scholarly journals Fruit Physiology and Sugar-Acid Profile of 24 Pomelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) Cultivars Grown in Subtropical Region of China

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 2393
Author(s):  
Tengfei Pan ◽  
Muhammad Moaaz Ali ◽  
Jiangmei Gong ◽  
Wenqin She ◽  
Dongming Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Malic Acid ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Subtropical Region ◽  
Acid Ratio ◽  
Aconitic Acid

In the present study, the fruit physiology and sugar-acid ratio of 24 pomelo cultivars grown in ten different locations of the subtropical region of China were measured. The contents of soluble sugars and organic acids were quantified using high-performance (HPLC-MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), respectively. The results revealed that the physiological and basic quality attributes of 24 pomelo cultivars, including fruit weight, fruit width, fruit length, peel thickness, number of segments, pulp weight, pulp color, soluble solids, and Vitamin C, ranged between 264.63–1945.85 g, 8.60–19.56 g, 7.40–20.70 g, 0.46–3.33 mm, 11–18.66, 210.25–1351.66 g, 8.59–15.14 Brix°, and 34.79–84.58 mg/100 g, respectively. Soluble sugars, i.e., fructose, glucose, and sucrose, ranged between 16.25–24.25, 16.17–24.22, and 19.90–55.28 mg/g, respectively. Similarly, Organic acids, i.e., pyruvate, fumaric acids, succinic acid, tartaric acid, quinic acid, citric acid, malic acid, and cis-aconitic acid, in 24 pomelo cultivars ranged between 0.48–1.84, 0.02–0.45, 0–0.05, 0.01–0.1, 0–0.14, 3.01–11.85, 0.18–1.42, and 0.01–0.16 mg/g, respectively. The pomelo cultivars ‘Hongzuanmi’, ‘Minihong’, and ‘Hangwanmi’ exhibited maximum contents of citric acid and pyruvate and showed ultimately excessive organic acids. Overall, the ‘Guanximi’ and its budding cultivars, i.e., ‘Hongroumi’, ‘Huangjinmi’, and ‘Sanhongmi’, had the best quality fruits having maximum sugar-acid ratio. Correlation analysis showed that total soluble sugars had a significantly positive correlation with sucrose contents, while citric acids, malic acid, and pyruvate were positively correlated with total organic acids. The determined sugar-acid profile of pomelo cultivars provides the basis for future elucidation of key mechanisms regulating sugars and acids biosynthesis in pomelo.

Comparison of Enzymic, Gas-Liquid Chromatographic, and High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Methods for Determining Sugars and Organic Acids in Strawberries at Three Stages of Maturity

1982 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix G R Reyes ◽  
Ronald E Wrolstad ◽  
Christopher J Cornwell
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Malic Acid ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Sugar Composition ◽  
Free Sugars ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Abstract Free sugars and major nonvolatile organic acids present in strawberries at 3 degrees of ripeness were determined by 3 analytical methods: enzymic, gasliquid chromatographic, and high performance liquid chromatographic. Results showed that variability in sugar composition due to both degree of ripeness and method of analysis was greater for sucrose than for glucose and fructose. Sucrose was almost completely hydrolyzed in the overripe fruit. Acid results showed that there was little variation in citric acid levels due to ripeness or method of analysis; malic acid, however, decreased greatly in overripe fruit. Malic acid also showed high variability due to method of analysis. The glucose:fructose ratios for the underripe, ripe, and overripe fruit were 0.86,0.92, and 0.60, respectively. The citric:malic ratios were 1.58, 2.39, and 14.86 for the underripe, ripe, and overripe stages, respectively.

scholarly journals Qualitative Properties of the Fruits of Blackcurrant Ribes Nigrum L. Genotypes in Conventional and Organic Cultivation

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ave Kikas ◽  
Kersti Kahu ◽  
Liina Arus ◽  
Hedi Kaldmäe ◽  
Reelika Rätsep ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Ribes Nigrum ◽  
Qualitative Properties ◽  
Organic Cultivation ◽  
Acid Ratio ◽  
Cultivation Methods ◽  
Different Genetic Background ◽  
Growing Conditions

Abstract The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the effect of genotype and growing conditions on blackcurrant fruit weight and biochemical composition. The trial was carried out during the years 2011 and 2012 in South Estonia with two cultivation methods (conventional and organic) and eight genotypes of different genetic background, including two Scottish, ‘Ben Alder’ and ‘Ben Lomond’; two Swedish ‘Intercontinental’ and ‘Titania’; a Belarusian ‘Pamyati Vavilova’, and three recently selected genotypes from the Estonian blackcurrant breeding programme, ‘Karri’, ‘Asker’, and ‘Mairi’. From each genotype and in both cultivation sites 500 g of fruit at full maturity was collected in three replications. Fruit weight, soluble solids (SS), sugars, organic acids, sugar/acid ratio, and ascorbic acid (AsA) concentrations were determined. Fruits from the organic cultivation site were smaller and contained more SS and sugars, they also had a higher sugar/acid ratio than conventionally grown berries. Organic acids and AsA concentrations were higher in berries from conventional cultivation systems compared to the organic ones. ’Karri’ had the highest SS and sugar concentrations and sugar/acid ratio and the lowest concentration of acids on average over the years and cultivation methods. The highest AsA concentration was determined in ‘Asker’ and ‘Ben Lomond’.

scholarly journals Biochemical Analysis of Organic Acids and Soluble Sugars in Wild and Cultivated Pomegranate Germplasm Based in Pakistan

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Nafees ◽  
Muhammad Jafar Jaskani ◽  
Ishtiaq Ahmad ◽  
Maryam ◽  
Irfan Ashraf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Fruit Traits ◽  
Biochemical Constituent

Pomegranate is famous for its health benefiting chemical and biochemical constituent compounds. The present study was undertaken to characterize pomegranate germplasm for its various fruit traits, acids, and sugar profiling through high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Among 11 detected acids and 8 sugars, citric acid and fructose were predominant in 18 domestic and 5 wild genotypes, respectively. Fruit weight, aril weight and wood portion index (WPI) were ranged from 15.82% to 24.42%, 10.99% to 113.78%, and 2.39% to 17.25%, respectively. Genotypes were grouped as sweet, sweet–sour, sour–sweet, and sour based on citric acid contents. Lactic acid and pyruvic acid showed the highest correlation (r = 0.92), however, sour and sweet genotypes had strong association for acids and sugars, respectively. Straddling of dendrogram showed the flow of genetic material in a cultivated location with wild and cultivated pomegranates grouped in different classes, however, wild and sour landraces grouped in the same class with 71% similarity of traits. Based on the observations of the current study, it was concluded that selected wild and arid zones (Multan, Bahawalpur) genotypes are poor in nutrients (acid and sugars) quality, however, genotypes of Rahim-Yar-Khan, Muzafar Garh, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have a better composition of sugars and acids.

scholarly journals Identification of the Carbohydrate and Organic Acid Metabolism Genes Responsible for Brix in Tomato Fruit by Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Li ◽  
Juan Wang ◽  
Baike Wang ◽  
Shaoyong Huang ◽  
Jiahui Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Malic Acid ◽  
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Metabolome Analysis ◽  
Acid Ratio

BackgroundSugar and organic acids not only contribute to the formation of soluble solids (Brix) but also are an essential factor affecting the overall flavor intensity. However, the possible metabolic targets and molecular synthesis mechanisms remain to be further clarified.MethodsUHPLC-HRMS (ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry) combined with comparative transcriptome analysis were performed in fruits at green ripe (S1), turning-color (S2), and red ripe (S3) stages of two tomato genotypes TM-1 (Solanum galapagense L., LA0436) and TM-38 (S. lycopersicum L. cultivar M82, LA3475) that vary in fruit Brix.ResultsThe fruit Brix of TM-1 was nearly twice that of TM-38 at S3. Nevertheless, TM-1 accumulated 1.84- and 2.77-fold the L-malic acid and citric acid in red ripe fruit (S3) compared with TM-38, respectively. D-glucose and D-fructose in TM-1 and TM-38 fruits tended to be similar at S3. Concomitantly, the sugar/organic acid ratio of TM-38 fruits were 23. 08-, 4. 38-, and 2.59-fold higher than that of TM-1 fruits at S1, S2, and S3, respectively. Among starch and sucrose (carbohydrate, CHO) metabolism (ko00500) genes, SUS (Solyc07g042550.3) and BAM (Solyc08g077530.3) were positively (r = 0.885–0.931) correlated with the sugar/organic acid ratio. Besides, INV (Solyc09g010080.3 and Solyc09g010090.5.1), AAM (Solyc04g082090.3), 4-α-GTase (Solyc02g020980.2.1), BGL2 (Solyc06g073750.4, Solyc06g073760.3, and Solyc01g081170.3), TPS (Solyc01g005210.2 and Solyc07g006500.3), and TPP (Solyc08g079060.4) were negatively (r = −0.823 to −0.918) correlated with the sugar/organic acid ratio. The organic acid (TCA cycle) metabolism (ko00020) gene ALMT (Solyc01g096140.3) was also negatively (r = −0.905) correlated with the sugar/organic acid ratio.ConclusionCitric acid may play a more dominant role in the sugar/organic acid ratio of the tomato fruit, and the contribution of both L-malic acid and citric acid to the fruit Brix was much greater than that of D-glucose and D-fructose. Genes involved in CHO and TCA metabolism, which have a significant correlation with the sugar/organic acid ratio were considered to be the contributing factors of fruit Brix.

scholarly journals Fruit Quality Characteristics and Biochemical Composition of Fully Ripe Blackberries Harvested at Different Times

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1581
Author(s):  
Maja Mikulic-Petkovsek ◽  
Robert Veberic ◽  
Metka Hudina ◽  
Zala Zorenc ◽  
Darinka Koron ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Ripening Period ◽  
Phenolic Components ◽  
Optimal Harvest ◽  
Colour Parameters

We investigated how the quality of blackberry fruit changes during the ripening period. Since it is difficult to predict picking dates for blackberries, we were interested in how the quality of fully ripe fruit changed depending on the sampling date (from 28 July to 1 September). Blackberries (at full ripeness) were sampled at six weekly intervals and the contents of sugars, vitamin C, organic acids and phenolic components were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. The colour parameters, total soluble solids and weight of the fruits were also measured. The results showed that the fruits at the last sampling had a significantly lower fruit weight and higher soluble solids. ‘Cacanska Bestrna’ had the highest fruit weight and vitamin C content (11.43 mg/100 g). The main sugars in blackberries were fructose (13.8–33.4 g/kg FW) and glucose (13.0–33.2 g/kg FW). ‘Loch Ness’ and ‘Navaho’ had a sweeter taste since they had the highest ratio of sugars and acids (S/A approx. 5.8) and ‘Smoothstem’ and ‘Thornfree’ had the sourest taste, with a ratio of S/A 2.5. Blackberries harvested at the first two samplings had lower anthocyanin contents than fruits from later sampling times. There were no significant differences in the content of flavonols, ellagitannins, flavanols or hydroxycinnamic acids during the ripening period. The content of vitamin C in the fruits did not change among samplings, but the fruits had a higher content of organic acids at the first two or three samplings. The results may be useful for both the processing industry and growers to set quality standards for each variety and to determine the optimal harvest time.

scholarly journals The Cardioprotective Effects of Citric Acid and L-Malic Acid on Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xilan Tang ◽  
Jianxun Liu ◽  
Wei Dong ◽  
Peng Li ◽  
Lei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Myocardial Ischemia ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Malic Acid ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion

Organic acids in Chinese herbs, the long-neglected components, have been reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiplatelet aggregation activities; thus they may have potentially protective effect on ischemic heart disease. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the protective effects of two organic acids, that is, citric acid and L-malic acid, which are the main components ofFructus Choerospondiatis, on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and the underlying mechanisms. Inin vivorat model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, we found that treatments with citric acid and L-malic acid significantly reduced myocardial infarct size, serum levels of TNF-α, and platelet aggregation.In vitroexperiments revealed that both citric acid and L-malic acid significantly reduced LDH release, decreased apoptotic rate, downregulated the expression of cleaved caspase-3, and upregulated the expression of phosphorylated Akt in primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation injury. These results suggest that both citric acid and L-malic acid have protective effects on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury; the underlying mechanism may be related to their anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet aggregation and direct cardiomyocyte protective effects. These results also demonstrate that organic acids, besides flavonoids, may also be the major active ingredient ofFructus Choerospondiatisresponsible for its cardioprotective effects and should be attached great importance in the therapy of ischemic heart disease.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Physiological Characteristics, Soluble Sugars, Organic Acids and Volatile Compounds in ‘Orin’ Apples (Malus domestica) at Different Ripening Stages

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 807
Author(s):  
Shunbo Yang ◽  
Zhipeng Meng ◽  
Yanan Li ◽  
Rongxin Chen ◽  
Yazhou Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Physiological Characteristics ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Apple Cultivar ◽  
Ripening Stages

‘Orin’ is a popular apple cultivar, which has a yellow-green appearance, pleasant taste, and unique aroma. However, few studies on the fruit quality characteristics of ‘Orin’ apples have been reported before. In this study, changes of the physiological characteristics were measured at different ripening stages, and the soluble sugars and organic acids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Volatile compounds were identified using the headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). During the fruit ripening, the ‘Orin’ apple fruit weight, size, and total soluble solid were gradually increased by contrast with the titratable acidity, and the firmness decreased. The content of four soluble sugars reached the maximum at the 180 days after full bloom (DAFB) stage. Malic acid was measured as the most abundant organic acid in ‘Orin’ apples. Ethyl butyrate, hexyl propanoate, hexyl acetate and butyl acetate belonging to esters with high odor activity values (OAVs) could be responsible for the typical aroma of ‘Orin’ apples. The aim of this work was to provide information on the flavor characteristics of ‘Orin’ apples and promote this apple cultivar for marketing and processing in the future.

scholarly journals Promising Selections of the Honeyberry (Melicocca bijuga L.) from Puerto Rico

1969 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-70
Author(s):  
George C. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Western Hemisphere ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Edible Fruit ◽  
Citric Acid Content

The tropical tree, Melicocca bijuga L., native of the Western Hemisphere, produces an edible fruit which is very much appreciated when those of quality can be obtained. Nutritional value and previous selection work is reviewed. Four promising selections were made from 54 trees evaluated in south Puerto Rico. The methods employed involved measurements of fruit weight, percentage edible pulp, pH, total soluble solids, citric acid content, percentage total sugars, and vitamin C content. The four selections made had 46.6 to 48.6 percent of edible matter by weight, and contained 22.7 to 26.0 percent of total sugars. Descriptions of the four selections are presented.

scholarly journals Effects of shoot age on biological and chemical properties of red currant (Ribes rubrum L.) cultivars

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Boban S. Djordjevic ◽  
Dejan B. Djurovic ◽  
Gordan D. Zec ◽  
Mekjell O. Meland ◽  
Milica M. Fotiric Aksic
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Phenological Data ◽  
Acid Ratio ◽  
Total Anthocyanins ◽  
Red Currant ◽  
And Chemical Properties

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine the influence of shoot age on biological and chemical properties of 11 red currant cultivars (‘Jonkheer van Tets’, ‘Junifer’, ‘London Market’, ‘Makosta’, ‘Mirana’, ‘Redpoll’, ‘Rolan’, ‘Rondom’, ‘Rovada’, ‘Slovakia’ and ‘Stanza’) with different origins and ripening times. Phenological observations and pomological characteristics were studied and chemical analysis was conducted from 2013 to 2018 at experimental fields near Belgrade, Serbia. The total contents of phenols and anthocyanin were estimated spectrophotometrically, while quantitative analysis of anthocyanin aglycones was done using high-performance liquid chromatography. Three-year-old shoots had an earlier start of all examined phenological stages, better generative potential, higher yields, as well as higher total phenol and vitamin C contents in the fruits, compared with 2-year-old shoots, for all cultivars. The contents of total anthocyanins were higher in berries on younger shoots of early-ripening cultivars, while late-ripening cultivars had higher contents of total soluble solids and cyanidin in the berries on 3-year-old shoots. Principal component analysis demonstrated that the most important variables that distinguished 2-year-old shoots from 3-year-old shoots were those related to phenological data, cluster traits, total acids and yields. According to the obtained results, ‘Junifer’ (with the highest number of clusters), ‘Mirana’ (with the highest sugar content and sugar/acid ratio), ‘Redpoll’ (with the highest physical traits of cluster and berry), ‘Slovakia’ (with the highest yield and yield efficiency) and ‘Rovada’ (with the highest level of secondary metabolites) are recommended as the most promising cultivars for growing in the temperate region of Serbia.

scholarly journals Effect of Paper and Aluminum Bagging on Fruit Quality of Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.)

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2704
Author(s):  
Cao Zhi ◽  
Muhammad Moaaz Ali ◽  
Junya Zhang ◽  
Meng Shi ◽  
Songfeng Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Eriobotrya Japonica ◽  
Acid Ratio ◽  
Polyethylene Bags ◽  
Bird Damage ◽  
Fruit Bagging

Bagging regulates the fruit microenvironment and improves the quality and market value of fruits. It is a safe and ecofriendly technique to protect fruits from insect/pest infestation and multiple biotic and abiotic stresses. In the current study, the influence of fruit bagging was evaluated on the development and quality of loquat fruits. Fruits from a healthy loquat orchard (Cv. Zaozhong No.6), located in Fujian, China, were enveloped in paper (T1), aluminum (T2), and aluminum–polyethylene bags (T3), while unbagged fruits were maintained as control (T0). In general, fruit bagging improved fruit quality in terms of fruit physiological and biochemical attributes and protected fruits from physical damage. In particular, aluminum–polyethylene bagging enhanced fruit weight, length, and width by 1.37-, 1.18-, and 1.13-fold, respectively. Loquat fruits bagged with paper bags exhibited the maximum soluble sugar and lowest titratable acid content. Fruits treated with paper and aluminum–ethylene bags showed twofold higher sugar–acid ratio as compared to control. Aluminum–polyethylene bagging caused 66.67%, 55.56%, and 33.33% reductions in skin burn, fruit rotting, and black spot of loquat. The fruits bagged in aluminum and aluminum–polyethylene did not show insect or bird damage, while unbagged fruits had 14.70% and 17.65% insect and bird damage, respectively. Overall, the results suggest that paper, aluminum, and aluminum–polyethylene bagging improved fruit health by 75%, 131%, and 144%, respectively, as compared to control. To delineate bagging type-dependent effects, principal component analysis was performed. Paper bagging was positively correlated with fruit firmness, rotting, soluble sugars, sugar–acid ratio, and proline content. Aluminum bagging was highly associated with improvements in titratable acids, cystine, and methionine. Aluminum–polyethylene bags were correlated with fruit weight, size, peel thickness, edible rate, and certain amino acids.

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