scholarly journals Evaluation of Medetomidine-Ketamine for Immobilization of Feral Horses in Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ovidiu Roşu ◽  
Iulia Melega ◽  
Alina L. Evans ◽  
Jon M. Arnemo ◽  
Susanne Küker
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Feral Horses ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Wide Range

Feral horses are immobilized for a variety of reasons including population control via contraceptives. Although opioid combinations have been successfully used for immobilization of feral horses, there is a need for combinations using drugs that are more readily available and present less of a human health hazard. We evaluated the chemical immobilization with physiological measurements and blood gas analyses of 91 free-ranging feral horses (Equus ferus caballus) remotely immobilized with a combination of 30 mg medetomidine and 775 mg ketamine in a single disposable 6 ml dart. During immobilization, heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, capillary refill time and peripheral oxygen hemoglobin saturation (SpO2) were evaluated. In eight horses, arterial blood samples were analyzed to evaluate the blood gases, acid-base status and hematologic variables. Targeted horses presented a wide range of age, size and body condition. Eighty-one horses had an uneventful mean induction of 7.2 min. Eighty-nine horses were immobilized in lateral recumbency with good muscle relaxation and a median recumbency time of 67 min. Ten horses required supplemental ketamine intravenously (x̄ = 434 mg) due to incomplete immobilization. In 58 horses the effects of medetomidine were antagonized with atipamezole intravenously. Increased respiratory rate (>20 breaths/min), increased heart rate (>45 beats/min) and decreased SpO2 < 90% were noted in more than half of the individuals, while increased rectal temperature (>39.0°C) was recorded in six animals. Blood parameters showed hypoxemia (<90 mmHg, n = 8), hypercapnia (>45 mmHg, n = 5), high glucose levels (>134 mmol/L, n = 3), increased blood lactate (>1.5 mmol/L), total carbon dioxide, bicarbonate and base excess which further increased in the second sample, whereas SpO2 and calcium values decreased. Recoveries were smooth, with one (n = 86) or more (n = 5) attempts of standing. Eighty-nine recoveries were uneventful, besides one male that showed signs of monoparesis of the left front leg and one mare with signs consistent with exertional myopathy. In conclusion, medetomidine-ketamine provided a reliable immobilization in feral horses over a wide range of body mass and age. However, based on the observed hypoxemia during immobilization, oxygen supplementation is strongly recommended for this protocol.

scholarly journals A comparative study between using of Midazolam-Ketamine and Diazepam-Ketamine combinations as anaesthetic program in sheep

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
S. A. A. Al-Redah
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Recovery Time ◽  
Intramuscular Injection ◽  
Healthy Adult ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Anaesthetic Drug ◽  
Group D ◽  
Apparently Healthy

The present study was designed to compare the efficacy for using of the two anesthetics combinations (Midazolam-Ketamine and Diazepam-Ketamine). The effect of combinations on the length of surgical anesthesia, degree of flank analgesia, degree of muscle relaxation, respiratory rate, heart rate and rectal temperature were assayed in sheep.The experiment was conducted on ten apparently healthy adult sheep of either sex weighting (24-33kg). Sheep were divided in two equal groups, Diazepam (1mg/kg BW) +Ketamine (10mg/kg BW) group (D+K), Midazolam (1mg/kg BW) +Ketamine 10mg/kg BW group (M+K), was used by intramuscular injection, benzodiazepine derivative (diazepam or midazolam) injected first and then followed by ketamine 10minutes later.The following parameter were recorded at 3minutes before injection of drug and 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60 and 75 minutes (min.) respectively after administration of anaesthetic drug (Rectal Temperature , Respiratory Rate , Heart Rate , Degree of Analgesia , Degree of Muscle relaxation), the induction time, surgical anaesthesia and recovery time also were recorded.The experiment showed that the anaesthesia with Midazolam + Ketamine combination in sheep was suitable compared with Diazepam + Ketamine as it produced reliable surgical anaesthesia, good analgesia and muscle relaxation.

The effect of nitrate supplementation on arterial blood gases, haemoglobin fractions and heart rate in Bos indicus cattle after exercise

2018 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 1603 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Benu ◽  
L. A. Fitzpatrick ◽  
M. J. Callaghan ◽  
N. Tomkins ◽  
A. J. Parker
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Arterial Blood Gases ◽  
Arterial Blood Gas ◽  
Nitrate Treatment ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Exercise Regimen

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of nitrate treatment on the arterial blood gas and haemoglobin fractions from Bos indicus steers after exercise. Bos indicus steers (n = 12; mean bodyweight ± s.e.m., 397 kg ± 10.84 kg) were used in this experiment to investigate the effects of three dose rates of nitrate salts (0, 30 or 50 g of nitrate/day) on arterial blood gases, methaemoglobin concentration, carboxyhaemoglobin concentration, oxyhaemoglobin concentration, total haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, heart rate, and respiratory rate after exercise. Increasing the dose rate of nitrate resulted in a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen (P = 0.004) in blood. Steers treated with 50 g nitrate/day had a decrease in oxyhaemoglobin concentration (P = 0.001) and a concomitant increase in methaemoglobin (P = 0.001) and carboxyhaemoglobin (P = 0.001) compared with steers treated with 0 or 30 g nitrate/day. Steers dosed with 50 g of nitrate had greater heart rates immediately after the exercise regimen compared with the steers dosed with 30 g of nitrate (P = 0.043) or no nitrate (P = 0.018). There was no difference between treatments for respiratory rate (P = 0.673) or rectal temperature (P = 0.207) after the exercise regimen. Feeding nitrate to Bos indicus cattle results in a decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of their blood. It is likely that doses of nitrate greater than 50 g per day for this class of animal could induce hypoxaemic trauma if cattle have exercise imposed after consuming a nitrate supplement.

Development of tissue hypoxia during progressive hyperthermia in dogs

1963 ◽  
Vol 205 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Frankel ◽  
J. P. Ellis ◽  
S. M. Cain
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Minute Volume ◽  
Tissue Hypoxia ◽  
External Respiration ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Hemoglobin Saturation

Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, minute volume, arterial blood, Po2, Pco2, pH, hemoglobin saturation, lactic acid, and pyruvic acid were determined on anesthetized dogs during progressive hyperthermia. Heart rate increased as rectal temperature ( Tr) increased. Mean arterial pressure began to decline at Tr between 41 and 42 C. Respiratory rate and minute volume reached maximum values at temperatures around 42 C. Arterial Po2 and hemoglobin saturation did not decrease until rectal temperature exceeded 42 C. Pco2 decreased and pH increased from control values as minute volume increased. Arterial excess lactate showed the most marked rise at Trs between 41 and 42 C. Failure of external respiration is not the primary physiological failure during progressive hypothermia but the development of tissue hypoxia may be.

scholarly journals Reversible anaesthesia of free-ranging lions (Panthera leo) in Zimbabwe

2005 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Fahlman ◽  
A. Loveridge ◽  
C. Wenham ◽  
C. Foggin ◽  
J.M. Arnemo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Dose ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Panthera Leo ◽  
Heart Rates ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Drug Doses ◽  
Acid Base Status ◽  
Free Ranging

The combination of medetomidine-zolazepam-tiletamine with subsequent antagonism by atipamezole was evaluated for reversible anaesthesia of free-ranging lions (Panthera leo). Twenty-one anaesthetic events of 17 free-ranging lions (5 males and 12 females, body weight 105-211 kg) were studied in Zimbabwe. Medetomidine at 0.027-0.055 mg / kg (total dose 4-11 mg) and zolazepam-tiletamine at 0.38-1.32 mg / kg (total dose 50-275 mg) were administered i.m. by dart injection. The doses were gradually decreased to improve recovery. Respiratory and heart rates, rectal temperature and relative haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) were recorded every 15 min. Arterial blood samples were collected from 5 lions for analysis of blood gases and acid-base status. For anaesthetic reversal, atipamezole was administered i.m. at 2.5 or 5 times the medetomidine dose. Induction was smooth and all lions were anaesthetised with good muscle relaxation within 3.4-9.5 min after darting. The predictable working time was a minimum of 1 h and no additional drug doses were needed. Respiratory and heart rates and SpO2 were stable throughout anaesthesia, whereas rectal temperature changed significantly over time. Atipamezole at 2.5 times the medetomidine dose was sufficient for reversal and recoveries were smooth and calm in all lions independent of the atipamezole dose. First sign of recovery was observed 3-27 min after reversal. The animals were up walking 8-26 min after reversal when zolazepamtiletamine doses <1 mg / kg were used. In practice, a total dose of 6 mg medetomidine and 80 mg zolazepam-tiletamine and reversal with 15 mg atipamezole can be used for either sex of an adult or subadult lion. The drugs and doses used in this study provided a reliable, safe and reversible anaesthesia protocol for free-ranging lions.

scholarly journals Effects of tramadol with tiletamine/zolazepam-xylazine as anaesthesia in cats

2013 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-223
Author(s):  
Lin Li ◽  
Jing Dong ◽  
Dezhang Lu ◽  
Sheng Jiang ◽  
Dongqi Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Analgesic Effect ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Anaesthetic Technique ◽  
Anaesthetic Induction ◽  
Physiological Indicators

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the combination of tiletamine/zolazepam-xylazine-tramadol (TZXT) in cats and to compare its efficacy as an anaesthetic technique with tiletamine/zolazepam-xylazine (TZX). Fourteen healthy thirteen-month-old cats of both sexes were immobilized by TZXT or TZX on two different occasions. The cats’ scores for immobilization, analgesia and baseline physiological indicators, heart rate, respiratory rate and rectal temperature, were recorded before and 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100 and 120 min after administration of TZXT or TZX. Animals in both groups became laterally recumbent within 3 min and physiological indicators changed after administration. These changes were within biologically acceptable limits; these measurements did not differ between the treatments. Induction and recovery quality in animals was better with TZXT than with TZX. Sedation, analgesia, muscle relaxation and posture scores was higher in TZXT group. During recovery, cats in TZXT group were more conscious than cats in TZX group. This study showed that in cats, addition of tramadol (T) to TZX improved the quality of anaesthetic induction and increased the analgesic effect without adversely affecting the physiological indicators. Thus tiletamine/zolazepam-xylazine-tramadol shows to be more suitable for cat anaesthesia.

PENGARUH TINDAKAN MOBILISASI DINI TERHADAP DENYUT JANTUNG DAN FREKUENSI PERNAPASAN PADA PASIEN KRITIS DI ICU RSUD SLEMAN YOGYAKARTA

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-223
Author(s):  
Muhamat Nofiyanto ◽  
Tetra Saktika Adhinugraha
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Early Mobilization ◽  
Critical Conditions ◽  
P Value ◽  
Cardiorespiratory Function ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Critical Patients ◽  
Security Standards

Background: Patients with critical conditions in the ICU depend on a variety of tools to support their lifes. Patients’ conditions and and their unstable hemodynamic are challenges for nurses to perform mobilization. Less mobilization in critical patients can cause a variety of physical problems, one of them is cardiorespiratory function disorder. Objective: to investigate differences in heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) before, during, and immediately after early mobilization. Methods: This study employed quasi experiment with one group pre and post test design. Twenty four respondents were selected based on the criteria HR <110 / min at rest, Mean Arterial Blood Pressure between 60 to 110 mmHg, and the fraction of inspired oxygen <0.6. Early mobilization was performed to the respondents, and followed by assessments on the changes of respiratory rate and heart rate before, during, and immediately after the mobilization. Analysis of differences in this study used ANNOVA. Results: Before the early mobilization, mean RR was 22.54 and mean HR was 78.58. Immediately after the mobilization,  mean RR was 23.21 and mean HR was 80.75. There was no differences in the value of RR and HR, before and immediately after the early mobilization with the p-value of 0.540 and 0.314, respectively. Conclusions: Early mobilization of critical patients is relatively safe. Nurses are expected to perform early mobilization for critical patients. However, it should be with regard to security standards and rigorous assessment of the patient's conditions. Keywords: Early mobilization, critical patients, ICU

scholarly journals Energy Supplementation during the Last Third of Gestation Improves Mother–Young Bonding in Goats

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
Juan M. Vázquez-García ◽  
Gregorio Álvarez-Fuentes ◽  
Héctor O. Orozco-Gregorio ◽  
Juan C. García-López ◽  
Milagros González-Hernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
First Feeding ◽  
Labor Duration ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Energy Supplementation ◽  
Birth Body Weight ◽  
Birth Type

We tested whether maternal energy supplementation during the last third of gestation improves birth weight, neonatal wellbeing, and mother–young bonding. Thirty-six pregnant French Alpine goats were randomly allocated among three nutritional treatments for the last third of pregnancy: (i) Control, fed alfalfa (T-0; n = 12); (ii) alfalfa + 150 g/head daily energy concentrate (T-150; n = 12); (iii) alfalfa + 300 g/head daily energy concentrate (T-300; n = 12). At birth, we collected progeny data on birth weight, birth type, sex, rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, time to standing, time to udder connection, and time to first feeding. For the dams, we collected data on the duration of labor, time to clean the progeny, and time to allow first suckling. At birth, body weight, rectal temperature, heart rate, and the respiratory rate did not differ among treatments (p > 0.05). In the dams, labor duration was not affected by the treatments (p > 0.05). The T-150 dams were faster to clean the newborn and allow first suckling (p < 0.05). The T-150 progeny were faster to stand and the T-300 progeny were faster to connect to the udder (p < 0.05). We conclude that energy supplementation of the dam during the last third of gestation does not affect the birth weight of the progeny, but enhances the mother–young bonding.

scholarly journals Monitoring of physiological and blood parameters during perinatal and neonatal period in calves

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Piccione ◽  
S. Casella ◽  
P. Pennisi ◽  
C. Giannetto ◽  
A. Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
External Jugular Vein ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Functional Development ◽  
Adaptation Processes

Rectal temperature, heart and respiratory rates, and the course of some blood parameters were monitored in calves during perinatal and neonatal periods. The study was carried out on eight Limousine calves. From all subjects, rectal temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate were measured. Blood samples were taken at the same hour (9am) from the external jugular vein, and then centrifuged and stored until analyses. By means of an UV spectrophotometer, the following blood parameters were assessed for each subject: total protein, total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), urea, creatinine, cholinesterase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), hydroxybutirate, glutamate pyruvate transaminases (GPT), glutamate oxalacetate transaminases (GOT), direct and total bilirubin, magnesium, iron, potassium, phosphorus, chloride and sodium. The results showed a significant effect of days of life (P<0.05) only on total cholesterol, creatinine and GOT during the first week of life and a significant effect of days of life on rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, total cholesterol, NEFA, creatinina, and GOT during the first month of life. A correlation among individual values for postnatal age (days of life) and heart rate in calves during the first month of life was observed. In conclusion, modifications of studied parameters could be attributed to functional development of calves in neonatal period and contribute to the knowledge of adaptation processes in calf during the first week and the first month of life resulting useful for the diagnosis and treatment of any neonatal diseases.

DIGITALIS TOLERANCE IN YOUNG PUPPIES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 730-736
Author(s):  
Katherine H. Halloran ◽  
Steven C. Schimpff ◽  
Jean G. Nicolas ◽  
Norman S. Talner
Keyword(s):  
Blood Gases ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Littermate Control ◽  
Premature Ventricular Contractions ◽  
Toxic Dose ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
The Mean

Tolerance to acetyl strophanthidin, a rapid-acting cardiac aglycone, was determined in 28 anesthetized mongrel puppies, ages 16 to 56 days, and compared to tolerance in 16 littermate puppies in whom acute hypercapnic acidemia was produced. The tolerance was also compared to that of four adult mongrel dogs. The toxic dose was defined as the intravenous amount required to produce four consecutive premature ventricular contractions. A marked variation in the toxic dose was found in the 28 control puppies (range 83 to 353 µg/kg, mean 169 µg/kg) which could not be correlated with age, arterial blood gases or pH, serum potassium or sodium, arterial pressure, or heart rate. The toxic dose was significantly greater in the puppies than in the adult dogs, in whom the mean toxic dose was 64 µg/kg (range 50 to 89 µg/kg). A significant increase in tolerance was also observed in the puppies with hypercapnic acidemia (mean toxic dose 220 µg/kg, range 93 to 375 µg/kg) in comparison to tolerance in the control puppies and despite the wide range of tolerance, each of the puppies with hypercapnic acidemia showed greater tolerance than its littermate control puppy. Assessment of the clinical implications of these findings will require study of the effects of alterations in acid-base balance on the inotropic effect of acetyl strophanthidin in addition to the toxic electrophysiologic effects.

Acclimatization of calves to a hot dry environment

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bianca
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Metabolic Heat Production ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Physiological Reactions

1. Three calves were individually exposed in a climatic room to an environment of 45° C. dry-bulb and 28° C. wet-bulb temperature for 21 successive days up to 5 hr. each day.2. In the 21-day period, mostly during the first half of it, the following changes in the physiological reactions of the animals were observed: progressive reductions in rectal temperature, in heart rate and in respiratory rate with a change of breathing from a laboured to a less laboured type.3. It was suggested that a decrease in metabolic heat production might play a part in the observed acclimatization.

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