Phytotoxic Effects of Selected Herbal Extracts on the Germination, Growth and Metabolism of Mustard and Oilseed Rape

The use of plants that have high allelopathic potential as natural herbicides in the form of aqueous extracts is gaining popularity in environmentally friendly agriculture. Usually, their effect on the germination and growth of weeds is investigated. However, less attention is paid to the effect of the allelopathic compounds from extracts on cultivated plants. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of herbal extracts that have allelopathic properties on selected physiological and biochemical processes of two plants of great economic importance—white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. var. oleifera). The extracts were prepared from mountain arnica (Arnica montana L.), ribwort (Plantago lanceolata L.), hypericum (Hypericum perforatum L.), common milfoil (Achillea millefolium L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and sage (Salvia officinalis L.). The germination of white mustard and oilseed rape was most inhibited by the extracts that were prepared from sage and sunflower. Additionally, in the germinating plants, the sunflower extracts increased the membrane permeability, which indicates membrane injuries. The metabolic changes in the plants were monitored using isothermal calorimetry and FT-Raman spectroscopy. The total heat production, which provided information about the metabolic activity of the white mustard and oilseed rape, was decreased the most by the sage extract but generally all of the tested extracts disturbed the shape of the heat emission curves compared to the water control. The impact of the allelopathic compounds that are present in the herbal extracts on the metabolism of the seedlings was clearly visible on the FT-Raman spectra—in the fatty acids and flavonoids range, confirmed using a cluster analysis. In conclusion, the herbal extracts from medicinal plants that have herbicidal activity could be used as a natural herbicide for weed control, but since they may also have negative impacts on cultivated plants, preliminary tests are advisable to find the extract from the species that has the least negative effect on a protected crop.

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Development and Validation of an LC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Canagliflozin and Metformin HCl in Rat Plasma and its Application

Current Pharmaceutical Analysis ◽

10.2174/1573412915666190312161823 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 752-762

Author(s):

Vivek Nalawade ◽

Vaibhav A. Dixit ◽

Amisha Vora ◽

Himashu Zade

Keyword(s):

Internal Standard ◽

Rat Plasma ◽

Precipitation Method ◽

Herbal Extracts ◽

One Step ◽

Precision And Accuracy ◽

Development And Validation ◽

The Impact ◽

Metformin Hcl

Background: Food and herbal extracts rich in Quercetin (QRT) are often self-medicated by diabetics and can potentially alter the pharmacokinetics (PK) of Metformin HCl (MET) and Canagliflozin (CNG) leading to food or herb-drug interactions and reduced therapeutic efficacy. However, the impact of these flavonoids on the pharmacokinetic behaviour of MET and CNG is mostly unknown. Methods: A simple one-step protein precipitation method was developed for the determination of MET and CNG from rat plasma. The mobile phase chosen was MeOH 65% and 35% water containing 0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 1mL/min. Results: The retention time of MET, internal standard (Valsartan) and CNG was 1.83, 6.2 and 8.2 min, respectively. The method was found to be linear in the range of 200 - 8000 ng/mL for CNG and 100 = 4000 ng/ml for MET. Precision and accuracy of the method were below 20% at LLOQ and below 15% for LQC, MQC, and HQC. Conclusion: The method was successfully applied for the determination of PK of MET and CNG by using 100 μL of rat plasma. QRT co-administration affects the PK parameters of MET and CNG. This alteration in PK parameters might be of significant use for clinicians and patients.

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Elevated CO2 Concentrations and Water Stress Affect the Ability of Italian Ryegrass to Remediate Herbicides and Enhance its Allelopathic Effect

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582019370100073 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 ◽

Author(s):

L.P. SILVEIRA ◽

A.R. FEIJÓ ◽

C. BENETTI ◽

J.P. REFATTI ◽

M.V. FIPKE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Elevated Co2 ◽

Co2 Concentration ◽

Italian Ryegrass ◽

Allelopathic Effect ◽

Irrigated Rice ◽

Allelopathic Potential ◽

Co2 Concentrations ◽

Temporal Persistence ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACT: The long temporal persistence of select herbicides negatively impacts crops sown in succession to irrigated rice. One way to reduce these compounds in the soil over time is through phytoremediation. However, elevated CO2 concentrations may interfere with the phytoremediation process. Another consequence of climate change is the production of allelopathic compounds by forage species used as remedial agents. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of elevated CO2 concentration and drought stress on the remediation of soil samples contaminated with imazapyr + imazapic herbicides by Italian ryegrass and any subsequential affect on the allelopathic effect of this species. We report that the increasing CO2 decreased the phytoremediation potential of ryegrass. Water stress combined with a CO2 concentration of 700 µmol mol-1 caused increased allelopathy. Overall, these are the first data to indicate a significant effect of higher CO2 levels with respect to both phytoremediation efficacy and allelopathic potential of the plant species used in phytoremediation.

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The impact of stubble crop on spring barley weed infestation

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.1674 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 69 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Eleonora Wrzesińska ◽

Anna Komorowska ◽

Grażyna Nurkiewicz

Keyword(s):

Cover Crop ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Block Design ◽

Control Treatment ◽

White Mustard ◽

Weed Species ◽

Fresh Matter ◽

Species Dominance ◽

Weed Infestation ◽

The Impact

The condition and degree of weed infestation were determined in a spring barely crop grown in a short-term monoculture after mulching the soil with plants grown as a stubble crop (the control treatment without cover crop – lacy phacelia, white mustard, sunflower). The field experiment was carried out in 2010–2013 on good rye soil complex using a split-block design in four replications. The obtained results (the mean from all years of the experiment) showed that the stubble crop, especially sunflower, reduced the diversity of weed species without causing at the same time changes in weed species dominance. In all the control treatments of the experiment, <em>Chenopodium album</em> and <em>Fallopia convolvulus</em> were the dominant species. The degree of spring barley weed infestation depended on the species grown in the cover crop. White mustard and lacy phacelia slightly increased the number of weeds but their fresh matter significantly increased. However, the sunflower cover crop significantly increased the number of weeds without any substantial differentiation of their fresh mass.

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The impact of the EU neonicotinoid seed-dressing ban on oilseed rape production in England

Pest Management Science ◽

10.1002/ps.5189 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 75 (1) ◽

pp. 125-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Charles Scott ◽

Paul E Bilsborrow

Keyword(s):

Oilseed Rape ◽

Seed Dressing ◽

The Impact ◽

The Eu

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Using isothermal calorimetry and FT-Raman spectroscopy for step-by-step monitoring of maize seed germination: case study

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry ◽

10.1007/s10973-020-09525-x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 142 (2) ◽

pp. 755-763

Author(s):

Iwona Stawoska ◽

Aleksandra M. Staszak ◽

Iwona Ciereszko ◽

Jakub Oliwa ◽

Andrzej Skoczowski

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Isothermal Calorimetry ◽

Thermal Power ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Maize Seeds ◽

Time Regime ◽

Ft Raman Spectroscopy ◽

Secondary Structure Of Proteins ◽

First Time ◽

Ft Raman

Abstract Thermoanalytical methods are widely used to study seed germination processes. Our research aimed to use them in order to monitor the germination of maize seeds. To this end, we employed—for the first time—the isothermal calorimetric method with full oxygen access. Dry seeds were placed in ampoules with threaded caps, filled with distilled water. Heat flow was recorded in microwatts at 20 °C for 72 h in order to determine changes in thermal power associated with germination. In parallel with these measurements, in the same time regime, we measured FT-Raman spectra, which allowed us to analyze how endosperm and embryo changed their chemical compositions during imbibition and germination. Spectra obtained for endosperm reflected chemical changes resulting from catabolic processes. We also analyzed variations in the secondary structure of proteins in the embryo accompanying germination. Decomposition of amide I bands proved that during germination and protein hydrolysis, the content of helical and β-sheet structures decreased. Furthermore, in the embryos of dry seeds, S-S linkages were in both gauche–gauche-trans and trans-gauche-trans conformations, but after imbibition, only gauche–gauche-trans conformation can be identified.

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Safety of Oilseed Rape Straw Mulch of Different Lengths to Rice and Its Suppressive Effects on Weeds

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10020201 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 201

Author(s):

Jinwen Zhu ◽

Wen Liang ◽

Siyu Yang ◽

Huifu Wang ◽

Chunhua Shi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oilseed Rape ◽

Weed Suppression ◽

Brassica Napus L ◽

Straw Mulch ◽

Rape Straw ◽

Preceding Crop ◽

Cyperus Difformis ◽

Direct Seeded ◽

Environmentally Sound ◽

The Impact

Rice is widely grown after harvesting of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in many countries. Experiments were carried out under greenhouse and field conditions to assess the impact of oilseed rape straw mulch on rice and paddy weeds. Oilseed rape mulch (900 g m−2) from straw 1-to-7 cm long was found to be safe for rice, when applied four days after sowing (DAS) in direct-seeded rice or four days after transplanting (DAT). In the meantime, the biomass of Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. was reduced 65.74%, 80.18%, 81.15%, 70.99%, 55.65%, and 27.22%, respectively, when mulched with powder, and 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9-cm long oilseed rape straw, respectively, and the biomass reductions in Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees., Ludwigia prostrata Roxb., Ammannia auriculata Willd., and Cyperus difformis L. were all above 97% when mulched with 1 cm-length straw. The results of a field trial confirmed that oilseed rape straw mulch (900 g m−2) of 1 cm length was safe for rice. Moreover, weed suppression was as effective as the standard herbicide (oxadiargyl + butachlor 525 g ai ha−1) treatment. These findings demonstrate the potential to manage paddy rice weeds in an effective and environmentally sound manner by mulching with the straw of a preceding crop, oilseed rape.

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The impact of climate change on disease constraints on production of oilseed rape

Food Security ◽

10.1007/s12571-010-0058-3 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 143-156 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Neal Evans ◽

Michael H. Butterworth ◽

Andreas Baierl ◽

Mikhail A. Semenov ◽

Jon S. West ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Oilseed Rape ◽

Impact Of Climate Change ◽

The Impact

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Risk Potential of Clubroot Disease on Winter Oilseed Rape

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-05-14-0482-re ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 99 (5) ◽

pp. 667-675 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Becke Strehlow ◽

Friederike de Mol ◽

Christine Struck

Keyword(s):

Oilseed Rape ◽

Seed Yield ◽

Inoculum Density ◽

Greenhouse Experiment ◽

Resistant Cultivar ◽

Yield Losses ◽

Winter Oilseed Rape ◽

Clubroot Disease ◽

The Impact ◽

Risk Potential

Clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is an important disease of cruciferous plants. Although the pathogen is widespread and has been reported to cause high yield losses, the impact on winter oilseed rape (OSR) has not been experimentally verified. To quantify the risk potential of P. brassicae, we conducted two closely linked experiments. A semicontrolled experiment used artificial soil infestation at inoculum densities between 106 and 108 spores liter−1 of soil to detect the impact on seed yield and yield components of a susceptible and resistant OSR cultivar. A greenhouse experiment was implemented using the soil of the semicontrolled experiment after cropping the two cultivars to quantify the influence of cultivar resistance on soil inoculum. According to cumulative link mixed models, disease rating was positively correlated with the amount of inoculum. Linear regression analyses revealed a negative correlation between seed yield and inoculum density. Yield losses of 60% already appeared at the lowest inoculum density. Plant losses and reduced seed per pod were accountable for yield losses. Although the resistant cultivar showed clubroot symptoms, seed yield was not affected by the pathogen. The greenhouse experiment revealed that clubroot severity in subsequent OSR was reduced after cropping the resistant cultivar. This study showed significant yield damage of P. brassicae already at low infestation levels.

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‘HUMBOLDTIAN SCIENCE’ AND BEYOND. THE HUMBOLDTIAN WAY OF SEEING AND KNOWING IN VIENNA AND IN FRANZ UNGER’S AND FRIEDRICH SIMONY’S EARTH SCIENCES

Earth Sciences History ◽

10.17704/1944-6187-39.2.228 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 228-245

Author(s):

MARIANNE KLEMUN

Keyword(s):

Earth Sciences ◽

Academic Disciplines ◽

Cultivated Plants ◽

Deep Time ◽

Everyday Activities ◽

The Earth ◽

Victorian Period ◽

American Historian ◽

The Impact ◽

Different Levels

ABSTRACT This contribution builds on the notion of ‘Humboldtian Science’, coined by the American historian of science Susan F. Cannon who, in her book Science in Culture: The Early Victorian Period (1978), identifed a constellation of practices, strategies and ideas as typical of the research style of British naturalists during the nineteenth century. Cannon’s explanatory model has been widely accepted and for many different reasons. It became attractive as it seemed to break the deadlock of the ambivalence between idealism and empiricism, leading beyond the narrow perspective of academic disciplines. At the same time, it focused on practices and has become a useful tool to analyze the seemingly everyday activities of naturalists in the field. This contribution discusses the potential of this concept at different levels and will also show its limits; insofar as it runs the risk of idealizing Humboldt as an already epigonal figure. It will also analyze Humboldt’s connections to Vienna and his influences on natural sciences by focusing on two examples from the earth sciences, the contributions of the palaeontologist and biologist Franz Unger and the geologist and geographer Friedrich Simony. In so doing, it will widen understanding of the impact of Humboldt’s work in Vienna, detecting not only ‘Humboldtian Science’ but also the Humboldtian way of seeing and knowing where it is not expected: in Unger’s Atlantis theory, his visualization of origins of cultivated plants, and his visualization of deep time, as well as Friedrich Simony’s concept of scientific landscape drawings.

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Structurally Guided Removal of DeISGylase Biochemical Activity from Papain-Like Protease Originating from Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.01067-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 91 (23) ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Courtney M. Daczkowski ◽

Octavia Y. Goodwin ◽

John V. Dzimianski ◽

Jonathan J. Farhat ◽

Scott D. Pegan

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Gene Product ◽

Isothermal Calorimetry ◽

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Human Interferon ◽

Type I ◽

Peptide Cleavage ◽

Terminal Domain ◽

Immune Pathways ◽

The Impact

ABSTRACT Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is an emerging human pathogen that is the causative agent for Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). With MERS outbreaks resulting in over 35% fatalities and now spread to 27 countries, MERS-CoV poses a significant ongoing threat to global human health. As part of its viral genome, MERS-CoV encodes a papain-like protease (PLpro) that has been observed to act as a deubiquitinase and deISGylase to antagonize type I interferon (IFN-I) immune pathways. This activity is in addition to its viral polypeptide cleavage function. Although the overall impact of MERS-CoV PLpro function is observed to be essential, difficulty has been encountered in delineating the importance of its separate functions, particularly its deISGylase activity. As a result, the interface of MERS-CoV and human interferon-stimulated gene product 15 (hISG15) was probed with isothermal calorimetry, which suggests that the C-terminal domain of hISG15 is principally responsible for interactions. Subsequently, the structure of MERS-CoV PLpro was solved to 2.4 Å in complex with the C-terminal domain of hISG15. Utilizing this structural information, mutants were generated that lacked appreciable deISGylase activity but retained wild-type deubiquitinase and peptide cleavage activities. Hence, this provides a new platform for understanding viral deISGylase activity within MERS-CoV and other CoVs. IMPORTANCE Coronaviruses, such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), encode a papain-like protease (PLpro) that possesses the ability to antagonize interferon immune pathways through the removal of ubiquitin and interferon-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15) from target proteins. The lack of CoV proteases with attenuated deISGylase activity has been a key obstacle in delineating the impact between deubiquitinase and deISGylase activities on viral host evasion and pathogenesis. Here, biophysical techniques revealed that MERS-CoV PLpro chiefly engages human ISG15 through its C-terminal domain. The first structure of MERS-CoV PLpro in complex with this domain exposed the interface between these two entities. Employing these structural insights, mutations were employed to selectively remove deISGylase activity with no appreciable impact on its other deubiquitinase and peptide cleavage biochemical properties. Excitingly, this study introduces a new tool to probe the pathogenesis of MERS-CoV and related viruses through the removal of viral deISGylase activity.

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