scholarly journals Gastrointestinal Dynamics of Non-Encapsulated and Microencapsulated Salmonella Bacteriophages in Broiler Production

Animals ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 144
Author(s):  
Laura Lorenzo-Rebenaque ◽  
Danish J. Malik ◽  
Pablo Catalá-Gregori ◽  
Clara Marin ◽  
Sandra Sevilla-Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Bacteriophage Therapy ◽  
Promising Tool

Bacteriophage therapy is being considered as a promising tool to control Salmonella in poultry. Nevertheless, changes in gastrointestinal tract environmental conditions throughout the production cycle could compromise the efficacy of phages administered orally. The main objectives of this study were to assess the optimal timing of the phage administration over a 42-day production cycle and to compare microencapsulated and non-encapsulated phages and the spatial and temporal dynamics of the phage delivery along the gastrointestinal tract. Phage FGS011 was encapsulated in the pH-responsive polymer Eudragit® L100 using the process of spray drying. At different weeks of the chicken rearing period, 15 broilers were divided into three groups. Over a period of 24 h, group 1 received non-encapsulated phages (delivered through drinking water), group 2 received microencapsulated phages (incorporated in animal feed), and group 3 did not receive any phages. Microencapsulation was shown to enable efficient delivery of the bacteriophages to the animal gut and cecum throughout the animal rearing period. During the six weeks of application, the crop displayed the highest phage concentration for both phage delivery methods. The L100 based encapsulation offered significant protection to the phages from the harsh environmental conditions in the PV-Gizzard (not seen with phages administered in drinking water) which may help in the delivery of high phage doses to the cecum. Future Salmonella challenge studies are necessary to demonstrate the benefits of microencapsulation of phages using L100 formulation on phage therapy in field studies during the rearing period.

Habitat Association of Klebsiella Species

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan T. Bagley
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Habitat Associations ◽  
Habitat Association ◽  
Klebsiella Species ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Polluted Waters

AbstractThe genus Klebsiella is seemingly ubiquitous in terms of its habitat associations. Klebsiella is a common opportunistic pathogen for humans and other animals, as well as being resident or transient flora (particularly in the gastrointestinal tract). Other habitats include sewage, drinking water, soils, surface waters, industrial effluents, and vegetation. Until recently, almost all these Klebsiella have been identified as one species, ie, K. pneumoniae. However, phenotypic and genotypic studies have shown that “K. pneumoniae” actually consists of at least four species, all with distinct characteristics and habitats. General habitat associations of Klebsiella species are as follows: K. pneumoniae—humans, animals, sewage, and polluted waters and soils; K. oxytoca—frequent association with most habitats; K. terrigena— unpolluted surface waters and soils, drinking water, and vegetation; K. planticola—sewage, polluted surface waters, soils, and vegetation; and K. ozaenae/K. rhinoscleromatis—infrequently detected (primarily with humans).

scholarly journals A three-dimensional view on biodiversity changes: spatial, temporal, and functional perspectives on fish communities in the Baltic Sea

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (7) ◽  
pp. 2463-2475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romain Frelat ◽  
Alessandro Orio ◽  
Michele Casini ◽  
Andreas Lehmann ◽  
Bastien Mérigot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Fish Communities ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Functional Richness ◽  
Holistic Understanding ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract Fisheries and marine ecosystem-based management requires a holistic understanding of the dynamics of fish communities and their responses to changes in environmental conditions. Environmental conditions can simultaneously shape the spatial distribution and the temporal dynamics of a population, which together can trigger changes in the functional structure of communities. Here, we developed a comprehensive framework based on complementary multivariate statistical methodologies to simultaneously investigate the effects of environmental conditions on the spatial, temporal and functional dynamics of species assemblages. The framework is tested using survey data collected during more than 4000 fisheries hauls over the Baltic Sea between 2001 and 2016. The approach revealed the Baltic fish community to be structured into three sub-assemblages along a strong and temporally stable salinity gradient decreasing from West to the East. Additionally, we highlight a mismatch between species and functional richness associated with a lower functional redundancy in the Baltic Proper compared with other sub-areas, suggesting an ecosystem more susceptible to external pressures. Based on a large dataset of community data analysed in an innovative and comprehensive way, we could disentangle the effects of environmental changes on the structure of biotic communities—key information for the management and conservation of ecosystems.

scholarly journals A cross sectional study of contact dermatitis among chicken farmers

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
Tika Nela Sirait ◽  
Helen Kartika Hasianna Sinaga
Keyword(s):  
Contact Dermatitis ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Farm Workers ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chicken Farm ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Occupational diseases can be caused by several factors of work and environmental conditions of workers. Poor environmental conditions and worker behavior are some of the triggers for the emergence of dermatitis in workers. Contact dermatitis in chicken farm workers can be caused by exposure to chemicals from animal feed. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence the occurrence of dermatitis in chicken farmworkers. This research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. The population in this study was a total sample of 35 people. The results showed that there was no relationship between the use of personal protective equipment, working period, and personal hygiene with the appearance of symptoms of dermatitis in workers. However, this study found that workers who have worked for more than 12 months and practice good personal hygiene tend to avoid symptoms of dermatitis. This study provides a recommendation that the longer a person has worked, personal hygiene improvement needs to be done to avoid dermatitis.

scholarly journals Missing Links in Predicting Berry Sunburn in Future Vineyards

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Bahr ◽  
Dominik Schmidt ◽  
Katrin Kahlen
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Developmental State ◽  
Local Heat ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Plant Management ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Berry Quality ◽  
Open Issues

Sunburn in grapevine berries is known as a recurring disorder causing severe yield losses and a decline in berry quality. The transition from healthy to sunburnt along a temporal trajectory is not fully understood. It is driven by light-boosted local heat impact and modulated by, e.g., past environments of the berry and its developmental state. Events of berry sunburn are often associated with heatwaves, indicating a link to climate change. In addition, the sensitivity of grapevine architecture to changing environmental condition indicates an urgent need to investigate and adapt mitigation strategies of berry sunburn in future vineyards. In this perspective, we want to identify missing links in predicting berry sunburn in vineyards and propose a modeling framework that may help us to investigate berry sunburn in future vineyards. For this, we propose to address open issues in both developing a model of berry sunburn and considering dynamic canopy growth, and canopy interaction with the environment and plant management such as shoot positioning or leaf removal. Because local environmental conditions drive sunburn, we aim at showing that identifying sunburn-reducing strategies in a vineyard under future environmental conditions can be supported by a modeling approach that integrates effects of management practices over time and takes grapevine architecture explicitly into account. We argue that functional-structural plant models may address such complex tasks. Once open issues are solved, they might be a promising tool to advance our knowledge on reducing risks of berry sunburn in silico.

Ethalfluralin Activity in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

Weed Science ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 498-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey F. Derr ◽  
Thomas J. Monaco
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Fresh Market

In greenhouse studies, soil organic matter reduced the herbicidal activity of ethalfluralin (N-ethyl-N-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine). Fifty percent inhibition (I5.0) values for barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv.] stand, injury, and shoot fresh weight increased as the soil organic-matter level increased. No difference in ethalfluralin tolerance was found among 16 cucumber (Cucumis sativusL.) cultivars. When grouped according to market type, fresh market cultivars tended to be injured more than pickling cultivars by excess ethalfluralin. Both shoots and roots of cucumber absorbed the herbicide, but exposure of roots to ethalfluralin was more toxic than exposure of shoots. Field studies indicated that with certain edaphic and environmental conditions, cucumbers can be injured by preemergence applications of ethalfluralin. Injury was greatest in a low organic-matter soil following a heavy rain. Ethalfluralin at 1.3 kg/ha gave adequate weed control in 1 and 3% organic-matter soils, but not in a 9% organic-matter soil.

Cancer of the gastrointestinal tract and exposure to asbestos in drinking water among lighthouse keepers (Norway)

2005 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 593-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Kjærheim ◽  
Bente Ulvestad ◽  
Jan Ivar Martinsen ◽  
Aage Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract

Biologically effective rate of saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p in soybean (Glycine max)

2012 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 517-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert T. Miller ◽  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Darren E. Robinson ◽  
Trevor E. Kraus ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Effective Rate ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
Lamb’S Quarters ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Annual Weeds

Miller, R. T., Soltani, N., Robinson, D. E., Kraus, T. E. and Sikkema, P. H. 2012. Biologically effective rate of saflufenacil/dimethenamid- in soybean ( Glycine max ). Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: 517–531. A total of five field studies were conducted over a 2-yr period (2009, 2010) at three Ontario locations to determine the biologically effective rate of saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p applied preemergence (PRE) for the control of annual weeds in soybean. The rate of saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p required for the control of annual weeds was influenced by environmental conditions. With adequate moisture and above-average temperatures in 2010, between 224 and 374 g a.i. ha−1 of saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p was required for 80% control of common ragweed, common lamb's quarters, and green foxtail 4 wk after treatment (WAT). In contrast, below-average temperatures and excessive moisture in 2009 resulted in higher rates of saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p being necessary for the same level of weed control. Pigweed species were least affected by environmental conditions after application at 4 WAT with only 245 g a.i. ha−1 required for 80% control in both years. By 11 WAT, 320 g a.i. ha−1 or less of saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p was required to achieve 80% control of these species in 2010, while 845 g a.i. ha−1 or more was needed in 2009 for equivalent control. The potential of saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p as a set-up treatment prior to a postemergence (POST) glyphosate application was also examined. Excellent full season control of all weed species was achieved with saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p applied PRE followed by glyphosate POST. However, there was no difference in yield when saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p was followed by glyphosate POST compared with a single glyphosate POST application.

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