scholarly journals Feeding of a Scleractinian Coral, Goniopora columna, on Microalgae, Yeast, and Artificial Feed in Captivity

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3009
Author(s):  
De-Sing Ding ◽  
Wei-Ting Sun ◽  
Chih-Hung Pan
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Protease Activity ◽  
Digestive Enzymes ◽  
Isochrysis Galbana ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Symbiotic Algae ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
In Captivity

Nutritional requirements are critical in the process of coral aquaculture. In addition to energy from symbiotic algae, corals obtain sufficient nutrition through heterotrophic feeding. Microalgae and yeast are commonly used as nutritional supplements for many aquaculture organisms. In addition, if artificial feed can match or improve upon the nutritional supplementation provided by microalgae and yeast in the case of G. columna, then feeding this coral would be markedly easier. Hence, this article preliminarily discusses feeds suitable for G. columna. In this study, artificial PUFA rich in animal protein (R), Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Isochrysis galbana tml, and Nannochloropsis oculate were fed to G. columna at quantities of 5% and 10% of body weight. Growth, survival, body composition, and digestive enzymes were assessed. Regarding body composition, the coral’s protein content is higher than that of carbohydrate or fat; thus, evaluating the heterotrophic nutrition of G. columna by using protein absorption is appropriate. The protease content is also high in digestive enzymes. Protein content, protease activity, and specific growth rate were significantly higher in the R group than in other groups. The number of polyps in the groups fed R at 5% and 10% of body weight increased by 40.00 ± 2.43 and 47.33 ± 0.89 number, respectively, significantly greater increases than those achieved in the other groups (p < 0.05). Changes in body composition and digestive enzymes over a 24-h period were compared to determine the optimal feeding time. Protein content and protease activity increased markedly between 6:00 and 12:00. The experimental results suggest that R can improve the activity of G. columna digestive enzymes and their protein and lipid content in body tissue, shorten the cultivation time, and enhance the profitability of coral aquaculture.

Effect of exercise duration on feed intake and body composition of Swiss albino mice

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 500-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bulbulian ◽  
K. K. Grunewald ◽  
R. R. Haack
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Exercise Duration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Swiss Albino Mice ◽  
Daily Exercise ◽  
Albino Mice

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of daily exercise of varying duration on the body composition, weight, and feed intake of mature Swiss albino mice. Fifty-four male mice were equally divided into a control group and five exercise groups (n = 9) performing 20, 40, 60, 120, and 240 min of daily exercise on a treadmill (7.2 m/min). Feed intake and body weight were measured weekly for 10 wk. At the completion of the study the mice were killed and the animal carcasses were chemically analyzed for fat, dry matter, and protein content. The results of this study demonstrate no differences in the body weight among groups (P less than 0.97) with all groups gaining 4.5–5.8 g during the 10-wk period. However, fat content decreased significantly from 15.7% in the control to 12.0% in the 120- and 240-min exercise groups (P less than 0.05). In contrast, protein content showed an insignificant rising trend from 13.0 to 14.6% with increasing duration of exercise. Feed intake showed a nonsignificant drop during the 20-min exercise treatment and remained unchanged among groups. These data show a slight but variable appetite-suppressing effect of light exercise in mice accompanied by favorable body composition changes even in the absence of differences in body weight. These findings suggest the mouse to be an acceptable experimental model for body composition and exercise studies.

scholarly journals The modelling of growth in the pig.

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.J. Moughan ◽  
M.W.A. Verstegen
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Free Energy ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Cellular Activity ◽  
Energy Potential

The modelling of growth in the pig is reviewed, with particular reference to the schematic approach developed by the authors and others, in which growth is modelled from the supply of digested amino acids and the intake of protein-free energy. Potential gains in protein and fat content are used to calculate body weight gain, body composition and carcass composition. It is suggested that future models should be more deductive and less empirical than present models, and that it may be possible to describe the control of gains in fat and protein content in terms of cellular activity. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

Effectiveness of a Multidisciplinary Lifestyle Intervention to Reduce Obesity among Children and Adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Md Rizwanul Ahsan ◽  
Sabrina Makbul ◽  
Probir Kumar Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Height Ratio ◽  
Waist To Height Ratio ◽  
Family Based

Background: Now a days unhealthy lifestyle primarily responsible for the dramatic increase obesity among children and adolescents. Objective: The purpose of the study is to see the effects of a multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention to reduce obese children and adolescents. The main outcome was cardiometabolic risk based on the waist-to-height ratio (WHTR) measurement. Secondary outcomes were (1) changes in body composition; (2) adherence to a Mediterranean diet; and (3) physical performance. Methods: The study involved 64 overweight/obese children or adolescents conducted at Dhaka Shishu Hospital from October 2017 to September 2018. The intervention was multidisciplinary including nutrition, exercise, and psychological aspects based on a family-based approach; it was delivered for six months for children and three months for adolescents. Before and after the intervention, several anthropometric measures height, body weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and body composition, cardiometabolic risk index waist-to-height ratio (WHTR), and dietary habits of the participants and their families were evaluated. In addition, a set of functional motor fitness tests was performed to evaluate physical performance measures. Results: After the intervention both children and adolescents showed a significant reduction in body weight, BMI, waist circumference, fat mass, and WHTR index and an improvement of fat-free mass, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and physical fitness performance. Conclusion: A short term family-based multidisciplinary approach is effective in ameliorating the health status, dietary habits, and physical performance in children and adolescents. DS (Child) H J 2019; 35(2) : 111-118

Extraction and Partial Purification of Protease from Bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi L.)

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Normah Ismail ◽  
Nur' Ain Mohamad Kharoe
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Molecular Weight Distribution ◽  
Weight Distribution ◽  
Protease Activity ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Temperature Stability ◽  
Partial Purification ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate Precipitation

Unripe and ripe bilimbi (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) were ground and the extracted juices were partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation at the concentrations of 40 and 60% (w/v). The collected proteases were analysed for pH, temperature stability, storage stability, molecular weight distribution, protein concentration and protein content. Protein content of bilimbi fruit was 0.89 g. Protease activity of both the unripe and ripe fruit were optimum at pH 4 and 40°C when the juice were purified at 40 and 60% ammonium sulfate precipitation. A decreased in protease activity was observed during the seven days of storage at 4°C. Molecular weight distribution indicated that the proteases protein bands fall between IO to 220 kDa. Protein bands were observed at 25, 50 and 160 kDa in both the unripe and ripe bilimbi proteases purified with 40% ammonium sulfate, however, the bands were more intense in those from unripe bilimbi. No protein bands were seen in proteases purified with 60% ammonium sulfate. Protein concentration was higher for proteases extracted with 40% ammonium sulfate at both ripening stages. Thus, purification using 40% ammonium sulfate precipitation could be a successful method to partially purify proteases from bilimbi especially from the unripe stage. 

THE LIVE WEIGHT GROWTH OF BULLS OF DIFFERENT BREEDS

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 115-119
Author(s):  
A. V. Dymchuk ◽  
O. I. Lyubynskyy
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Mathematical Statistics ◽  
High Quality ◽  
New Born ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Daily Average ◽  
Weight Growth

The studies of the dynamics results of body weight, absolute and daily average, relative increases averaging bulls of Ukrainian black-and-white and Ukrainian red-and-white dairy cattle. Researches are conducted in the conditions of POSP «Napadivske» Kalyinivka district of the Vinnytsya area after materials of primary pedigree account. In an economy use the whole-year of the same type feeding. In the structure of ration 40% make the concentrated sterns and also high-quality silage and soilage. Average daily increases of bulls for period of age to realization for a slaughter made over 1000 grammes. The dynamics of growth of living mass, absolute, average daily and relative increases of bulls, is analysed Ukrainian black-and-white and Ukrainian red-and-white dairy cattle. Living mass and weight gain researches of age to 12-monthly age with an interval in 3 months after the generally accepted methods. Materials of researches are worked out the methods of mathematical statistics with the use of programmatic package of Statistica 8.0. Living mass of bulls of the second group at birth made 36,3 kg, that anymore on 0,8 kg by comparison to new-born bulls of the first group. In all next periods living mass of animals of the second group was greater as compared to the animals of the same age of the first. In 3 months advantage made 1,7 kg, in 6 months – 4,6 kg (P>0,95), in 9 months – 8,8 kg (P>0,95), in 12 months – 12,5 kg (P>0,99). Difference of absolute increases of bulls of the second group above the bulls of the same age of the first of age to to 3-monthly age made 0,8 kg in behalf of animals of the second group. In a period 3-6 months a difference is after this index between the first and second groups made 2,9 kg in behalf of the last. In periods 6-9 and reliable advantage of animals of the second group is 9-12 months set above the bulls of the same age of the first on 4,1 kg (P>0,95) and 3,7 kg (P>0,95) accordingly. In a period of age to 18-monthly age absolute increases of bulls of the second group were greater by comparison to bulls first on 12,5 kg (R>0,99). Average daily increases of bulls of the second group of age to 3-monthly age made 763,0 grammes, that anymore on 8,9 grammes by comparison to bulls of the first group. In periods 3-6 months the average daily increases of animals of the second group prevailed the bulls of the same age of the first on 32,6 grammes. In a period 6-9 months the average daily increases of animals of the second group were made by 1045,9 grammes, that for certain anymore on 45,9 grammes (P>0,95) by comparison to the bulls of the same age of the first. Maximal increases of bulls were in a period 9-12 months and made 1210,4 grammes in the animals of the second group and 1168,9 grammes – for the bulls of the same age of the first, that for certain anymore on 41,5 grammes (P>0,95). In a period of age to 12-monthly age the average daily increases of bulls of the second group were made by 970,6 grammes, that was for certain anymore on 31,8 grammes (R>0,99) by comparison to the bulls of the same age of the first group. Relative increases of bulls of both groups were high. From birth to 3-monthly age greater increases had bulls of the first group – 97,8%, and in periods 3-6, 6-9 and 9-12 months greater were increases of bulls of the same age of the second group – 56,4; 40,1 and 32,4% accordingly. For all probed periods of reliable advantage it is not discovered between the compared groups. It is set researches, that at the identical terms of feeding and maintenance more rapid bulls grow Ukrainian red-and-white dairy cattle. In all age-old periods they prevailed the bulls of the same age of the Ukrainian black-and-white dairy cattle, in a that number, beginning from 9-monthly age, advantage was reliable (P>0,95–0,99). Average daily increases of bulls of two breeds were the least in a period of age to to 3-monthly age – 754,1-763,0 grammes, and most in a period 9-12 months – 1168,9–1210,4 grammes.

scholarly journals 224 A method for estimating the target for protein energy retention in sheep

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 143-143
Author(s):  
Holland C Dougherty ◽  
Hutton Oddy ◽  
Mark Evered ◽  
James W Oltjen
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Heat Production ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Protein Mass ◽  
Reference Weight ◽  
Animal Growth

Abstract Target protein mass at maturity is a common “attractor” used in animal models to derive components of animal growth. This target muscle protein at maturity, M*, is used as a driver of a model of animal growth and body composition with pools representing muscle and visceral protein; where viscera is heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, reticulorumen and gastrointestinal tract; and muscle is non-visceral protein. This M* term then drives changes in protein mass and heat production, based on literature data stating that heat production scales linearly with protein mass but not liveweight. This led us to adopt a modelling approach where energy utilization is directly related to protein content of the animal, and energy not lost as heat or deposited as protein is fat. To maintain continuity with existing feeding systems we estimate M* from Standard Reference Weight (SRW) as follows: M* (kJ) = SRW * SHRINK * (1-FMAT) * (MUSC) * (CPM)* 23800. Where SRW is standard reference weight (kg), SHRINK is the ratio of empty body to live weight (0.86), FMAT is proportion of fat in the empty body at maturity (0.30), MUSC is the proportion of empty body protein that is in muscle (0.85), CPM is the crude protein content of fat-free muscle at maturity (0.21), and 23800 is the energetic content (kJ) of a kilogram of crude protein. Values for SHRINK, FMAT, MUSC and CPM were derived from a synthesis of our own experimental data and the literature. For sheep, these values show M* to be: M* (kJ) = SRW * 0.86* (1-0.3) * 0.85 * 0.21 *23800 = SRW * 2557. This method allows for use of existing knowledge regarding standard reference weight and other parameters in estimating target muscle mass at maturity, as part of a model of body composition and performance in ruminants.

scholarly journals European Guidelines for Obesity Management in Adults with a Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Obesity Facts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 222-245
Author(s):  
Giovanna Muscogiuri ◽  
Marwan El Ghoch ◽  
Annamaria Colao ◽  
Maria Hassapidou ◽  
Volkan Yumuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Obesity Management ◽  
Weight Loss Interventions

<b><i>Background:</i></b> The very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) has been recently proposed as an appealing nutritional strategy for obesity management. The VLCKD is characterized by a low carbohydrate content (&#x3c;50 g/day), 1–1.5 g of protein/kg of ideal body weight, 15–30 g of fat/day, and a daily intake of about 500–800 calories. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> The aim of the current document is to suggest a common protocol for VLCKD and to summarize the existing literature on its efficacy in weight management and weight-related comorbidities, as well as the possible side effects. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This document has been prepared in adherence with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Literature searches, study selection, methodology development, and quality appraisal were performed independently by 2 authors and the data were collated by means of a meta-analysis and narrative synthesis. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Of the 645 articles retrieved, 15 studies met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed, revealing 4 main findings. First, the VLCKD was shown to result in a significant weight loss in the short, intermediate, and long terms and improvement in body composition parameters as well as glycemic and lipid profiles. Second, when compared with other weight loss interventions of the same duration, the VLCKD showed a major effect on reduction of body weight, fat mass, waist circumference, total cholesterol and triglyceridemia as well as improved insulin resistance. Third, although the VLCKD also resulted in a significant reduction of glycemia, HbA1c, and LDL cholesterol, these changes were similar to those obtained with other weight loss interventions. Finally, the VLCKD can be considered a safe nutritional approach under a health professional’s supervision since the most common side effects are usually clinically mild and easily to manage and recovery is often spontaneous. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The VLCKD can be recommended as an effective dietary treatment for individuals with obesity after considering potential contra-indications and keeping in mind that any dietary treatment has to be personalized. <b><i>Prospero Registry:</i></b> The assessment of the efficacy of VLCKD on body weight, body composition, glycemic and lipid parameters in overweight and obese subjects: a meta-analysis (CRD42020205189).

Body Composition Modifications Due to the “Search, Rescue and Survival Training” in Male Military Firefighter Cadets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Ramos de Barros ◽  
Verônica Pinto Salerno ◽  
Thalita Ponce ◽  
Míriam Raquel Meira Mainenti
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Sleep Restriction ◽  
Fat Percentage

ABSTRACT Introduction To train and prepare cadets for a career as firefighters in Rio de Janeiro, the second-year students of the Officers Training Course are submitted to a Search, Rescue, and Survival Training (SRST) course, which is characterized by long periods of high physical exertion and sleep restriction during a 9-day instruction module, and food restriction during a 7-day survival module. The present study investigated changes in the body composition of 39 male cadets submitted to SRST during training and 4 weeks of recovery with no restrictions in food consumption. Materials and Methods Each cadet was evaluated by anthropometric measurements at six time points: pre-SRST; after the first module; after the second module; and after 1, 2, and 4 weeks of recovery. Measurements included body girths and skinfolds, to estimate trunk (chest and waist) and limbs (arm and thigh) dimensions, as well as body composition. Repeated measures ANOVA and Friedman test were applied (depending on each data distribution). Results Statistically significant decreases in body weight (76.2; 69.8-87.2 to 63.9; 58.9-73.5 kg) and fat free mass (FFM, 69.2; 63.7-77.2 to 60.1; 56.2-68.0 kg) were observed following the second module of SRST. Following a single week of recovery, the FFM returned to pre-SRST values. Body weight returned to pre-training levels in 2 weeks. Body fat percentage and mass also significantly decreased during SRST (9.0; 7.7-12.3 to 6.5; 5.1-9.3% and 6.9; 5.6-10.0 to 6.9; 5.6-10.0 kg, respectively), which showed a slower and more gradual recovery that reached pre-SRST values after 4 weeks. The girths of arm, thigh, chest and waist significantly decreased due to SRST. The girths of the limbs (arm and thigh) returned to pre-training values after one month of recovery, while the girths of the trunk (chest and waist) did not return to pre-SRST values during the study period. Conclusions The findings suggest that men who experience periods of high energy demands and sleep restriction followed by a period of food restriction will endure unavoidable physical consequences that can be mostly reversed by a 1-month recovery.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document