Climate-Induced Perspective Variations in Irrigation Schedules and Design Water Requirements for the Rice–Wheat System

Conceptualizing the implications of climate change for crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and subsequent net irrigation water requirement (NIWR) is critical to sustaining Pakistan’s agriculture and food security. In this article, future ETc, NIWR, and design water requirements (DWR) were projected for the rice–wheat system of Punjab, Pakistan. Consistently increasing temperatures signify an impending hotter transition in the future thermal regime, accompanied by a substantial increase in monsoon rainfall. Future climate warming accelerated ETc and NIWR, which were compensated by 2–5 and 1–2 additional irrigations during the rice and wheat seasons, respectively. Future rice and wheat required 13–18 and 2–5 irrigations per season, respectively. Effective rainfall increments did not compensate for the warming-driven higher ETc and NIWR because of uneven and erratic rainfall distribution. Rainfall occurrence and the duration of peak irrigation demand were mismatched, resulting in surplus rainwater availability during the future rice season. The results suggest that DWR for 5- and 10-year return period droughts during the baseline period (965 and 1000 mm, respectively) should be revised to accommodate the additional 100–200 mm of irrigation water per season; otherwise, the study area will face an acute water shortage in the future.

Download Full-text

Future irrigation water requirements in the Ijuí River basin, RS

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v22n1p57-62 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 57-62

Author(s):

Kayoma K. da Silva ◽

Tirzah M. Siqueira ◽

Katiucia N. Adam ◽

Andréa S. Castro ◽

Luciara B. Corrêa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

River Basin ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Water Demand ◽

Climate Model ◽

Meteorological Data ◽

Regional Climate ◽

Baseline Period ◽

Water Requirements ◽

Temperature And Precipitation ◽

Water Demands

ABSTRACT Changes in temperature and precipitation intensity and frequency have influenced the water demand for irrigation. Regions that have agriculture-based economies, as in the Ijuí River basin, are often affected by periods of drought or excessive rainfall, which is harmful for agricultural productivity. This study aimed to evaluate future irrigation water demands of four crops in this basin (bean, corn, wheat and soybean), comparing them with a baseline period. Meteorological data forecasts were obtained from the regional climate model ETA 40 CTRL for the climatic scenario A1B, for the baseline (1961-1990) and future (2011-2100) periods. The one-dimensional SWAP model was used to estimate the water demand for irrigation. The results showed that, in the future, irrigation water requirements will be smaller for all crops. In the short term (2011-2040), water demands were similar to those for the baseline period, but from the middle of the century onwards (2041-2100), greater reductions were observed.

Download Full-text

PREDICTION OF PADDY IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS BY USING STATISTICAL DOWNSCALING AND CROPWAT MODELS: A CASE STUDY FROM THE KERIAN IRRIGATION SCHEME IN MALAYSIA

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v76.4038 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 76 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nuramidah Hamidon ◽

Sobri Harun ◽

M. A Malek ◽

Tarmizi Ismail ◽

Noraliani Alias

Keyword(s):

Global Warming ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Production Systems ◽

Climate Trends ◽

Irrigation Requirement ◽

Irrigation Scheme ◽

Water Requirements ◽

Local Climate ◽

Paddy Irrigation ◽

The Future

With an average rainfall of 2500mm per year, Malaysia has abundant water resources but climate change coupled with drought, urbanisation and pollution sometimes causes water stress. Global warming has changed the local climate, threatening agricultural activities with particular impact on paddy production systems. To ensure availability of sufficient irrigation water for growing crops, there is a need to estimate future irrigation water requirements in the face of the complex dynamic resulting from global warming. The current study was therefore carried out to estimate paddy irrigation water requirements based on future climate trends by using SDSM and CROPWAT Models at the Kerian Irrigation Scheme, Perak, Malaysia. The application of the SDSM model revealed that both temperature and rainfall will increase in the future. Meanwhile the CROPWAT model predicted that the annual irrigation requirement will slightly decrease for period between 2010-2069 and increase for years 2070-2099 even though crop evapotranspiration (ETcrop) is predicted to increase in future for rise in temperature for year 2010 to 2099. This integration of SDSM and CROPWAT models produced better simulations of crop water requirement and irrigation requirement. Therefore, it can assist the reservoir’s operating management team in giving effective and proficient response to climate changes in the future.

Download Full-text

Modelling Maize Yield and Water Requirements under Different Climate Change Scenarios

Climate ◽

10.3390/cli8110127 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 127

Author(s):

Oludare Sunday Durodola ◽

Khaldoon A. Mourad

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Crop Production ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Baseline Period ◽

Climate Change Scenarios ◽

Crop Water ◽

African Countries ◽

Water Requirements ◽

The Future ◽

Impacts Of Climate Change

African countries such as Nigeria are anticipated to be more susceptible to the impacts of climate change due to large dependence on rainfed agriculture and to several uncertainties in the responses of crop production to climate change. The impacts of climate change on crop water requirements (CWR), irrigation water requirements (IWR), yields and crop water productivity (CWP) of rainfed maize in Ogun-Osun River Basin, Nigeria were evaluated for a baseline period (1986–2015) and future projection period (2021–2099) under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. For the baseline period, there is no significant trend within the variables studied. However, IWR is projected to increase significantly by up to 140% in the future period, while yield might likely decline under both scenarios up to −12%. This study shows that in the future periods, supplemental irrigation has little impact in improving yields, but an increase in soil fertility can improve yields and CWP by up to 80% in 2099. This paper offers useful information on suitable adaptation measures which could be implemented by stakeholders and policymakers to counterbalance the effects of climate change on crop production.

Download Full-text

High Nitrogen Fertilization Modulates Morpho-Physiological Responses, Yield, and Water Productivity of Lowland Rice under Deficit Irrigation

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11071291 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 1291

Author(s):

Nasr M. Abdou ◽

Mohamed A. Abdel-Razek ◽

Shimaa A. Abd El-Mageed ◽

Wael M. Semida ◽

Ahmed A. A. Leilah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Nitrogen Fertilization ◽

Deficit Irrigation ◽

Physiological Responses ◽

Water Productivity ◽

Water Shortage ◽

Rice Production ◽

Lowland Rice ◽

Nitrogen Fertilizers

Sustainability of rice production under flooding conditions has been challenged by water shortage and food demand. Applying higher nitrogen fertilization could be a practical solution to alleviate the deleterious effects of water stress on lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) in semi-arid conditions. For this purpose, field experiments were conducted during the summer of 2017 and 2018 seasons. These trials were conducted as split-split based on randomized complete blocks design with soil moisture regimes at three levels (120, 100 and 80% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), nitrogen fertilizers at two levels (N1—165 and N2—200 kg N ha−1) and three lowland Egyptian rice varieties [V1 (Giza178), V2 (Giza177) and V3 (Sakha104)] using three replications. For all varieties, growth (plant height, tillers No, effective tillers no), water status ((relative water content RWC, and membrane stability index, MSI), physiological responses (chlorophyll fluorescence, Relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), and yield were significantly increased with higher addition of nitrogen fertilizer under all water regimes. Variety V1 produced the highest grain yield compared to other varieties and the increases were 38% and 15% compared with V2 and V3, respectively. Increasing nitrogen up to 200 kg N ha−1 (N2) resulted in an increase in grain and straw yields by 12.7 and 18.2%, respectively, compared with N1. The highest irrigation water productivity (IWP) was recorded under I2 (0.89 kg m−3) compared to (0.83 kg m−3) and (0.82 kg m−3) for I1 and I3, respectively. Therefore, the new applied agro-management practice (deficit irrigation and higher nitrogen fertilizer) effectively saved irrigation water input by 50–60% when compared with the traditional cultivation method (flooding system). Hence, the new proposed innovative method for rice cultivation could be a promising strategy for enhancing the sustainability of rice production under water shortage conditions.

Download Full-text

Spatiotemporal Patterns of Crop Irrigation Water Requirements in the Heihe River Basin, China

Water ◽

10.3390/w9080616 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 616 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Yaqun Liu ◽

Wei Song ◽

Xiangzheng Deng

Keyword(s):

River Basin ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Heihe River Basin ◽

Spatiotemporal Patterns ◽

Heihe River ◽

Water Requirements ◽

The Heihe River Basin ◽

Crop Irrigation

Download Full-text

Irrigation water requirements for seed corn and coffee under potential climate change scenarios

Journal of Water and Climate Change ◽

10.2166/wcc.2015.025 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

pp. 39-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Ali Fares ◽

Ripendra Awal ◽

Samira Fares ◽

Alton B. Johnson ◽

Hector Valenzuela

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Irrigation Water ◽

Co2 Emission ◽

Future Climate Change ◽

Climate Change Scenarios ◽

Deep Percolation ◽

Canopy Interception ◽

Water Requirements ◽

Seed Corn ◽

The Impact

The impact of potential future climate change scenarios on the irrigation water requirements (IRRs) of two major agricultural crops (coffee and seed corn) in Hawai'i was studied using the Irrigation Management System (IManSys) model. In addition to IRRs calculations, IManSys calculates runoff, deep percolation, canopy interception, and effective rainfall based on plant growth parameters, site specific soil hydrological properties, irrigation system efficiency, and long-term daily weather data. Irrigation water requirements of two crops were simulated using historical climate data and different levels of atmospheric CO2 (330, 550, 710 and 970 ppm), temperature (+1.1 and +6.4 °C) and precipitation (±5, ±10 and ±20%) chosen based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) AR4 projections under reference, B1, A1B1 and A1F1 emission scenarios. IRRs decreased as CO2 emission increased. The average percentage decrease in IRRs for seed corn is higher than that of coffee. However, runoff, rain canopy interception, and deep percolation below the root zone increased as precipitation increased. Canopy interception and drainage increased with increased CO2 emission. Evapotranspiration responded positively to air temperature rise, and as a result, IRRs increased as well. Further studies using crop models will predict crop yield responses to these different irrigation scenarios.

Download Full-text

Future Climatic Patterns and Sustainability of Current Cropping Patterns in a Water-Scarce River Basin of Eastern India

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-10487 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Smaranika Mahapatra ◽

Madan Kumar Jha

Keyword(s):

Water Demand ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Monsoon Rainfall ◽

Baseline Period ◽

Eastern India ◽

Crop Water ◽

Cropping Patterns ◽

Water Demands ◽

Crop Water Demand ◽

Water Scarce

Agricultural sector, being the largest consumer of water is greatly affected by climatic variability and disasters. Most parts of the world already face an enormous challenge in meeting competitive and conflicting multi-sector water demands. Climate change has further exacerbated this challenge by putting the sustainability of current cropping patterns and irrigation practices in question. For ensuring climate-resilient food production, it is crucial to examine the patterns of the projected climate and potential impacts on the agricultural sector at a basin scale. Hence, this study was carried out for an already water-scarce basin, Rushikulya River basin (RRB), located in the coastal region of eastern India. The bias-corrected NorESM2-MM general circulation model of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project-6 (CMIP6) was used in this study under four shared socioeconomic pathway (SSPs) scenarios, namely SSP126, SSP245, SSP370 and SSP585. The projected climatic parameters and crop water demands of the basin were analyzed assuming existing cropping pattern in the future. Analysis of the results reveals a significant and rapid increase in the temperature at a rate of 0.02-0.5&#186;C/year during 2026-2100 under all SSPs except SSP126, whereas the rainfall is expected to increase slightly during 2026-2100 as compared to the baseline period (1990-2016), especially in the far future (2076-2100) under all the SSPs. In contrast, monsoon rainfall is predicted to decrease under SSP245 and SSP370, while a slight increase in the monsoon rainfall is evident under SSP126 and SSP585. Although the rainy days will decrease slightly in the future 25-year time window, the number of heavy rainfall events is predicted to increase by two to three times. Also, retrospective analysis of rainfall and evapotranspiration suggested an existence of rainfall deficit (rainfall-evapotranspiration) in the basin throughout the year, except during July to September. The rainfall deficit in the basin during 2026-2100 is found to remain more or less same in the non-monsoon season, except for the month of October under SSP245, SSP370 and SSP585 scenarios where deficit increases by two folds. Rainfall is expected to be in surplus by 4 to 5 times higher under all SSPs except for SSP245. As to the evapotranspiration, an insignificant increasing trend is observed under future climatic condition with only 2 to 4% rise in the crop water demand compared to the baseline period. As the basin is already water stressed during most months in a year under baseline and future climatic conditions, continuing the current practice of monsoon paddy dominant cultivation in the basin will further aggravate this situation. The results of this study will be helpful in formulating sustainable irrigation plans and adaptation measures to address climate-induced water stress in the basin.Keywords: Climate change; CMIP6; SSP; Monsoon rainfall; Temperature; Crop water demand.

Download Full-text