scholarly journals Enhanced Ruminal Fermentation Parameters and Altered Rumen Bacterial Community Composition by Formulated Rumen Buffer Agents Fed to Dairy Cows with a High-Concentrate Diet

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 554
Author(s):  
Sonny C. Ramos ◽  
Chang-Dae Jeong ◽  
Lovelia L. Mamuad ◽  
Seon-Ho Kim ◽  
A-Rang Son ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

The effects of rumen buffer agents on ruminal fermentation parameters and bacterial community composition were determined using in vitro and in vivo experiments in three rumen-cannulated, high-concentrate fed Holstein Friesian dairy cows. Experiment 1 in vitro treatments included bentonite, calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, sodium bicarbonate, sodium sesquicarbonate, and processed coral, and unbuffered samples served as the control. Experiment 2 in vitro treatments were based on the formulation of various combinations of the buffer agents used in Experiment 1. Combinations were selected for the in vivo study based on their buffering ability. Calcium oxide, sodium bicarbonate, and sodium sesquicarbonate stabilized the ruminal pH and improved in vitro rumen fermentation. The combined buffer agents had a significant effect on pH, buffering capacity, total gas, and total volatile fatty acids. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla in both treatments and the control. Ruminococcus and Prevotella were found to be the dominant genera. Ruminococcus bromii was predominant in the treatment group. Prevotella jejuni was more abundant in the control group compared to the treatment group, in which its abundance was very low. Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Intestinimonas butyriciproducens gradually increased in abundance as cows received treatment. Overall, a high-concentrate diet administered to cows induced adverse changes in ruminal pH; however, buffer supplementation enhanced ruminal fermentation characteristics and altered bacterial community, which could contribute to preventing ruminal acidosis.

Effect of rhubarb (Rheum spp.) root on in vitro and in vivo ruminal methane production and a bacterial community analysis based on 16S rRNA sequence

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyoung Hoon Kim ◽  
Selvaraj Arokiyaraj ◽  
Jinwook Lee ◽  
Young Kyoon Oh ◽  
Ho Young Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
16S Rna

The objective of this study was to evaluate the anti-methanogenic effect of rhubarb (Rheum spp.) on in vitro, in vivo, and bacterial community composition using Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology sequencing. Rhubarb root powder was tested at different concentrations (0, 0.33, 0.67, and 1.33 g/L) in vitro, and all incubations were carried out in triplicate two runs on separate days. Concentrations of 0.67 and 1.33 g/L rhubarb significantly (P < 0.05) reduced methane production and the acetate : propionate ratio compared with those of the Control, without adverse effects on total volatile fatty acids and total gas production. In the second in vivo trial, four Hanwoo (Korean native) steers (live bodyweight, 556 ± 46 kg) with a ruminal cannula were housed individually in metabolic stalls and fed a basal diet twice daily in equal amounts at 0900 hours and 2100 hours. The before rhubarb treatment (before treatment) duration was 24 days for all steers; 14 days were used for diet adaptation and 10 days were used for gas samples collected 1, 2, and 3 h after the morning feeding on Days 3, 5, 7, and 9. We used three syringe needles passed through the ruminal cannula stopper at different time points as a simple and rapid method to sample rumen gas. Thereafter, three mesh bags containing 30 g of sliced rhubarb root each were placed at different depths in the rumen of each steer for 14 days (after treatment), and gas samples were collected on Days 4, 7, 10, 12, and 13. The results showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in methane concentration from the rhubarb-treated steers and provide the evidence that this method would be useful for in vivo screening of anti-methanogenic feed additives or plant material. Furthermore, 16s RNA sequencing after treatment showed increases in the numbers of Prevotella, and Lactobacillus, but decreases in Methanobrevibacter. In conclusion, rhubarb had an anti-methanogenic effect in vitro and in vivo, and the increase in the number of Prevotella shifted ruminal fermentation towards propionate production.

scholarly journals Increasing Buffering Capacity Alters Rumen Microbiota Composition and Enhances Rumen Fermentation Characteristics of High-Concentrate Fed Hanwoo Steers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonny Ramos ◽  
Seon Ho Kim ◽  
Chang Dae Jeong ◽  
Lovelia L. Mamuad ◽  
A-rang Son ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Drastic Decrease ◽  
Degrading Bacteria

Abstract Background: Rumen bacterial community is mainly affected by the type of diet consumed by the host animals. High concentrate diet increases the abundance of lactic acid producers and utilizers due to high level of non-structural carbohydrates thus reducing the number of fiber-degrading bacteria because of drastic decrease in pH. Dietary buffers are essential in regulating rumen pH through the compounds responsible in resisting drastic decrease in pH once cattle were fed with high-concentrate diet. However, no study has evaluated the effects of buffering capacity and efficiency in alleviating chronic acidosis in rumen. Ruminal metataxonomic and fermentation characteristics analyses were conducted to evaluate the effect of different buffering capacities on in vitro and in vivo experiments in high-concentrate fed Hanwoo steers. Results: Results revealed that BC0.9% and BC0.5% had similar and significant effect (P < 0.05) on in vitro ruminal fermentation at 3 to 24 h incubation. Both BC0.9% and BC0.5% had significantly highest (P < 0.05) buffering capacity, pH, and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) than BC0.3% and CON at 24 h of incubation. Individual and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) were significantly lowest in CON. Increasing buffering capacity concentration showed linear effect on pH at 6 to 24 h while total gas and NH3-N at 3 and 12 h. Phylum Bacteroidetes dominated all treatments but a higher abundance of Firmicutes in BC0.5% than others. Ruminoccocus bromii and Succiniclasticum ruminis were dominant in BC0.5% and Bacteroides massiliensis in BC0.3%. The normalized data of relative abundance of observed OTUs’ representative families have grouped the CON with BC0.3% in the same cluster, whereas BC0.5% and BC0.9% were clustered separately which indicates the effect of varying buffering capacity of buffer agents. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) on unweighted UniFrac distances revealed close similarity of bacterial community structures within and between treatments and control, in which BC0.9% and BC0.3% groups showed dispersed community distribution. Conclusion: Our findings showed that increasing buffering capacity enhances rumen fermentation parameters and affects rumen microbiome by altering bacterial community through distinct structure between high and low buffering capacity, thus an important factor contributed to the prevention of ruminal acidosis during a high-concentrate diet.

scholarly journals Diet Transition from High-Forage to High-Concentrate Alters Rumen Bacterial Community Composition, Epithelial Transcriptomes and Ruminal Fermentation Parameters in Dairy Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 838
Author(s):  
Sonny C. Ramos ◽  
Chang Dae Jeong ◽  
Lovelia L. Mamuad ◽  
Seon Ho Kim ◽  
Seung Ha Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Keratin Gene ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
High Forage

Effects of changing diet on rumen fermentation parameters, bacterial community composition, and transcriptome profiles were determined in three rumen-cannulated Holstein Friesian cows using a 3 × 4 cross-over design. Treatments include HF-1 (first high-forage diet), HC-1 (first high-concentrate diet), HC-2 (succeeding high-concentrate diet), and HF-2 (second high-forage diet as a recovery period). Animal diets contained Klein grass and concentrate at ratios of 8:2, 2:8, 2:8, and 8:2 (two weeks each), respectively. Ammonia-nitrogen and individual and total volatile fatty acid concentrations were increased significantly during HC-1 and HC-2. Rumen species richness significantly increased for HF-1 and HF-2. Bacteroidetes were dominant for all treatments, while phylum Firmicutes significantly increased during the HC period. Prevotella, Erysipelothrix, and Galbibacter significantly differed between HF and HC diet periods. Ruminococcus abundance was lower during HF feeding and tended to increase during successive HC feeding periods. Prevotella ruminicola was the predominant species for all diets. The RNA sequence analysis revealed the keratin gene as differentially expressed during the HF diet, while carbonic-anhydrase I and S100 calcium-binding protein were expressed in the HC diet. Most of these genes were highly expressed for HC-1 and HC-2. These results suggested that ruminal bacterial community composition, transcriptome profile, and rumen fermentation characteristics were altered by the diet transitions in dairy cows.

scholarly journals Effects of Different Combinations of Sugar and Starch Concentrations on Ruminal Fermentation and Bacterial-Community Composition in vitro

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-nan Dong ◽  
Song-ze Li ◽  
Xue Chen ◽  
Gui-xin Qin ◽  
Tao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation

High levels of starch is known to have positive effects on both energy supply and milk yield but increases the risk of rumen acidosis. The use of sugar as a non-structural carbohydrate could circumvent this risk while maintaining the benefits, but its effects and that of the simultaneous use of both sugar and starch are not as well-understood. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different combinations of sugar and starch concentrations on ruminal fermentation and bacterial community composition in vitro in a 4 ×4 factorial experiment. Sixteen dietary treatments were formulated with 4 levels of sugar (6, 8, 10, and 12% of dietary dry matter), and 4 levels of starch (21, 23, 25, and 27% of dietary dry matter). Samples were taken at 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h after cultivation to determine the disappearance rate of dry matter, rumen fermentation parameters and bacterial community composition. Butyric acid, gas production, and Treponema abundance were significantly influenced by the sugar level. The pH, acetic acid, and propionic acid levels were significantly influenced by starch levels. However, the interactive effect of sugar and starch was only observed on the rate of dry matter disappearance. Furthermore, different combinations of starch and sugar had different effects on volatile fatty acid production rate, gas production rate, and dry matter disappearance rate. The production rate of rumen fermentation parameters in the high sugar group was higher. Additionally, increasing the sugar content in the diet did not change the main phylum composition in the rumen, but significantly increased the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes phyla, while the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was reduced. At the genus level, the high glucose group showed significantly higher relative abundance of Treponema (P &lt; 0.05) and significantly lower relative abundance of Ruminobacter, Ruminococcus, and Streptococcus (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, different combinations of sugar and starch concentrations have inconsistent effects on rumen fermentation characteristics, suggesting that the starch in diets cannot be simply replaced with sugar; the combined effects of sugar and starch should be considered to improve the feed utilization rate.

scholarly journals The neglected part of the microbiome: Prophage TJ1 regulates the bacterial community of the metaorganism Hydra

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janina Lange ◽  
Sebastian Fraune ◽  
Thomas C.G. Bosch ◽  
Tim Lachnit
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Bacterial Community Composition ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
The Stability ◽  
And Function ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

AbstractMany multicellular organisms are closely associated with a specific bacterial community and therefore considered “metaorganisms”. Controlling the bacterial community composition is essential for the stability and function of metaorganisms, but the factors contributing to the maintenance of host specific bacterial colonization are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that in Hydra the most dominant bacterial colonizer Curvibacter sp. is associated with an intact prophage which can be induced by different environmental stressors both in vitro and in vivo. Differences in the induction capacity of Curvibacter phage TJ1 in culture (in vitro) and on Hydra (in vivo) imply that the habitat of the prokaryotic host and/or bacterial frequency dependent factors influence phage inducibility. Moreover, we show that phage TJ1 features a broad host range against other bacterial colonizer and is directly capable to affect bacterial colonization on Hydra. From these results we conclude that prophages are hidden part of the microbiome interfering with bacteria-bacteria interactions and have the potential to influence the composition of host associated bacterial communities.

Effects of fibre level and particle size on rumen microbial fermentation and protein metabolism using liquid and solid associated bacteria

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 149-149
Author(s):  
M. Rodríguez ◽  
S. Calsamiglia ◽  
A. Ferret
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Microbial Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Ruminal Ph ◽  
Fermentation Profile ◽  
N Metabolism

The effects of fibre level (F) and forage particle size (S) on ruminal fermentation profile is often mediated through changes in feed intake, rates of digestion or passage, ruminal pH and/or bacteria population. Therefore, most in vivo studies have confounded the direct effect of F or S with changes in the rumen environment. In vitro systems allow to control several fermentation conditions independently (pH, flow rates, intake). Total, bacterial and dietary nitrogen (N) flows are generally calculated using liquid associated bacteria (LAB), although solid associated bacteria (SAB) represent about 80% of total bacterial population in the rumen (Olobobokun and Craig, 1988). The objective of this experiment was to study the effects of F and S on microbial fermentation and N metabolism using LAB or SAB values in a dual flow continuos culture system.

scholarly journals PSXI-17 Influence of hops on in vitro ruminal fermentation of corn grain

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 408-408
Author(s):  
Yamicela Castillo-Castillo ◽  
Raul Solis ◽  
Armando A Quintana ◽  
Claudio Arzola ◽  
Ana Luisa Olivas-Palacios ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Co2 Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ruminal Fluid ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Corn Grain

Abstract An in vitro incubation was carried out to evaluate the potential of hops (Humulus lupulus) as an alternative to antibiotics for upgrading animal production. Whole pellets of hops (Variety Galena) were ground and incubated in a batch culture of ruminal fluid (2000 mg of ground corn grain + 10 mL of fresh rumen liquor). Ruminal fluid was collected from two beef cows through an esophageal tube. The hops were incubated by 24 h at levels of 0, 800, 1600 and 2400 µg/mL. Data were analyzed statistically by analysis of variance using PROC GLM of SAS. Hops addition linearly decreased (P &lt; 0.01) gas production (GP; 90.89, 61.73, 36.63 and 28.37 µmol/g respectively) and methane production (MP; 9.76, 1.70, 1.30 and 0.46 µmol/g respectively). The CO2 production linearly increased as levels of hops increased (P &lt; 0.02; 87.5, 88.4, 98.1 and 99.3 µmol/g respectively). The ammonia-N production was reduced in treatment 2 with respect to other treatments (P &lt; 0.03; 12.6, 9.2, 13.7 and 13.5 µmol/g). Effects on ruminal fermentation of corn grain were dose dependent of hops. Addition of hops in ruminant feeding may offer a means to decrease ruminal methane production. Further research is needed to test efficacy of hops on other in vivo rumen-fermentation parameters.

scholarly journals Increasing Buffering Capacity Enhances Rumen Fermentation Characteristics and Alters Rumen Microbiota Composition of High-Concentrate Fed Hanwoo Steers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonny C. Ramos ◽  
Seon Ho Kim ◽  
Chang Dae Jeong ◽  
Lovelia L. Mamuad ◽  
A-Rang Son ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Buffering Capacity ◽  
Distinct Structure ◽  
Rumen Microbiome ◽  
Fermentation Parameters

Abstract This study determined the buffering capacity of buffer agents and its effect on in vitro and in vivo rumen fermentation characteristics and bacterial composition of a high-concentrate fed Hanwoo steers. Both BC0.9% and BC0.5% had significantly highest buffering capacity, pH, and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3-N) than BC0.3% and CON at 24 h incubation. Individual and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) were significantly lowest in CON. Phylum Bacteroidetes dominated all treatments but a higher abundance of Firmicutes in BC0.5% than others. Ruminoccocus bromii and Succiniclasticum ruminis were dominant in BC0.5% and Bacteroides massiliensis in BC0.3%. The normalized data of relative abundance of observed OTUs’ representative families have grouped the CON with BC0.3% in the same cluster, whereas BC0.5% and BC0.9% were clustered separately which indicates the effect of varying buffering capacity of buffer agents. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) on unweighted UniFrac distances revealed close similarity of bacterial community structures within and between treatments and control, in which BC0.9% and BC0.3% groups showed dispersed community distribution. Overall, the increasing buffering capacity enhances rumen fermentation parameters and affects rumen microbiome by altering bacterial community through distinct structure between high and low buffering capacity, thus an important factor to prevent ruminal acidosis during a high-concentrate diet.

Preparation and Evaluation of Gemifloxacin Mesylate Floating Matrix Tablets in Healthy Human Volunteers

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 3623-3630
Author(s):  
Bhikshapathi D. V. R. N. ◽  
Haarika B ◽  
Jyothi Sri S ◽  
K Abbulu
Keyword(s):  
Drug Release ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate ◽  
Polymer Concentration ◽  
Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose ◽  
Matrix Tablets ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Drug Bioavailability ◽  
Floating Tablets

The purpose of present investigation was to develop floating matrix tablets of gemifloxacin mesylate, which after oral administration could prolong the gastric residence time, increase the drug bioavailability and diminish the side effects of irritating drugs. Tablets containing drug, various viscosity grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose such as HPMC K4M and HPMC K15M as matrix forming agent, Sodium bicarbonate as gas-forming agent and different additives were tested for their usefulness in formulating gastric floating tablets by direct compression method. The physical parameters, in vitro buoyancy, release characteristics and in vivo radiographic study were investigated in this study. The gemifloxacin mesylate floating tablets were prepared using HPMC K4M polymer giving more sustained drug release than the tablet containing HPMC K15M. All these formulations showed floating lag time of 30 to 47 sec and total floating time more than 12 h. The drug release was decreased when polymer concentration increases and gas generating agent decreases. Formulation that contains maximum concen-tration of both HPMC K15M and sodium bicarbonate (F9) showing sufficiently sustained with 99.2% of drug release at 12 h. The drug release from optimized formulation follows Higuchi model that indicates the diffusion controlled release. The best formulation (F9) was selected based on in vitro characteristics and used in vivo radiographic studies by incorporating barium sulphate as a radio-opaque agent and the tablet remained in the stomach for about 6 h.   

PSVII-15 Effects of electrolyzed reduced water on intake, digestion and ruminal fermentation parameters in beef cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 446-447
Author(s):  
Natasha L Bell ◽  
Daisy A Gonzalez ◽  
Kendrah DeLeon
Keyword(s):  
Transition Period ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Reduced Water ◽  
Electrolyzed Reduced Water

Abstract The effect of electrolyzed reduced water consumption by cattle is not well defined. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of electrolyzed reduced water on intake, in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), ORP and pH in four ruminally cannulated steers (4 Bos taurus; 317 kg BW). Steers were subjected to a two period (14 d), two treatment crossover design. Treatment included: 1) standard water (CON; pH = 7.0 ± 1.0) or 2) electrolyzed reduced water (ERW; pH = 9.0 ± 1.0). The project comprised of two studies where the effects of ERW were observed for steers consuming a roughage diet (phase 1) or concentrate diet (phase 2). During Phase 1, animals were provided bermudagrass hay ad libitum. A 14 d transition period followed phase 1 to allow transition of diets. In phase 2, animals were maintained on a concentrate diet. During each period, d 1–8 served as a treatment adaptation phase, d 9–13 allowed for measures of intake and digestion, and rumen fluid was collected at h 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 after feeding on d 14 for VFA, pH and ORP analysis. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Intake, digestion, and ruminal fermentation parameters were not different for CON vs ERW steers (P ≥ 0.06). Analysis of VFA data have not been finalized and will be reported later. Results indicate that ERW has no effect on intake, digestion or ruminal fermentation parameters of steers consuming roughage or concentrate diets.

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