scholarly journals Effects of Airspeed on the Respiratory Rate, Rectal Temperature, and Immunity Parameters of Dairy Calves Housed Individually in an Axial-Fan-Ventilated Barn

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 354
Author(s):  
Wanying Zhao ◽  
Christopher Choi ◽  
Dapeng Li ◽  
Geqi Yan ◽  
Hao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Axial Fan ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Select Group ◽  
Speed Flow ◽  
Medium Speed

At many modern dairy farms, calves raised in barns are kept in individual stalls separated by solid partitions, which act as barriers. Ventilation fans blowing air perpendicular to these stalls only provide the optimal airflow to the first few calves, while those further away receive a slower airflow. To ascertain whatever effects different airflow speeds may have on the health of animals kept in stalls located at increasing distances from ventilation fans, we divided a select group of 43 Holstein dairy calves into six subgroups based on age, and each subgroup was subjected to either a specified high-speed or low-speed airflow as follows: (1) Six 3-day-olds received high-speed airflow (D3-HA); (2) Six 3-day-olds received low-speed airflow (D3-LA); (3) Eight 19 (±3)-day-olds received high-speed airflow (D19-HA); (4) Eight 19 (± 3)-day-olds received low-speed airflow (D19-LA); (5) Eight 29 (±3)-day-olds received high-speed airflow (D29-HA); and (6) Seven 29 (±3)-day-olds received medium-speed airflow (D29-MA). These trials show that the rectal temperatures and respiratory rates of D19-LA (39.37 °C; 72.90 breaths/min) were significantly higher than those of D19-HA (39.14 °C; 61.57 breaths/min) (p ≤ 0.05), and those of D29-MA (39.40 °C; 75.52 breaths/min) were significantly higher than those of D29-HA (39.20 °C; 68.41 breaths/min) (p ≤ 0.05). At 33 (±3) days of age, those calves receiving high-speed airflow (p ≤ 0.05) registered significantly higher immunoglobulins A and M than calves receiving low-speed flow. Those calves subjected to a high-speed airflow also registered significantly lower tumor necrosis factor levels than those receiving low-speed flow (p ≤ 0.05). Among the 29 to 43-day-old calves, no significant differences in immunity parameters were found to exist between groups D29-HA and D29-MA. On the basis of these findings, we were able to conclude that in the warm season, when the calves were less than 0.5 months old, low-speed (0.17–0.18 m/s) airflows had no significant effect on calves; when the calves were 1 month old, low-speed airflow (0.20–0.21 m/s) may impair the immune functions; when the calves were 1 to 1.5 months old, the airflow velocity higher than 0.9 m/s can meet the needs of the calf without a negative impact on the calf.

Study on Performance Measurement of Beijing Urban Expressway Based on Microwave Data

2014 ◽  
Vol 505-506 ◽  
pp. 1014-1022
Author(s):  
Yao Wang ◽  
Chang Qiao Shao
Keyword(s):  
Performance Measurement ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Transition Probability ◽  
Traffic Data ◽  
High Speed Flow ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Urban Expressway ◽  
Speed Flow

The research provides an occupancy-based performance measurement for Beijing urban expressway traffic that would be beneficial for further improvement of traffic control. An analysis of the field traffic data shows that the phenomenon of speed transition happens frequently once occupancy reaches to the critical occupancy (30%). Analyzed with speed transition probability and state stability at different occupancy and speed, four traffic states could be defined as stable high-speed flow, unstable high-speed flow, unstable low-speed flow and stable low-speed flow. The performance of each traffic state is measured by transportation efficiency. The result shows that once occupancy changes from 30% to 31%, transportation efficiency drop 27.8%, representing an extra 1/4 time cost for all vehicles on road. Therefore lane occupancy should be controlled under 30% to avoid a deteriorating traffic conditions.

scholarly journals Counter-hairpin vortices in the turbulent wake of a sharp trailing edge

2011 ◽  
Vol 689 ◽  
pp. 317-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sina Ghaemi ◽  
Fulvio Scarano
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Turbulent Boundary Layer ◽  
Coherent Structures ◽  
High Speed ◽  
High Speed Flow ◽  
Trailing Edge ◽  
Hairpin Vortices ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Speed Flow ◽  
Low Speed Streaks

AbstractThe unsteady organization and evolution of coherent structures within the turbulent boundary layer and subsequent wake of the sharp symmetric trailing edge of a NACA0012 aerofoil are investigated. The experiments are conducted in an open test-section wind tunnel at ${\mathit{Re}}_{c} = \text{386\hspace{0.167em}000} $ based on the aerofoil chord and ${\mathit{Re}}_{\theta } = 1300$ based on the boundary layer momentum thickness. An initial characterization of the flow field using two-component particle image velocimetry (PIV) is followed by the investigation of the unsteady organization and evolution of coherent structures by time-resolved three-dimensional PIV based on a tomographic approach (Tomo-PIV). The inspection of the turbulent boundary layer prior to the trailing edge in the region between 0.15 and $0. 8\hspace{0.167em} {\delta }_{99} $ demonstrated streaks of low- and high-speed flow, while the low-speed streaks are observed to be more coherent along with strong interaction with hairpin-type vortical structures similar to a turbulent boundary layer at zero pressure gradient. The wake region demonstrated gradual deterioration of both the low- and the high-speed streaks with downstream progress. However, the low-speed streaks are observed to lose their coherence at a faster rate relative to the high-speed streaks as the turbulent flow develops towards the far wake. The weakening of the low-speed streaks is due to the disappearance of the viscous sublayer after the trailing edge and gradual mixing through the transport of the remaining low-speed flow towards the free stream. This transport of low-speed flow is performed by the ejection events induced by the hairpin vortices as they also persist into the developing wake. The higher persistence of the high-speed streaks is associated with counter-hairpin vortical activities as they oppose the deterioration of the high-speed streaks by frequently sweeping the high-speed flow towards the wake centreline. These vortical structures are regarded as counter-hairpin vortices as they exhibit opposite characteristics relative to the hairpin vortices of a turbulent boundary layer. They are topologically similar to the hairpins as they appear to be U-shaped but with inverted orientation, as the spanwise portion is in the vicinity of the wake centreline and the legs are inclined at an approximately $6{0}^{\ensuremath{\circ} } $ to the wake axis in the downstream direction demonstrating a strain-dominated topology. The counter-hairpin vortices are partially wrapped around the high-speed streaks and contribute to the wake development by transporting high-speed flow towards the wake centreline. Similar to the hairpin vortices of a turbulent boundary layer, the occurrence of a complete counter-hairpin vortex is occasional while its derivatives (portions of spanwise or quasi-streamwise vortices) are more frequently observed. Therefore, a pattern recognition algorithm is applied to establish characterization based on an ensemble-averaged counter-hairpin vortex. The formation of the counter-hairpin vortices is due to an additional degree of interaction between the low- and high-speed streaks after the trailing edge across the wake centreline. The shear layer produced along the wake centreline by neighbouring low- and high-speed streaks promotes the formation of spanwise vortices that form the counter-hairpin vortices by connection to quasi-streamwise vortices. Finally, a conceptual model is proposed to depict the three-dimensional unsteady organization and evolution of coherent structures in the wake region based on the hairpin and counter-hairpin vortex signatures.

scholarly journals A Large-Eddy Simulation Study of Bottom-Heating Effects on Scalar Dispersion in and above a Cubical Building Array

2013 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 1738-1752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-Bu Park ◽  
Jong-Jin Baik ◽  
Young-Hee Ryu
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Flow Structures ◽  
Scalar Flux ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Scalar Dispersion ◽  
Eddy Simulation ◽  
Speed Flow ◽  
Dispersion Patterns ◽  
Building Array ◽  
Bottom Heating

AbstractThermal effects on scalar dispersion in and above a cubical building array are numerically investigated using the parallelized large-eddy simulation model (PALM). Two cases (no heating and bottom heating) are simulated, and scalar dispersion patterns in the two cases are compared. In the no-heating case, scalar ejections in the low-speed flow structures play an important role in transporting scalar upward above the building array. In the bottom-heating case, streamwise elongated and isolated scalar ejections appear below upper low-speed and upper high-speed regions above the building array. In both cases, bottom-emitted scalar flux is balanced by streamwise scalar advection and vertical turbulent scalar flux at the rooftop height. The vertical turbulent scalar flux at the rooftop height is mainly composed of scalar ejections and scalar sweeps that are related to low- and high-speed flow structures, respectively. Furthermore, the low- and high-speed flow structures at the rooftop height induce spanwise converging and spanwise diverging flow in the building array in both the no-heating and bottom-heating cases. Thus, the mean scalar concentration in the building array is high below the low-speed flow structures (above the building array) in both cases. Dominant scalar dispersion patterns in the building array are found to be spanwise scalar transport events that are composed of negative scalar concentration perturbation and spanwise flow therein. In the bottom-heating case, a large-scale secondary circular flow develops, causing stronger spanwise scalar dispersion patterns in the building array.

Study of Tool Materials Rapid Selection in Cutting 300M Steel

2012 ◽  
Vol 472-475 ◽  
pp. 986-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Xian Xie ◽  
Wu Yi Chen ◽  
Jian Fei Sun
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Cutting Speed ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Tool Materials ◽  
Speed Condition ◽  
300M Steel ◽  
Medium Speed ◽  
Tool Performance ◽  
The Relationship

The validity of tool materials rapid selection based on initial wear for milling 300M steel were investigated under different cutting speed condition. Wear experiments of three tool materials selected from 17 tools suggested by the tool makers were conducted at three levels of cutting speed: low speed (100.5m/min), medium speed (150.7 m/min) and high speed (201.0m/min).Wear curves of the three tool materials are obtained through the above wear experiments. The relationship between tool performance and initial wear is analysed based on the obtained wear curves.

scholarly journals STUDY OF FOUR-WHEEL STEERING SYSTEMS’ VIABILITY IN FUTURE AUTOMOBILES

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aayush Soni ◽  
Adarsh Sahu ◽  
Prakhar Shrivastava ◽  
Shubhrata Nagpal
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Rear Wheel ◽  
Steering System ◽  
Front Wheel ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Medium Speed ◽  
Turning Radius

- Presently, all vehicles have a two-wheel steering system irrespective of the vehicle being front wheel driven, rear wheel driven or all-wheel driven. A four-wheel steering system known as “quadra steering” system is a system in which both the front wheels and rear wheels get steered according to the speed of the vehicle and space available for turning. This system makes the vehicle more stable and enhances its performance. In this report, the performance of quadra steering system has been considered under low speed, medium speed and high-speed conditions. For parking and low speed conditions, rear wheels are turned in the opposite directions while at medium and high-speed conditions, rear wheels and front wheels are turned in the same direction. As a result, the vehicle becomes more stable and its turning radius reduces greatly.

scholarly journals Jets, Disk Winds, and Warm Disk Coronae in Classical T Tauri Stars

1997 ◽  
Vol 182 ◽  
pp. 443-454
Author(s):  
John Kwan
Keyword(s):  
Accretion Disk ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Line Emission ◽  
Disk Surface ◽  
T Tauri Stars ◽  
Additional Indication ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
T Tauri ◽  
Speed Flow ◽  
Balmer Lines

Arguments, based on analysis of the forbidden line emission, are summarized that point to two components of mass ejection in classical T Tauri stars. A low-speed wind originates from the accretion disk at between ∼ 0.05 AU and ≳3 AU from the star, and a high-speed flow, which becomes collimated into a jet within ≲ 100 AU, originates as a wind from either the star or the very inner part of the accretion disk. The [OI] λ5577 emission in the low-speed component also requires the presence of a warm disk corona, with an electron density of ∼ 107 cm–3 and a temperature of ∼ 8000 K. Additional indication of a warm disk corona comes from analysis of the central absorptions seen in the profiles of the hydrogen Balmer lines. The need to heat the disk corona implies that a substantial fraction of the energy released in the accretion of matter through the disk may be dissipated at the disk surface.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF MARINE FUEL PROPERTIES ON IGNITION, INJECTION DELAY AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Transport ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-353
Author(s):  
Sergejus Lebedevas ◽  
Nadežda Lazareva ◽  
Paulius Rapalis ◽  
Vygintas Daukšys ◽  
Tomas Čepaitis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Rational Selection ◽  
Marine Fuel ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Medium Speed ◽  
Selection Of

According to the International Council on Combustion Engines (CIMAC) and International Maritime Organization (IMO) statistics, the rational selection of Marine Bunker Fuel (MBF) properties is an effective way to improve operating conditions and energy efficiency of all types of marine Diesel Engines (DEs). The publication presents the results of studies on the influence of heavy and distillate MBF properties on the characteristics of different DE types: high-speed (Caterpillar 3512B, MTU 8V 396TB), medium-speed (SKL VDS 48/42, ChN 26.5/31) ir low-speed (MAN B&W 6S60MC). The aim of work is to form a methodological framework for assessing the influence of marine fuel properties on the energy performance of different types of ship power plants. Numerical methods show that in the case of unfavourable selection of the density and viscosity of marine fuels regulated by the standard ISO 8217:2017, the changes in specific fuel consumption be reach up to 10% low-speed, 4…7% medium-speed, and 2…3% high-speed DEs. As the density varies from light grades to 1010 kg/m3, the change in be is 3…4%. At low viscosity, as the density increases to 1030 kg/m3, the low-speed engine comparative fuel consumption increases by 5%. It is recommended not to use fuel with a density >1010 kg/m3 and a viscosity <300…400 mm2/s. Developed solutions for the rational selection of bunkered marine fuel properties for a specific DE model trough the influence of density and viscosity on fuel injection and combustion characteristics based on multiparametric diagrams of relative fuel consumption change.

The Association between Severity of Injuries of Facial Bones in the Children and the Circumstances of the Injury

10.12737/3565 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Харитонов ◽  
D. Kharitonov ◽  
Тихонов ◽  
E. Tikhonov
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Bone Fractures ◽  
Severe Trauma ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Fractures In Children ◽  
Medium Speed ◽  
Speed Group ◽  
Trauma Group

The aim of the study is to identify the association between the severity of maxillofacial trauma and its origin. The study has included 58 cases of facial bone fractures in children of different ages received in different circumstances. All patients were treated in Maxillofacial Department of Voronezh Regional Pediatric Hospital № 2. In this paper it is shown that the gravity of the injury is directly dependent on the forces of the action of damaging factors, which is determined by the circumstances of an injury. The injuries are divided into two groups: low-speed trauma group and high-speed trauma group. The study has proved the necessity to reveal the separate group, i.e. medium-speed group of the traumas typical for children (a fall from a bike, a playground trauma). The results of this study are the following: the most frequent trauma in children is a low-speed trauma (a fall from one’s height, a criminal trauma), the most severe trauma is a high-speed-one (a high fall, road-traffic accidents, a blow into a face from a cattle).

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