Maximization of Water Productivity and Yield of Two Iceberg Lettuce Cultivars in Hydroponic Farming System Using Magnetically Treated Saline Water

Egypt has limited agricultural land, associated with the scarcity of irrigation water and rapid population growth. Hydroponic farming, seawater desalination and magnetic treatment are among the practical solutions for sustaining rapid population growth. In this regard, the main objective of the present research study was to design and construct a hierarchical engineering unit as a hydroponic farming system (soilless) to produce an iceberg lettuce crop using magnetically treated saline water. The treatments included four types of irrigation water: common irrigation water (IW1) with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.96 dS/m as a control treatment, magnetically treated common irrigation water (IW2) with an EC of 0.96 dS/m, saline water (IW3) with an EC of 4.56 dS/m and magnetically treated saline water (IW4) with an EC of 4.56 dS/m; three depletion ratios (DR) of field capacity (DR0 = 50%, DR1 = 60% and DR2 = 70%) and three slopes of hydroponic pipes (S1 = 0.0%, S2 = 0.025% and S3 = 0.075%). The results revealed that seawater contributed 7.15% to produce iceberg lettuce in the hydroponic system. The geometric parameter, the slope of the pipes, influenced the obtained luminous intensity by an average increase of 21% and 71% for S2 and S3, respectively, compared with the zero slope (horizontal pipes). Magnetization of irrigation water increased the total soluble solids (TSS) and enhanced the fresh weight and water productivity of both iceberg lettuce varieties used. The maximum percentages of TSS were 5.20% and 5.10% for lemur and iceberg 077, respectively, for the combination IW4DR2S2. The highest values of fresh weight and water productivity of 3.10 kg/m and 39.15 kg/m3 were recorded with the combinations IW3DR2S3 and IW4DR1S3, respectively, for lemur and iceberg lettuce. The percentages of these increases were 109.46% and 97.78%, respectively, when compared with the combination IW1DR0S1. The highest values of iceberg lettuce 077 fresh weight and water productivity were 2.93 kg/m and 36.15 kg/m3, respectively, which were recorded with the combination IW4DR1S3. The percentages of these increases were 112.32% and 120.56%, respectively, when compared with IW1DR0S1 (the control treatment).

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Irrigation and fertigation scheduling under drip irrigation for maize crop in sandy soil

International Agrophysics ◽

10.1515/intag-2015-0071 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 47-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Mahmoud M. Ibrahim ◽

Ahmed A. El-Baroudy ◽

Ahmed M. Taha

Keyword(s):

Sandy Soil ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Fertilizer Application ◽

Irrigation Scheduling ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Crop Evapotranspiration ◽

Irrigation Time

Abstract Field experiments was conducted to determine the best irrigation scheduling and the proper period for injecting fertilizers through drip irrigation water in a sandy soil to optimize maize yield and water productivity. Four irrigation levels (0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2) of the crop evapotranspiration and two fertigation periods (applying the recommended fertilizer dose in 60 and 80% of the irrigation time) were applied in a split-plot design, in addition to a control treatment which represented conventional irrigation and fertilization of maize in the studied area. The results showed that increasing the irrigation water amount and the fertilizer application period increased vegetative growth and yield. The highest grain yield and the lowest one were obtained under the treatment at 1.2 and of 0.6 crop evapotranspiration, respectively. The treatment at 0.8 crop evapotranspiration with fertilizer application in 80% of the irrigation time gave the highest water productivity (1.631 kg m−3) and saved 27% of the irrigation water compared to the control treatment. Therefore, this treatment is recommended to irrigate maize crops because of the water scarcity conditions of the studied area.

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Effect of Performance of Water Stashes Irrigation Approaches on Selected Species of Plant’s Water Productivity in Urban Rooftop Agriculture with Respect to Climate Change

Water ◽

10.3390/w14010007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 7

Author(s):

Musammat Shahinara Begum ◽

Sujit Kumar Bala ◽

AKM Saiful Islam

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Residential Buildings ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Green Water ◽

Irrigation Method ◽

Rooftop Agriculture

Urbanization and population growth have led to urban areas with a substantial concrete surface compared to adjacent rural areas, creating challenges regarding fresh food, water security, and the need for agricultural land. Climate change affects the rainfall pattern and ground water in urban areas, so the gradual growth of urban rooftop agriculture (URTA) is an increasing trend for the owners of residential buildings. URTA is increasing in the form of private initiatives, but without consideration of efficient water management techniques and application of other related inputs. URTA differs substantially from traditional agriculture in terms of sunshine, thermal regime, the moisture dynamics of a concrete roof top, etc. Considering these aspects of URTA, an effective, efficient, science-based and economically viable irrigation method is necessary to popularize this approach and consequently increase the productivity of crops. With this in mind, the drip irrigation method is considered for the cultivation and determination of water productivity for selected species of plants such as the Bottle Gourd, Tomato, Chili, and Brinjal in the URTA, which was also compared to the traditional irrigation approach. This is why groundwater and green (grey and rain) water were considered as the source of irrigation during the dry season, based on the daily crop evapotranspiration and moisture content of the plant growing medium. For this reason, ET0 of the selected crops was measured using the CROPWAT 8.0 model. The results of this study revealed that the optimum irrigation water requirement of any crop in URTA is around 54% access (ETc), and 46–64% of access irrigation water is used by the traditional method compared to the drip irrigation method. The study reported that with drip irrigation with potable water, the yield was increased by 21.43–22.40% and rain and grey-water also increased yield by 31.87–33.33% compared to container and traditional pipe irrigation. It was also found that the water qualities of mixed water (grey and rainwater) are in an acceptable range limit for irrigation. As a result, urban planners, city dwellers, and researchers can formulate appropriate plans to cultivate different species of plants through this water saving irrigation method using green water, and should explore the concept of water-smart URTA technologies as organic inventions embedded in these results.

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Challenges of Population Growth on Agricultural Land in South Eastern Coastal Areas of Ampara District in Sri Lanka

Sustainable Food Production ◽

10.18052/www.scipress.com/sfp.1.30 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 ◽

pp. 30-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M.I.M. Kaleel

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Population Growth ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Coastal Areas ◽

Agricultural Lands ◽

Rapid Population Growth ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Post War ◽

Agricultural Areas

Rapid population growth is a global concern, particularly in developing countries. It has become challengeable in the backdrop of the availability of agricultural land. The coastal areas of Ampara District are densely populated and that during the post tsunami and post war periods, the new settlements increased rapidly in these areas. This new phenomenon caused a series of problems including the demand for agricultural areas being increased and the lands filled for the purpose of re-settlement and constructions. This study explores a) to find the challenges of population growth on the availability of agricultural lands, b) to find the correlation between population growth and the loss of agricultural lands, and c) to provide strategies to manage the land use for the sustainable development. Both primary and secondary data were used in the study. For this purpose, by using GIS 10.5 software, land use map was created to delineate the contrasts between the agricultural areas and built up land. The finding of the study revealed that the rapid population growth in the coastal areas of Ampara District has negatively impacted on the availability of the agricultural land.

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Emergence, growth, and flowering of castor beans as a function of the cationic composition of irrigation water

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n2p651 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 651 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Geovani Soares de Lima ◽

Hans Raj Gheyi ◽

Reginaldo Gomes Nobre ◽

Diego Azevedo Xavier ◽

Lauriane Almeida dos Anjos Soares ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Castor Bean ◽

Sandy Loam ◽

Saline Water ◽

Block Design ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Time Interval ◽

Inflorescence Development ◽

Cationic Composition ◽

Bean Cultivar

The use of saline water in agriculture has contributed to the expansion of irrigated areas, especially in arid and semiarid regions, where water deficits occur during various months of the year. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the emergence, growth, and flowering of the castor bean cultivar “BRS Energia” as a function of the cationic composition of irrigation water, including water containing single and multiple types of cations. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in the municipality of Campina Grande-PB, Brazil using drainage lysimeters filled with a sandy loam Ultisol. The experiment was set in a randomized block design, with four replicates each of six water salinity treatments: Control; Na+; Ca2+; Na+ + Ca2+; K+; and Na+ + Ca2+ + Mg2, totaling 24 experimental plots, each consisting of five plants. Plants in the control treatment were subjected to irrigation using water having low electrical conductivity (ECw = 0.6 dS m-1), while the plants receiving other treatments were irrigated using 4.5 dS m-1 water containing different ions. Emergence and growth were more affected by the ECw than by the cationic composition of the irrigation water. The order of the cations in the irrigation water, in terms of negative effects, was Na+ > Na+ + Ca+ > Ca2+ > Na+ + Ca2+ + Mg2+ > K+. The cationic composition of the irrigation water influenced the time interval for inflorescence development and the opening of flower buds of the castor bean cultivar “BRS Energia”, and the most pronounced effects were observed in plants irrigated with calcic water.

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Morphophysiological Traits and Nitrate Content of Greenhouse Lettuce as Affected by Irrigation with Saline Water

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci12501-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (12) ◽

pp. 1716-1721 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ida Di Mola ◽

Youssef Rouphael ◽

Giuseppe Colla ◽

Massimo Fagnano ◽

Roberta Paradiso ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Growth Parameters ◽

Saline Water ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Nitrate Content ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Nacl Concentration

In a 2-year study, the morphophysiological and qualitative changes imposed to greenhouse lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) by an increasing concentration of NaCl in the irrigation water were determined. Plants were grown under soil conditions and supplied with irrigation water having electrical conductivities (ECs) of 0.7 (control), 0.9, 1.8, 3.6, or 7.2 dS·m−1. Irrigation with saline water resulted in linear decrease in plant growth parameters (i.e., leaf number, total leaf area and head diameter), head fresh weight, and diameter as well as yield, especially at 1.8, 3.6, and 7.2 dS·m−1, confirming that lettuce is a salt-sensitive crop. The percentage of marketable yield reduction in comparison with nonsaline control treatment was 22.7%, 36.4%, 45.4%, and 63.6% at 0.9, 1.8, 3.6, and 7.2 dS·m−1, respectively. The reduction in marketable fresh yield has been partly compensated by a decrease in the nitrate content of salt-treated lettuce. The highest values of hydrophilic antioxidant activity were recorded in the nonsalinized treatment. The lowest values of lipophylic antioxidant activity (LAA) and total ascorbic acid were observed under severe stress conditions (7.2 dS·m−1). Net CO2 assimilation rate and leaf water potential (LWP) declined with increasing NaCl concentration in the irrigation water. Increasing salinity in the irrigation water induced a reduction in stomatal conductance (gs) as LWP dropped below −0.62 MPa.

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Modeling the Effects of Irrigation Water Salinity on Growth, Yield and Water Productivity of Barley in Three Contrasted Environments

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10101459 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 1459

Author(s):

Zied Hammami ◽

Asad S. Qureshi ◽

Ali Sahli ◽

Arnaud Gauffreteau ◽

Zoubeir Chamekh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Arid Region ◽

Saline Water ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Salt Tolerant ◽

Irrigation Water Salinity ◽

Salinity Levels ◽

Semi Arid

Freshwater scarcity and other abiotic factors, such as climate and soil salinity in the Near East and North Africa (NENA) region, are affecting crop production. Therefore, farmers are looking for salt-tolerant crops that can successfully be grown in these harsh environments using poor-quality groundwater. Barley is the main staple food crop for most of the countries of this region, including Tunisia. In this study, the AquaCrop model with a salinity module was used to evaluate the performance of two barley varieties contrasted for their resistance to salinity in three contrasted agro-climatic areas in Tunisia. These zones represent sub-humid, semi-arid, and arid climates. The model was calibrated and evaluated using field data collected from two cropping seasons (2012–14), then the calibrated model was used to develop different scenarios under irrigation with saline water from 5, 10 to 15 dS m−1. The scenario results indicate that biomass and yield were reduced by 40% and 27% in the semi-arid region (KAI) by increasing the irrigation water salinity from 5 to 15 dS m−1, respectively. For the salt-sensitive variety, the reductions in biomass and grain yield were about 70%, respectively, although overall biomass and yield in the arid region (MED) were lower than in the KAI area, mainly with increasing salinity levels. Under the same environmental conditions, biomass and yield reductions for the salt-tolerant barley variety were only 16% and 8%. For the salt-sensitive variety, the biomass and grain yield reductions in the MED area were about 12% and 43%, respectively, with a similar increase in the salinity levels. Similar trends were visible in water productivities. Interestingly, biomass, grain yield, and water productivity values for both barley varieties were comparable in the sub-humid region (BEJ) that does not suffer from salt stress. However, the results confirm the interest of cultivating a variety tolerant to salinity in environments subjected to salt stress. Therefore, farmers can grow both varieties in the rainfed of BEJ; however, in KAI and MED areas where irrigation is necessary for crop growth, the salt-tolerant barley variety should be preferred. Indeed, the water cost will be reduced by 49% through growing a tolerant variety irrigated with saline water of 15 dS m−1.

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Kajian Waktu Irigasi pada Tanaman Selada (Lactuva Sativa) Organik Untuk Budidaya Tanaman dengan Naungan dan Tanpa Naungan di Yayasan Bina Sarana Bakti Cisarua Bogor

Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Pertanian - TekTan ◽

10.25181/tektan.v12i2.1901 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 72-81

Author(s):

Desi Novalia ◽

Muhammad Idrus ◽

I gde Darmaputra

Keyword(s):

Organic Farming ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Farming System ◽

Time Interval ◽

Land Quality ◽

Irrigation Time ◽

Open Land ◽

Organic Farming System ◽

Theoretical Amount

The Bina Sarana Bakti Foundation (YBSB) implements an organic farming system, which is an agricultural management system with a terrace design with permanent beds that can ecologically (environmentally) improve land quality, provide stable and sustainable yields and income into the future. To provide water for plants so that organic farming can take place throughout the season, both in the rainy season and in the dry season, water reservoirs are built using existing water sources. Utilization of water in the cultivation of organic lettuce at the Bina Sarana Bakti Foundation is carried out with 2-level irrigation hose treatment, namely the interval of providing irrigation water for 3 days and 4 days. Data analysis used t test at 5% real level. The results showed that the theoretical amount of water for lettuce at the Bina Sarana Bakti Foundation was 714 l/bed/season which was almost the same as the actual water use of lettuce with an interval of 3 days of irrigation water including additional liquid fertilizer from rabbit urine. + water in open land in shade is 720 l/bed/season, however, it is much lower than the interval of providing irrigation water for 4 days in open land without shade, namely 4,980 l/bed/season. The production of lettuce in shade with an interval of 3 days of 30.4 kg/bed/season was much greater than the production of lettuce without shade with an interval of 4 days of irrigation water, which was only 24.7 kg/bed/season. The productivity of irrigation water for shaded lettuce with the provision of irrigation water at an interval of 3 days of irrigation is 42.22 kg/m³, much higher and more effective than lettuce without shade with an interval of 4 days of irrigation which is only 4.96 kg/m³. Keywords: irrigation time interval, lettuce plants, no shade, shade, and water productivity.

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Performance of Wheat in Five Soils of Different Textures under Freshwater and Wastewater Irrigation

Agricultural Science ◽

10.30560/as.v2n2p89 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. p89

Author(s):

Md Abdul Mojid ◽

Khadija A Mousumi ◽

Tanvir Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Grain Yield ◽

Soil Texture ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Biomass Yield ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Irrigation Water Quality ◽

Straw Yield ◽

Wheat Cultivation

This study investigated the effects of five soils of different textures on wheat cultivation under irrigation with freshwater (FW) and municipal wastewater (WW). The experimental design was a split-plot with irrigation water quality as main factor and soil texture as sub-factor in three replications. These factors respectively comprised 2 and 5 treatments. Soil texture significantly (p£0.05) influenced plant height, leaf area index (LAI), spike length, number of grains per spike, above ground dry matter (ADM), grain yield, straw yield and biomass yield of wheat in most cases both under FW and WW irrigation. The harvest index (HI) of wheat responded significantly under FW irrigation only. Under FW, treatment T5 (silt loam) produced the highest grain yield (4.2 t ha–1) followed by T3 (loam-1) (3.1 t ha–1); the lowest yield (2.0 t ha–1) was in the control treatment, T1 (loamy sand). Under WW, treatment T2 (sandy loam) produced the highest grain yield (5.0 t ha–1) followed by T4 (loam-2) (4.5 t ha–1) both of which are statistically similar; the lowest yield (3.4 t ha–1) was in the control treatment. Treatments T2 and T4 provided the highest straw yield (5.6 t ha–1) and treatment T2 provided the highest biomass yield (10.6 t ha–1), both under WW; both T2 and T4 produced invariant biomass yields. Compared to other treatments, T2 and T4 gave statistically similar but significantly higher water productivity with respect to straw and grain yields. The lowest water productivity was in treatment T1 under both water qualities. The results of this study provided sound criteria in selecting suitable lands for wheat cultivation based on irrigation water quality, specifically in alluvial plains where soil texture is prone to high variations. Also, the observed facts of improved productivity of lower quality coarse-textured soils due to addition of easily available and inexpensive clay would provide guidance to bring unproductive sandy soils under production by clay amendments.

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Growth and yield of beet irrigated with saline water in different types of vegetable mulching

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v25n12p847-852 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 25 (12) ◽

pp. 847-852

Author(s):

Bruna B. Gadelha ◽

Márcio H. da C. Freire ◽

Henderson C. Sousa ◽

Francisco H. R. Costa ◽

Carla I. N. Lessa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Crop Residues ◽

Saline Water ◽

Tap Water ◽

Tuberous Root ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Rice Hulls ◽

Irrigation Water Salinity

ABSTRACT Vegetal mulching can mitigate the harmful effects of salts present in irrigation water. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of irrigation water salinity and mulching on the growth and yield of beet crops. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Redenção, Ceará State. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme, with five replicates, composed of two levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water - ECw: tap water - 0.3 dS m-1 and saline solution - 5.8 dS m-1; and four types of mulching (rice hulls, carnauba bagana, crop residues, and a control treatment without soil cover). The use of vegetal mulching, mitigated the effects of irrigation with saline water on the variables plant height, leaf area, stem diameter, and tuberous root. The increase of the salt concentration in irrigation water negatively affected the number of leaves, length of the tuberous root, and yield. But, it increased the soluble solids in the beet crop.

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IRRIGATION SCHEDULE OF LONG-FRUIT CUCUMBERS AND HYDROAMELIORATIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR DRIP IRRIGATION IN PLASTIC GREENHOUSE

International Conference on Technics Technologies and Education ◽

10.15547/ictte.2019.05.052 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 307-313

Author(s):

Rumiana Kireva ◽

Roumen Gadjev

Keyword(s):

Irrigation Water ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Irrigation Schedule ◽

Water Source ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Irrigation Technology ◽

Irrigation Technologies ◽

Pressure Flows ◽

Efficient Water Use

The deficit of the irrigation water requires irrigation technologies with more efficient water use. For cucumbers, the most suitable is the drip irrigation technology. For establishing of the appropriate irrigation schedule of cucumbers under the soil and climate conditions in the village of Chelopechene, near Sofia city, the researchеs was conducted with drip irrigation technology, adopting varying irrigation schedules and hydraulic regimes - from fully meeting the daily crops water requirements cucumbers to reduced depths with 20% and 40%. It have been established irrigation schedule with adequate pressure flows in the water source, irrigation water productivity and yields of in plastic unheated greenhouses of the Sofia plant.

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