scholarly journals Review: The Effects of Supersonic Aviation on Ozone and Climate

Aerospace ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Sigrun Matthes ◽  
David S. Lee ◽  
Ruben Rodriguez De De Leon ◽  
Ling Lim ◽  
Bethan Owen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emission Scenario ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Climate Effect ◽  
Regulatory Issues ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Climate Effects ◽  
Supersonic Transport ◽  
Quantitative Estimates

When working towards regulation of supersonic aviation, a comprehensive understanding of the global climate effect of supersonic aviation is required in order to develop future regulatory issues. Such research requires a comprehensive overview of existing scientific literature having explored the climate effect of aviation. This review article provides an overview on earlier studies assessing the climate effects of supersonic aviation, comprising non-CO2 effects. An overview on the historical evaluation of research focussing on supersonic aviation and its environmental impacts is provided, followed by an overview on concepts explored and construction of emission inventories. Quantitative estimates provided for individual effects are presented and compared. Subsequently, regulatory issues related to supersonic transport are summarised. Finally, requirements for future studies, e.g., in emission scenario construction or numerical modelling of climate effects, are summarised and main conclusions discussed.

scholarly journals Quantitative estimates of average geomagnetic axial dipole dominance in deep geological time

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Biggin ◽  
Richard K. Bono ◽  
Domenico G. Meduri ◽  
Courtney J. Sprain ◽  
Christopher J. Davies ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Power Law ◽  
Geomagnetic Field ◽  
Recent Observation ◽  
Observational Constraint ◽  
Angular Dispersion ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Axial Dipole ◽  
Quantitative Estimates

AbstractA defining characteristic of the recent geomagnetic field is its dominant axial dipole which provides its navigational utility and dictates the shape of the magnetosphere. Going back through time, much less is known about the degree of axial dipole dominance. Here we use a substantial and diverse set of 3D numerical dynamo simulations and recent observation-based field models to derive a power law relationship between the angular dispersion of virtual geomagnetic poles at the equator and the median axial dipole dominance measured at Earth’s surface. Applying this relation to published estimates of equatorial angular dispersion implies that geomagnetic axial dipole dominance averaged over 107–109 years has remained moderately high and stable through large parts of geological time. This provides an observational constraint to future studies of the geodynamo and palaeomagnetosphere. It also provides some reassurance as to the reliability of palaeogeographical reconstructions provided by palaeomagnetism.

scholarly journals Implications of Autonomous Vehicles for Accessibility and Transport Equity: A Framework Based on Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4448
Author(s):  
Alberto Dianin ◽  
Elisa Ravazzoli ◽  
Georg Hauger
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Model ◽  
Transport System ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Social Accessibility ◽  
The Relationship

Increasing accessibility and balancing its distribution across space and social groups are two fundamental goals to make transport more sustainable and equitable. In the next decades, autonomous vehicles (AVs) could significantly transform the transport system, influencing accessibility and transport equity. In particular, depending on the assumed features of AVs (e.g., private or collective) and the considered spatial, social, and regulative context (e.g., rural or urban areas), impacts may be very different. Nevertheless, research in this field is still limited, and the relationship between AV assumptions and accessibility impacts is still partially unclear. This paper aims to provide a framework of the key and emerging aspects related to the implications of AVs for accessibility and transport equity. To set this framework, we perform an analysis of the scientific literature based on a conceptual model describing the implications of AVs for the distribution of accessibility across space and social groups. We recognize four main expected impacts of AVs on accessibility: (1) accessibility polarization, (2) accessibility sprawl, (3) exacerbation of social accessibility inequities, and (4) alleviation of social accessibility inequities. These impacts are described and analyzed in relation to the main AV assumptions expected to trigger them through different mechanisms. Based on the results, some recommendations for future studies intending to focus on the relation between AVs, accessibility, and transport equity are provided.

scholarly journals Blockchain Applications in Agribusiness: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Geneci da Silva Ribeiro Rocha ◽  
Letícia de Oliveira ◽  
Edson Talamini
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Near Future

Blockchain is a technology that can be applied in different sectors to solve various problems. As a complex system, agribusiness presents many possibilities to take advantage of blockchain technology. The main goal of this paper is to identify the purposes for which blockchain has been applied in the agribusiness sector, for which a PRISMA-based systematic review was carried out. The scientific literature corpus was accessed and selected from Elsevier’s Scopus and ISI of Knowledge’s Web of Science (WoS) platforms, using the PRISMA protocol procedures. Seventy-one articles were selected for analysis. Blockchain application in agribusiness is a novel topic, with the first publication dating from 2016. The technological development prevails more than blockchain applications since it has been addressed mainly in the Computer Sciences and Engineering. Blockchain applications for agribusiness management of financial, energy, logistical, environmental, agricultural, livestock, and industrial purposes have been reported in the literature. The findings suggest that blockchain brings many benefits when used in agribusiness supply chains. We concluded that the research on blockchain applications in agribusiness is only at an early stage, as many prototypes are being developed and tested in the laboratory. In the near future, blockchain will be increasingly applied across all economic sectors, including agribusiness, promoting greater reliability and agility in information with a reduced cost. Several gaps for future studies were observed, with significant value for science, industry, and society.

scholarly journals The Effects of Anthropogenic Sound and Artificial Light Exposure on Microbiomes: Ecological and Public Health Implications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake M Robinson ◽  
Ross Cameron ◽  
Brenda Parker
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Critical Appraisal ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Light Pollution ◽  
Artificial Light ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Health Implications

Globally, anthropogenic sound and artificial light pollution have increased to alarming levels. Evidence suggests that these can disrupt critical processes that impact ecosystems and human health. However, limited focus has been given to the potential effects of sound and artificial light pollution on microbiomes. Microbial communities are the foundations of our ecosystems. They are essential for human health and provide myriad ecosystem services. Therefore, disruption to microbiomes by anthropogenic sound and artificial light could have important ecological and human health implications. In this mini-review, we provide a critical appraisal of available scientific literature on the effects of anthropogenic sound and light exposure on microorganisms and discuss the potential ecological and human health implications. Our mini-review shows that a limited number of studies have been carried out to investigate the effects of anthropogenic sound and light pollution on microbiomes. However, based on these studies, it is evident that anthropogenic sound and light pollution have the potential to significantly influence ecosystems and human health via microbial interactions. Many of the studies suffered from modest sample sizes, suboptimal experiments designs, and some of the bioinformatics approaches used are now outdated. These factors should be improved in future studies. This is an emerging and severely underexplored area of research that could have important implications for global ecosystems and public health. Finally, we also propose the photo-sonic restoration hypothesis: does restoring natural levels of light and sound help to restore microbiomes and ecosystem stability?

Global climate effects of summer Tibetan Plateau

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ping Zhao ◽  
Xiuji Zhou ◽  
Junming Chen ◽  
Ge Liu ◽  
Sulan Nan
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Climate Effects

scholarly journals A Multidisciplinary Review of the Roles of Cripto in the Scientific Literature Through a Bibliometric Analysis of its Biological Roles

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1480
Author(s):  
Elisa Rodrigues Sousa ◽  
Eugenio Zoni ◽  
Sofia Karkampouna ◽  
Federico La Manna ◽  
Peter C. Gray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Growth And Remodeling ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Critical Knowledge ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
First Time ◽  
Glucose Regulated Protein

Cripto is a small glycosylphosphatidylinisitol (GPI)-anchored and secreted oncofetal protein that plays important roles in regulating normal physiological processes, including stem cell differentiation, embryonal development, and tissue growth and remodeling, as well as pathological processes such as tumor initiation and progression. Cripto functions as a co-receptor for TGF-β ligands such as Nodal, GDF1, and GDF3. Soluble and secreted forms of Cripto also exhibit growth factor-like activity and activate SRC/MAPK/PI3K/AKT pathways. Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 kDa (GRP78) binds Cripto at the cell surface and has been shown to be required for Cripto signaling via both TGF-β and SRC/MAPK/PI3K/AKT pathways. To provide a comprehensive overview of the scientific literature related to Cripto, we performed, for the first time, a bibliometric analysis of the biological roles of Cripto as reported in the scientific literature covering the last 10 years. We present different fields of knowledge in comprehensive areas of research on Cripto, ranging from basic to translational research, using a keyword-driven approach. Our ultimate aim is to aid the scientific community in conducting targeted research by identifying areas where research has been conducted so far and, perhaps more importantly, where critical knowledge is still missing.

Palaeoflood hydrology: an emerging science

2004 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane Saint-Laurent
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
River System ◽  
Biophysical Parameters ◽  
Sedimentary Deposits ◽  
Methods And Techniques ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Fluvial Environments ◽  
Stratigraphic Sequences

On examining the scientific literature of recent years, one notices an increase in the number of studies of global warming and its impact on the Earth’s various environments. Research has been undertaken in various fields such as geomorphology, hydrology and many others. In the context of climatic change, there is growing interest in the study of past floods, or palaeofloods. Researchers are attempting to reconstitute the chronology of past floods, especially with respect to past or subrecent climatic changes. The work involves using different methodological approaches borrowed from various disciplines including geology, geomorphology and ecology. The reconstruction of ancient hydrological events such as palaeofloods in fact requires that different methods and techniques be combined in order to trace the chronology of events as precisely as possible using different biophysical parameters. A wide variety of indicators are used in the chronological reconstruction of ancient fluvial environments, whether in humid, subhumid or desert regions. These indicators involve analysing stratigraphic sequences and sedimentary deposits, organic matter and macrorest deposits, as well as using radiocarbon dating(14C), thermoluminescence (TL), and dendrochronology and lichenometry. In fact, most work on the reconstitution of the frequency and magnitude of ancient floods uses several methods and techniques to obtain the long-term chronology of flood events in relation to the specific conditions (e.g., climate, geomorphology) of a region or study area. With the publication of several studies in palaeohydrology, it was interesting to examine, through a literature review, the various approaches used in the study of palaeofloods. This kind of study has seen major advances, which can be explained partly by the interest generated by global climate change and its effect on river-system dynamics.

Major increases projected in extreme surface melt events in Antarctica, even under a moderate emission scenario

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Feron ◽  
Raul Cordero
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Antarctic Peninsula ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Emission Scenario ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Reference Period ◽  
West Antarctica ◽  
Surface Melt ◽  
The Antarctic

<p>Surface Melt (SM) is one of the factors that contribute to sea level rise; surface meltwater draining through the ice and beneath Antarctic glaciers may cause acceleration in their flow towards the sea. Changes in the frequency of relatively warm days (including heatwaves) can substantially alter the SM variability, thus leading to extreme melting events. By using simulations from 13 Global Climate Models (GCMs) and according to a moderate representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5), here we show that the frequency of extreme SM events (SM90; according to the 90th percentile over the reference period 1961-1990) may significantly increase in coastal areas of West Antarctica; in particular in the Antarctic Peninsula. By the end of the century SM90 estimates are expected to increase from currently 0.10 kg/m2/day to about 0.45 kg/m2/day in the Antarctic Peninsula. Increments in SM90 estimates are not just driven by changes in the average SM, but also by the variability in SM. The latter is expected to increase by around 50% in the Antarctic Peninsula.</p>

scholarly journals Environmental factors can influence dengue reported cases

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (11) ◽  
pp. 957-961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Antonio F. Carneiro ◽  
Beatriz da C. A. Alves ◽  
Flávia de Sousa Gehrke ◽  
José Nuno Domingues ◽  
Nelson Sá ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Changes ◽  
Temporal Trend ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Statistical Association ◽  
Concentration Data ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Global Climate Changes ◽  
Dengue Outbreak ◽  
Definition Of

Summary Introduction: Global climate changes directly affect the natural environment and contribute to an increase in the transmission of diseases by vectors. Among these diseases, dengue is at the top of the list. The aim of our study was to understand the consequences of temporal variability of air temperature in the occurrence of dengue in an area comprising seven municipalities of the Greater São Paulo. Method: Characterization of a temporal trend of the disease in the region between 2010 and 2013 was performed through analysis of the notified number of dengue cases over this period. Our analysis was complemented with meteorological (temperature) and pollutant concentration data (PM10). Results: We observed that the months of January, February, March, April and May (from 2010 to 2013) were the ones with the highest number of notified cases. We also found that there is a statistical association of moisture and PM10 with the reported cases of dengue. Conclusion: Although the temperature does not statistically display an association with recorded cases of dengue, we were able to verify that temperature peaks coincide with dengue outbreak peaks. Future studies on environmental pollution and its influence on the development of Aedes aegypti mosquito during all stages of its life cycle, and the definition of strategies for better monitoring, including campaigns and surveillance, would be compelling.

scholarly journals Influence of Climate Change in Reliability Analysis of High Rise Building

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Zhang ◽  
Keqin Yan ◽  
Tao Cheng ◽  
Quan Zhou ◽  
Liping Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Reliability Analysis ◽  
Structural Reliability ◽  
Climate Effect ◽  
Existing Building ◽  
Climate Effects ◽  
Urban Structures ◽  
High Rise ◽  
High Rise Building ◽  
Engineering Designs

The safety of designed urban structures is highly depending on the respond of structures to different types and magnitude of environmental loads. The safety assessment of an existing building needs to have a full consideration of all the environmental factors. Therefore, the engineers must realize the importance of the environment and take care of all the assumptions and uncertainties. One of the hot topics that researchers nowadays are interested is the influence of climate change to the engineering designs. There is a remarkable consensus in the scientific community telling us a fact that our climate is changing and engineering design failures are increasing. In this paper, we are going to have an investigation of the effect of the climate change to the safety of high rise building. The climate effects are briefly discussed at the first beginning of this paper. Then a detailed study is performed on the modeling of climate effects for the wind load. This is later utilized in a structural reliability analysis for a high rise building. The influence of climate effects to the overall safety of a building is investigated and discussed based on the analyzed results. It was found the influence of climate effect can be very significant in the design of high rise buildings.

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