of Family Caregiver is not good with the quality of life of good elderly as many as 23 respondents (32.9%). Finally, the distribution of the Role of Family Caregiver with good quality of life for the poor is obtained by 2 respondents (2, 9%), while the distribution of the Role of Family Caregiver with good quality of life for the elderly is obtained by 3 respondents (4.3%). 0.001 (ρ <0.05) means that there is a relationship between family support and the compliance of the elderly in the participation of the elderly posyandu. It is recommended to all elderly Cregiver families to be able to understand the importance of attention, support for the elderly in improving the quality of life better for the elderly   Keywords: Role of Family Caregiver, Quality of Life, Elderly

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