scholarly journals Protein Supplementation and Grazing Behavior for Cows on Differing Late-Season Rangeland Grazing Systems

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3219
Author(s):  
James E. Sprinkle ◽  
Joseph K. Sagers ◽  
John B. Hall ◽  
Melinda J. Ellison ◽  
Joel V. Yelich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Morning ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Grazing Behavior ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Bite Rate ◽  
Measured Time ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Grazing Systems ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Walking Time

The objective was to determine if low- or high-residual feed intake (LRFI or HRFI, n = 24 for each) Hereford × Angus cows on continuously or rotationally grazed rangeland altered their grazing behavior when provided a protein supplement in late autumn. Treatments included continuously grazed, control (CCON, n = 12); continuously grazed, supplemented (CTRT, n = 12); rotationally grazed, control (RCON, n = 12); and rotationally grazed, supplemented pastures (RTRT, n = 12). Cows in each treatment had grazing time (GT), resting time (RT), and walking time (WLK) measured for 2 years with accelerometers. Bite rate (BR) was also measured. Time distributions of GT and RT differed by year (p < 0.05), being influenced by colder temperatures in 2016. Cattle in 2016 spent more time grazing during early morning and late evening (p < 0.05) and rested more during the day (p < 0.05). In 2017, cattle in the CCON treatment walked more (p < 0.05) during early morning time periods than did the CTRT cattle, indicative of search grazing. All supplemented cattle had greater BR (p < 0.05) than control cattle in 2017. Cattle with increased nutritional demands alter grazing behavior in a compensatory fashion when grazing late-season rangelands.

scholarly journals Grazing behavior and production for cattle on differing late-season rangeland grazing systems with or without protein supplementation

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 1792-1796 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E Sprinkle ◽  
Joseph K Sagers ◽  
John B Hall ◽  
Melinda J Ellison ◽  
Joel V Yelich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Grazing Behavior ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Grazing Systems

scholarly journals Beef heifers grazing behavior and herbage intake in natural grassland under rotational grazing

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 2056-2062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cezar Wankura Barbieri ◽  
Fernando Luiz Ferreira de Quadros ◽  
Felipe Jochims ◽  
Bruno Castro Kuinchtner ◽  
Thiago Henrique Nicola de Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Beef Heifers ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Grazing Behavior ◽  
Bite Rate ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Thermal Sum ◽  
Natural Grassland ◽  
Rest Intervals

It was evaluated the effect of two rest intervals between grazing occupations in rotational grazing; 375 and 750 DD (degree-days); based on the cumulative thermal sum necessary for leaf expansion of native grasses of two functional groups over the grazing behavior variables from beef heifers with 12 months old. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized block design, with two treatments, three replications and measures repeated over time. Grazing behavior was assessed in three occasions (Nov 2011, Jan and Mar 2012), with 24h each. The herbage intake was estimated using an external marker (Cr2O3). The leaf mass was similar among the rest intervals, with a mean of 1261kg DM ha-1. The average grazing time was 627.4min day-1 and bite rate was 37.1 bites min-1. The average number of daily meals was 5.9 with an average of 118.5 minutes. Number of feeding stations visited per minute was 6.1 and the feeding stations permanence time was of 12 seconds. There was a reduction only on grazing time and bite rate over the periods. The range of thermal sums evaluated to define the rest intervals in rotational grazing proved no effect on heifers' grazing behavior and herbage intake

scholarly journals Life near a city: activity pattern of Golden Jackal Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae) in a habitat adjoining Bhubaneswar, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 19363-19366
Author(s):  
Subrat Debata
Keyword(s):  
Activity Pattern ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Golden Jackal ◽  
Eastern India ◽  
Present Study Area ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Reduced Activity ◽  
Second Peak ◽  
Intense Heat

Activity pattern of the Golden Jackal was studied by camera trapping survey in an urban influenced protected habitat in Odisha, eastern India from January to April 2019. A total of 552 independent photos of Golden Jackals were obtained from 771 trap nights. Although Golden Jackals were active throughout the day, they showed two major peaks in activity; the first peak during late evening after sunset, and the second peak during early morning until sunrise. The reduced activity of Golden Jackal during day time in the present study area might be due to less movement of prey species, intense heat, and heavy human traffic.

Leaf Movements in Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifolia) in Relation to Herbicide Response

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Kraatz ◽  
Robert N. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Cloud Cover ◽  
Leaf Surface ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Rhythmic Movements ◽  
Cassia Obtusifolia ◽  
Leaf Movements ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Over The Top

Sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL.) leaves and leaflets changed their orientation throughout 24-h periods. These endogenously controlled rhythmic movements resulted in dramatic changes in the percent projected leaf area (PPLA), the leaf area observed from directly above and expressed as a percentage of the total actual leaf area. The PPLA of sicklepod varied more than seven-fold throughout a 24-h period, being greatest during the day and least at night. Control of sicklepod with linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] applied postemergence at intervals throughout 24-h periods was greater from daytime applications than from late evening, night, and early morning applications. Percent control was highly correlated with PPLA, suggesting that rhythmic leaf movements and the resulting change in PPLA could be an important factor in determining the efficacy of postemergence herbicide applications on sicklepod by altering the area of the leaf surface most likely to intercept and retain herbicide spray from an over-the-top application. In addition to endogenously controlled leaf movements, we observed leaf movements caused by simulated cloud cover (80% shading). Shading increased the PPLA of sicklepod, suggesting that more leaf surface might be exposed to an over-the-top spray during cloudy periods than during sunny periods.

Diurnal gross photosynthetic patterns and potential seasonal CO2 assimilation in Cladonia stellaris and Cladonia rangiferina

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 642-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Moser ◽  
Thomas H. Nash III ◽  
Steven O. Link
Keyword(s):  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Atmospheric Moisture ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Summer Rain ◽  
Cladonia Rangiferina

The daily, in situ gross photosynthetic patterns of Cladonia stellaris (Opiz.) Pouz. & Vězda. and Cladonia rangiferina (L.) Wigg. were monitored during portions of the 1977, 1978, and 1979 growing seasons at Anaktuvuk Pass, Alaska. Photosynthetic activity in both species closely paralleled atmospheric moisture status, where peak photosynthetic rates were attained during or following sporadic summer rain. In addition, thallus absorption of moisture during extended periods of high atmospheric water vapor content gave rise to short periods of minimal photosynthetic activity. During late evening and early morning hours moistened thalli exhibited minimal or no photosynthetic activity, coinciding with consistent attenuation in solar radiation during these periods. Photosynthetic activity was not homogeneous throughout the thallus. The greatest activity occurred in the apical regions and decreased progressively into the basal regions. The apical 10-mm regions of C. stellaris and C. rangiferina thalli accounted for approximately 50% of their photosynthetic capabilities. The potential gross CO2 assimilation of the apical 10-mm regions over 72 days of the 1978 growing season was estimated at approximately 35 g CO2∙m−2 and 16 g CO2∙m−2 for C. stellaris and C. rangiferina, respectively.

Effect of FWD Testing Position on Modulus of Subgrade Reaction

2014 ◽  
Vol 518 ◽  
pp. 53-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.N. Shoukry ◽  
G.W. William ◽  
M.Y. Riad ◽  
J.C. Prucz
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Slab Thickness ◽  
Positive Temperature ◽  
Falling Weight Deflectometer ◽  
Subgrade Reaction ◽  
K Value ◽  
Modulus Of Subgrade Reaction ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Falling Weight

This paper discusses the variation of the Modulus of subgrade reaction (k) backcalculated from slab deflection basins, interactive with the location of the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) load pulse, and curling of slabs due to daily temperature variations. The k-value was calculated following the AASHTO design guides procedures, while deflection basins were recorded at an interval of 3 to 4 hours along the day on an instrumented concrete pavement test section in West Virginia. The state of deformation of the slabs are continuously monitored, through dowel bar bending measurements and records of the temperature gradient profiles through the slab thickness, as well as joint openings every 20 minutes. The results indicated that the backcalculated k-values are greatly affected by the positive temperature gradient, and the least variation in (k) was found in the slab center. In order to minimize errors in back-calculations of k-values, it is recommended to perform the FWD test for recording deflection basins in the interior of the slab during late evening or in the early morning.

Mental Illness and Homicide

1966 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.K. Mcknight ◽  
J.W. Mohr ◽  
R.E. Quinsey ◽  
J. Erochko
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Background Information ◽  
The Family ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Intensive Investigation

A homicide study undertaken at the Ontario Hospital, Penetanguishene, yielded 100 cases in which mental illness was present, or considered to be present, at the time of the act. This paper deals with some selected structural data on the total group, leaving dynamic material for intensive investigation of various subgroups. The 100 patients had killed 110 victims and wounded a further 26. About half of the cases involved homicide within the family. Background information on the patients and some personal and social factors are considered. In terms of diagnosis, more than half were schizophrenics. The peak in the ages of patients at the time of the offence is in the 30 to 35 year age group, but this differs in the various forms of homicides. Seasonal variations indicate peaks in early spring and fall, with another increase in December in the Christmas period. No specific weekday pattern emerged and the daily pattern suggests an increase in frequency from early morning to late evening. Most of the homicides took place in or close to the residence of offender or victim. Shooting was the most common method of attack. After the act, the majority of offenders made no attempt to escape. The analysis will be continued in greater detail and with comparative material from the literature. These future papers will be concerned with specific groups, such as matricide, patricide, and wife murder.

scholarly journals Observation on dominance of swells over wind-seas in the coastal waters of Gulf of Mannar, India

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Amrutha ◽  
V. Sanil Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Wave Height ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Sea Breeze ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Gulf Of Mannar ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
One Year

Abstract. In coastal gulfs generally, predominance of wind-seas are expected. Waves measured at a location having a water depth of 15 m in the nearshore waters of Gulf of Mannar during one year period (1 May 2015 to 30 April 2016) is used to examine the predominance of wind-seas and swells through spectral characterization. The study shows that even though the location is in a gulf, the annual average value (~ 0.84 m) of the significant wave height at this area is comparable to that along the coastal waters of the Indian subcontinent, but the annual maximum value (~ 1.7 m) recorded is much less than that (3 to 5 m) observed in those regions. Also, large seasonal variations are not observed in the wave height. The waves of the study region are under the control of sea-breeze with the maximum in the late evening hours and the minimum in the early morning hours. 53 % of the surface height variance in the study area is a result of southeast and south swells and the remaining are the east and southeast wind-seas.

Field Observations on Adults of the Wheat Bulb Fly (Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.)).

1958 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Long
Keyword(s):  
Ground Level ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Emergence Period ◽  
Temperature Rhythm ◽  
Population Peak ◽  
Late Evening ◽  
Number Of Males ◽  
Active Return

A study of adult populations of Wheat Bulb Ply, Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.), has been carried out in the field by routine sweeping at Rothamsted. It has been observed that the males emerge slightly before the females and that the emergence period may cover at least three weeks in late June and early July. Although the number of males may exceed the number of females at first, the females predominate later in the season due to the shorter life span of the males.The numbers of flies on the wheat have been found to fluctuate appreciably throughout the day. During the first week of the emergence period the number of flies taken increased steadily throughout the day. After the date of population peak, however, the maximum numbers occurred in the crop in the very early morning and the late evening, which suggested a daily flight dispersion followed by a general or localised return of the flies to the crop. Further study of the data showed that the daily temperature rhythm was only partly responsible for this daily flight dispersion, and that there appeared to be an active return flight to the crop in the evening. Generally the males were more active than the females and did not settle so deeply in the crop.The temperature threshold for flight was observed to be 12 to 13°C. Winds up to 8 m.p.h. did not appear to affect flight activity, but higher winds, e.g., 15 m.p.h., markedly reduced flight, the flies remaining deep in the crop near ground level. Gale-force winds, however, were observed to produce a permanent depletion in the number of flies infesting Broadbalk field, indicating that the population was probably localised.Although portions of the populations dispersed fairly rapidly from the emergence sites, recaptures of radioactive flies labelled with 32P indicated that the extent of the dispersions was not very great. The females dispersed more than the males, and were influenced to some extent by the occurrence of wheat in flower. Frequently the flies were found to have congregated on the lee edge of the crop, but other preferred regions have been observed which could not be attributed to the influence of the wind.

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