scholarly journals Is There Any Non-functional Training? A Conceptual Review

2022 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo N. Ide ◽  
Amanda P. Silvatti ◽  
Moacir Marocolo ◽  
Clarcson P. C. Santos ◽  
Bruno V. C. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Functional Fitness ◽  
Functional Training ◽  
Traditional Training ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
Fitness Training

This conceptual review investigates whether functional training (FT) is a different approach from traditional strength, power, flexibility, and endurance (aerobic or cardiorespiratory) training already adopted in the physical training plan of professional, recreational athletes, healthy, and older adults. The 20 most recent papers published involving FT were searched in the PubMed/Medline database. Definition, concepts, benefits, and the exercises employed in FT programs were analyzed. The main results were: (a) there is no agreement about a universal definition for FT; (b) FT programs aim at developing the same benefits already induced by traditional training programs; (c) exercises employed are also the same. The inability to define FT makes the differentiation from traditional training programs difficult. Physical training programs can be easily described and classified as strength, power, flexibility, endurance, and the specific exercises employed (e.g., traditional resistance training, ballistic exercises, plyometrics and Olympic-style weightlifting, continuous and high-intensity interval training). This apt description and classification may provide consistent and clear communication between students, coaches, athletes, and sports scientists. Based on the current evidence and to avoid confusion and misconceptions, we recommend that the terms FT, high-intensity FT, and functional fitness training no longer describe any physical training program.

scholarly journals Is There Any Non-functional Training? A Conceptual Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernardo N. Ide ◽  
Amanda P. Silvatti ◽  
Moacir Marocolo ◽  
Clarcson P.C. Santos ◽  
Bruno V.C. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endurance Training ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Functional Fitness ◽  
Functional Training ◽  
Sports Science ◽  
High Intensity Interval

This conceptual review aimed to investigate whether "functional training" (FT) programs are different from traditional strength, power, flexibility, and endurance training programs. A search for the twenty most recent papers published involving FT was performed in the PubMed/Medline database. Definition, concepts, benefits, and the exercises employed in FT programs were analyzed. The main results were: 1) there is no agreement about a universal definition for FT; 2) FT programs aim at developing the same benefits already induced by traditional strength, power, flexibility, and endurance training programs; 3) exercises employed are also the same. The inability to define FT makes differentiation difficult. Physical training programs can be easily described and classified as strength, power, flexibility, endurance, and the specific exercises employed (e.g., traditional resistance training, ballistic exercises, plyometrics and Olympic-style weightlifting, continuous and high-intensity interval training). This proper description and classification may improve communication in sports science and improve interdisciplinary integration. Aiming to avoid confusion and misconceptions, and based on the current evidence, we recommend that the terms FT, high-intensity FT, and functional fitness training no longer describe any physical training program.

scholarly journals Analysis of Biomarkers in Response to High Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) and High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT): A Systematic Review Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 59-72
Author(s):  
Douglas Daniel Costa Santiago ◽  
Jaqueline Santos Silva Lopes ◽  
Aníbal Monteiro de Magalhães Neto ◽  
Claudia Marlise Balbinotti Andrade
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Clinical Trial Design ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Blood Biomarkers ◽  
Functional Training ◽  
High Intensity Interval

Introduction: Aerobic training with an acyclic and intermittent character triggers high metabolic stress, responsible for generating alterations in several blood biomarkers. Thus, investigations that clarify understanding of metabolic behavior in response to exercise seem pertinent, when considering the dynamics of prescription of physical training and recovery. Objective: Demonstrate and discuss the behavior of blood biomarkers in response to High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and High Intensity Functional Training (HIFT). Methods: The PubMed/MEDLINE, Scielo, Lilacs, Bireme, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases were searched from the oldest records available until January 16, 2020. The search was carried out by combining descriptors related to the terms: “HIIT”, “HIFT”, and “blood biomarkers”. To be included, studies were required to: 1) have a clinical trial design; 2) evaluate the effects of an HIIT and/or HIFT protocol; and 3) measure blood biomarkers before and after the training protocol. No restrictions were applied to the characteristics of the participants regarding health condition, age, sex, and level of training. Results: In total, seven studies were included (n=221 participants, aged between 18 and 63 years) that analyzed different population profiles such as athletes, sedentary young people, patients with breast cancer, and diabetics. The biomarkers evaluated included analysis of muscle damage (C Reactive protein and CK); oxidative stress (antioxidant capacity); kidney injury (creatinine and urea); hormones (testosterone and cortisol); cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-4, and IF-γ); and hemogram. In general, the results demonstrated specific patterns for the investigated markers. Thus, there were increases in muscle damage markers, while in the inflammatory markers, there was a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines and an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines. Despite the reduced values of the general blood count, markers such as neutrophils and basophils did not demonstrate statistically significant alterations. Serum testosterone levels were higher and cortisol was lower in the post-exercise period when compared to pre-exercise. Conclusion: These data are of practical relevance when demonstrating patterns of physiological responses, which also characterize knowledge and understanding essential to determine adequate periodization.

Immediate and late acute effect of moderate continuous and high intensity interval training on hypertension stage I: case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
Ana Luísa Freitas Siqueira ◽  
Gabriela Souza Faria ◽  
Pedro De Oliveira Neto ◽  
Maria Paula Fabrício de Andrade ◽  
Bruna Pereira Molina Cruz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Physical Training ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Hypotensive Effect ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Before And After ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
Training Modalities

Physical training is used in the control of arterial hypertension (AH), especially in patients with higher levels of blood pressure (BP). However, there are still few studies on the effects of physical training on AH in less advanced stages of the disease. The aim of the present study was to assess the immediate and late acute effects of continuous moderate physical training (CMT) and high intensity interval training (HIIT) in patients with mild AH, and to assess which training method induces a greater hypotensive effect. A female patient, 43 years old, sedentary, diagnosed with mild AH (stage 1), taking Losartana 50 mg twice a day was studied. She underwent one CMT and one HIIT session, one week apart. BP measurements were taken before and after each session, as well as 24 hours before and after the sessions. After the physical training sessions, we observed a drop in the patient's BP that lasted up to 60 minutes, and a reduction in blood pressure levels on the day after the training. We conclude that both training modalities were efficient in reducing the BP of the patient with mild acute immediate and delayed hypertension.

scholarly journals High-Intensity Interval Training After Stroke: An Opportunity to Promote Functional Recovery, Cardiovascular Health, and Neuroplasticity

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 543-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Crozier ◽  
Marc Roig ◽  
Janice J. Eng ◽  
Marilyn MacKay-Lyons ◽  
Joyce Fung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Stroke Rehabilitation ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Cardiovascular Exercise ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
High Intensity Interval

Introduction. Stroke is the leading cause of adult disability. Individuals poststroke possess less than half of the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) as their nonstroke counterparts, leading to inactivity, deconditioning, and an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Preserving cardiovascular health is critical to lower stroke risk; however, stroke rehabilitation typically provides limited opportunity for cardiovascular exercise. Optimal cardiovascular training parameters to maximize recovery in stroke survivors also remains unknown. While stroke rehabilitation recommendations suggest the use of moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) to improve CRF, neither is it routinely implemented in clinical practice, nor is the intensity always sufficient to elicit a training effect. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as a potentially effective alternative that encompasses brief high-intensity bursts of exercise interspersed with bouts of recovery, aiming to maximize cardiovascular exercise intensity in a time-efficient manner. HIIT may provide an alternative exercise intervention and invoke more pronounced benefits poststroke. Objectives. To provide an updated review of HIIT poststroke through ( a) synthesizing current evidence; ( b) proposing preliminary considerations of HIIT parameters to optimize benefit; ( c) discussing potential mechanisms underlying changes in function, cardiovascular health, and neuroplasticity following HIIT; and ( d) discussing clinical implications and directions for future research. Results. Preliminary evidence from 10 studies report HIIT-associated improvements in functional, cardiovascular, and neuroplastic outcomes poststroke; however, optimal HIIT parameters remain unknown. Conclusion. Larger randomized controlled trials are necessary to establish ( a) effectiveness, safety, and optimal training parameters within more heterogeneous poststroke populations; (b) potential mechanisms of HIIT-associated improvements; and ( c) adherence and psychosocial outcomes.

scholarly journals High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT): Definition and Research Implications for Improved Fitness

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Feito ◽  
Katie Heinrich ◽  
Scotty Butcher ◽  
Walker Poston
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Strength And Conditioning ◽  
Functional Training ◽  
Fitness Level ◽  
Working Definition ◽  
Training Modality ◽  
High Intensity Interval ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise

High-intensity functional training (HIFT) is an exercise modality that emphasizes functional, multi-joint movements that can be modified to any fitness level and elicit greater muscle recruitment than more traditional exercise. As a relatively new training modality, HIFT is often compared to high-intensity interval training (HIIT), yet the two are distinct. HIIT exercise is characterized by relatively short bursts of repeated vigorous activity, interspersed by periods of rest or low-intensity exercise for recovery, while HIFT utilizes constantly varied functional exercises and various activity durations that may or may not incorporate rest. Over the last decade, studies evaluating the effectiveness of HIIT programs have documented improvements in metabolic and cardiorespiratory adaptations; however, less is known about the effects of HIFT. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a working definition of HIFT and review the available literature regarding its use to improve metabolic and cardiorespiratory adaptations in strength and conditioning programs among various populations. Additionally, we aim to create a definition that is used in future publications to evaluate more effectively the future impact of this type of training on health and fitness outcomes.

scholarly journals The effects of two weeks high-intensity interval training on fasting glucose, glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in adolescent boys; A pilot study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Cockcroft ◽  
Bert Bond ◽  
Craig A Williams ◽  
Sam Harris ◽  
Sarah R Jackman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Adolescent Boys ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
High Intensity Interval

Abstract Background : Current evidence of metabolic health benefits of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) are limited to longer training periods or conducted in overweight youth. This study assessed 1) fasting and postprandial insulin and glucose before and after two weeks of HIIT in healthy adolescent boys, and 2) the relationship between pre intervention health outcomes and the effects of the HIIT intervention. Methods: Seven healthy boys (age:14.3 ± 0.3 y, BMI: 21.6 ± 2.6, 3 participants classified as overweight) completed 6 sessions of HIIT over two weeks. Insulin resistance (IR) and blood glucose and insulin responses to a Mixed Meal Tolerance Test (MMTT) were assessed before (PRE), 20 h and 70 h after (POST) the final HIIT session. Results: Two weeks of HIIT had no effect on fasting plasma glucose, insulin or IR at 20 h and 70 h POST HIIT, nor insulin and glucose response to MMTT (all P>0.05). There was a strong negative correlation between PRE training IR and change in IR after HIIT (r =-0.96, P <0.05). Conclusion: Two weeks of HIIT did not elicit improvements to fasting or postprandial glucose or insulin health outcomes in a group of adolescent boys. However the negative correlation between PRE IR and improvements after HIIT suggest that interventions of this type may be effective in adolescents with raised baseline IR.

scholarly journals The effects of two weeks high-intensity interval training on fasting glucose, glucose tolerance and insulin resistance in adolescent boys: a pilot study

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma J. Cockcroft ◽  
Bert Bond ◽  
Craig A. Williams ◽  
Sam Harris ◽  
Sarah R. Jackman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
High Intensity Interval Training ◽  
Adolescent Boys ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
High Intensity Interval

Abstract Background Current evidence of metabolic health benefits of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) are limited to longer training periods or conducted in overweight youth. This study assessed 1) fasting and postprandial insulin and glucose before and after 2 weeks of HIIT in healthy adolescent boys, and 2) the relationship between pre intervention health outcomes and the effects of the HIIT intervention. Methods Seven healthy boys (age:14.3 ± 0.3 y, BMI: 21.6 ± 2.6, 3 participants classified as overweight) completed 6 sessions of HIIT over 2 weeks. Insulin resistance (IR) and blood glucose and insulin responses to a Mixed Meal Tolerance Test (MMTT) were assessed before (PRE), 20 h and 70 h after (POST) the final HIIT session. Results Two weeks of HIIT had no effect on fasting plasma glucose, insulin or IR at 20 h and 70 h POST HIIT, nor insulin and glucose response to MMTT (all P > 0.05). There was a strong negative correlation between PRE training IR and change in IR after HIIT (r = − 0.96, P < 0.05). Conclusion Two weeks of HIIT did not elicit improvements to fasting or postprandial glucose or insulin health outcomes in a group of adolescent boys. However the negative correlation between PRE IR and improvements after HIIT suggest that interventions of this type may be effective in adolescents with raised baseline IR.

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