scholarly journals Maternal Supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii during Late-Gestation through Lactation Differentially Modulated Immune Status and Stress Responsiveness of the Progeny to Farrowing and Weaning Stressors

Animals ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Janeen L. Salak-Johnson ◽  
Cassidy Reddout ◽  
Lily Hernandez ◽  
Anne Visconti
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Neutrophil Function ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Cortisol Response ◽  
Immune Parameters ◽  
Weaning Stress ◽  
Stress Responsiveness

The study aimed to investigate and characterize the maternal effects of feeding Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boularddii (Scb) to sows from late-gestation through lactation on progeny cortisol, immune status, and stress responsiveness from birth to 14 days post-weaning. Eighty-four piglets were born to sows fed control (CON) or probiotic (PRO) boluses twice daily for 59 days. Blood samples were obtained at birth and 24 h later to assess prenatal effects; 7, 14, and 21 day-of-age to assess potential developmental effects; and at 24 h, 7, and 14 days post-weaning to assess the effects of weaning stress on immune and cortisol responses. Pigs born to PRO sows had less robust cortisol response and enhanced immune parameters at birth and 24 h later, indicating less stress. In response to weaning, pigs born to and nursed by PRO sows displayed unique cortisol and immune profiles than CON pigs. These results indicate that feeding sows Scb probiotics during late gestation reduces stress responsiveness to farrowing stress while increasing immune cell populations. Pigs nursed by PRO sows had a more robust initial cortisol response and enhanced neutrophil function and B-cell lymphocyte proliferation in response to weaning stress. These data imply it may be possible to maternally alter immune and stress responses in utero and during suckling in the short-term and up to 14 days post-weaning. However, more research is needed to optimize this strategy.

scholarly journals PSIII-21 Effect of active, dry yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ActiSaf HR+®) on postweaning performance, diarrhea and immune parameters of nursery pigs in cleaned or dirty environmental conditions

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 371-372
Author(s):  
Claudia Tellman ◽  
Thomas Esselburn ◽  
Joseph Loughmiller ◽  
Sheila Jacobi
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Multiple Stressors ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Nursery Pigs ◽  
Immune Parameters ◽  
Clean Environment ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Weaning imposes multiple stressors that reduce feed intake and impair intestinal integrity. Furthermore, poor environmental management could compound the high stress period increasing morbidity and mortality of postweaning piglets. The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of supplemental Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ActiSaf HR+®) on postweaning growth performance, fecal scores and immune parameters in a clean or dirty nursery environment. The experiment was a 2 X 2 factorial design with 2 dietary treatments fed in a sanitized (following barn SOP) and un-sanitized (pits flushed, feeders and pens scraped) nursery environment. Weaned piglets (n = 260 and 5pigs/pen; 14.7±1.5lbs wt., 20.8d of age) were allotted to the following dietary treatments: 1) control or 2) ActiSaf HR+® (0.1% in phase 1 and 2 and 0.05% phase 3 diets) for 5-wks postweaning. On days 3, 7, 14, 21 and 35 fecal scores/pen and blood samples were collected for monitoring diarrhea and measurement of cytokines. Overall, pigs fed ActiSaf tended towards greater ADG compared to control fed pigs regardless of environment (P = 0.09; 379 vs. 357 g/d, ActiSaf vs control, respectively). Final pen weights at d35 were greater in ActiSaf vs. control fed pigs (101 vs. 97 kg/pen; P < 0.05). Pigs reared in the dirty vs clean environment had reduced overall ADG (352 vs 384 g/d, respectively; P = 0.01), and pigs in the dirty environment tended towards higher overall feed:gain compared to pigs in clean environments; 1.87 vs. 1.76 g/g (P = 0.09). Diarrhea scores were increased in the dirty environment compared to the clean environment on days 3 and 7 (P < 0.01). Serum TNF-a concentrations were not significantly affected by diet or environment. In conclusion, nursery pigs raised in clean environments had higher ADG and improved feed conversion than pigs reared in a dirty environment. Pigs fed diets containing ActiSaf HR+® tended towards increased ADG regardless of environment.

Toll-like receptors stimulate human neutrophil function

Blood ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 102 (7) ◽  
pp. 2660-2669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumitaka Hayashi ◽  
Terry K. Means ◽  
Andrew D. Luster
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cell ◽  
Germ Line ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Neutrophil Function ◽  
Human Neutrophils ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Gm Csf ◽  
Latex Beads ◽  
Macrophage Colony ◽  
And Function

Abstract The first immune cell to arrive at the site of infection is the neutrophil. Upon arrival, neutrophils quickly initiate microbicidal functions, including the production of antimicrobial products and proinflammatory cytokines that serve to contain infection. This allows the acquired immune system enough time to generate sterilizing immunity and memory. Neutrophils detect the presence of a pathogen through germ line-encoded receptors that recognize microbe-associated molecular patterns. In vertebrates, the best characterized of these receptors are Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We have determined the expression and function of TLRs in freshly isolated human neutrophils. Neutrophils expressed TLR1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10—all the TLRs except TLR3. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) treatment increased TLR2 and TLR9 expression levels. The agonists of all TLRs expressed in neutrophils triggered or primed cytokine release, superoxide generation, and L-selectin shedding, while inhibiting chemotaxis to interleukin-8 (IL-8) and increasing phagocytosis of opsonized latex beads. The response to the TLR9 agonist nonmethylated CpG-motif-containing DNA (CpG DNA) required GM-CSF pretreatment, which also enhanced the response to the other TLR agonists. Finally, using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR), we demonstrate a chemokine expression profile that suggests that TLR-stimulated neutrophils recruit innate, but not acquired, immune cells to sites of infection. (Blood. 2003;102:2660-2669)

scholarly journals New Aspects of RpoE in Uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis

2014 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 966-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-Che Liu ◽  
Kuan-Ting Kuo ◽  
Hsiung-Fei Chien ◽  
Yi-Lin Tsai ◽  
Shwu-Jen Liaw
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Proteus Mirabilis ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Urothelial Cells ◽  
Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Tract Infections

Proteus mirabilisis a common human pathogen causing recurrent or persistent urinary tract infections (UTIs). The underlying mechanisms forP. mirabilisto establish UTIs are not fully elucidated. In this study, we showed that loss of the sigma factor E (RpoE), mediating extracytoplasmic stress responses, decreased fimbria expression, survival in macrophages, cell invasion, and colonization in mice but increased the interleukin-8 (IL-8) expression of urothelial cells and swarming motility. This is the first study to demonstrate that RpoE modulated expression of MR/P fimbriae by regulatingmrpI, a gene encoding a recombinase controlling the orientation of MR/P fimbria promoter. By real-time reverse transcription-PCR, we found that the IL-8 mRNA amount of urothelial cells was induced significantly by lipopolysaccharides extracted fromrpoEmutant but not from the wild type. These RpoE-associated virulence factors should be coordinately expressed to enhance the fitness ofP. mirabilisin the host, including the avoidance of immune attacks. Accordingly,rpoEmutant-infected mice displayed more immune cell infiltration in bladders and kidneys during early stages of infection, and therpoEmutant had a dramatically impaired ability of colonization. Moreover, it is noteworthy that urea (the major component in urine) and polymyxin B (a cationic antimicrobial peptide) can induce expression ofrpoEby the reporter assay, suggesting that RpoE might be activated in the urinary tract. Altogether, our results indicate that RpoE is important in sensing environmental cues of the urinary tract and subsequently triggering the expression of virulence factors, which are associated with the fitness ofP. mirabilis, to build up a UTI.

scholarly journals A novel pyroptosis-associated gene signature for immune status and prognosis of cutaneous melanoma

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12304
Author(s):  
Zhengyuan Wu ◽  
Leilei Chen ◽  
Chaojie Jin ◽  
Jing Xu ◽  
Xingqun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cutaneous Melanoma ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Gene Signature ◽  
Gene Set Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Cell Infiltration ◽  
Immune Cell Infiltration ◽  
Tumor Cell Death ◽  
Prognostic Gene ◽  
Prognostic Gene Signature

Background Cutaneous melanoma (CM) is a life-threatening destructive malignancy. Pyroptosis significantly correlates with programmed tumor cell death and its microenvironment through active host-tumor crosstalk. However, the prognostic value of pyroptosis-associated gene signatures in CM remains unclear. Methods Gene profiles and clinical data of patients with CM were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to identify differentially expressed genes associated with pyroptosis and overall survival (OS). We constructed a prognostic gene signature using LASSO analysis, then applied immune cell infiltration scores and Kaplan-Meier, Cox, and pathway enrichment analyses to determine the roles of the gene signature in CM. A validation cohort was collected from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Results Four pyroptosis-associated genes were identified and incorporated into a prognostic gene signature. Integrated bioinformatics findings showed that the signature correlated with patient survival and was associated with tumor growth and metastasis. The results of Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of a risk signature indicated that several enriched pathways are associated with cancer and immunity. The risk signature for immune status significantly correlated with tumor stem cells, the immune microenvironment, immune cell infiltration and immune subtypes. The expression of four pyroptosis genes significantly correlated with the OS of patients with CM and was related to the sensitivity of cancer cells to several antitumor drugs. A signature comprising four genes associated with pyroptosis offers a novel approach to the prognosis and survival of patients with CM and will facilitate the development of individualized therapy.

198 Effect of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Fermentate on Immune Cell Function Following Prolonged Head Elevation in 2-year-old Horses in Training

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 106-107
Author(s):  
Melissa Tench ◽  
Jillian M Bobel ◽  
Cinthya Bazurto ◽  
Tayler L Hansen ◽  
Nicolet Kirk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Treatment Effect ◽  
Lymphocyte Proliferation ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Moderate Intensity ◽  
Immune Cell Function ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Time Treatment ◽  
Head Elevation

Abstract Horses are often restricted from lowering their heads while being transported, which prevents nasal drainage and triggers upper respiratory tract inflammation. Based on positive outcomes in other species, we hypothesized Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentate (SCF) would modify this immune response in horses. Two-year-old Quarter Horses (mean ± SEM; initial age 22 ± 0.3 mo and BW 439 ± 3 kg) were randomly assigned to receive SCF (Diamond V, Cedar Rapids, IA; 21 g/d; n = 10) or no supplement (CON; n = 10) added to their diet (60% hay, 40% concentrate) for 60 d. Horses were exercised 4 d/wk for 30–45 min/d at light to moderate intensity. On d 57 horses were tethered with their heads elevated 35 cm above wither height for 12 h to mimic long-distance transport. Whole blood samples were obtained before and up to 72 h after stress induction to evaluate immune cell function. Data were compared using mixed model ANOVA with repeated measures. Serum cortisol (P < 0.01) and blood leukocytes (P < 0.05) were greater after head elevation. Lymphocyte proliferation in response to lipopolysaccharide was lower (P < 0.01) following head elevation but did not differ by treatment. Lymphocyte proliferation in response to concanavalin A exhibited a time × treatment effect (P = 0.05) where it decreased in CON horses after head elevation (P < 0.05) but was unchanged in SCF horses. Neutrophil phagocytosis of Streptococcus equi (a respiratory pathogen) was temporarily reduced (P < 0.05) after head elevation in both treatments. A time × treatment effect (P = 0.05) was observed for phagocytosis-induced oxidative burst, where it increased in SCF (P < 0.01) but did not change in CON horses. These data indicate SCF modified peripheral immune cell activity following a localized mucosal stressor. Whether these responses improve resistance to opportunistic pathogens following transport needs to be determined.

scholarly journals The Impact of Time-Restricted Feeding on Exercise-Induced Immune Parameters in C57BL/6 Male Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 1541-1541
Author(s):  
Marie van der Merwe ◽  
Martina Faietti ◽  
Richard Bloomer ◽  
Melissa Puppa ◽  
Aaron Persinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cell ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intermittent Fasting ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Immune Parameters ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Access To Food ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Objectives Food intake and exercise are considered modulators of the immune system. Specifically, intermittent fasting protocols have been demonstrated to reduce inflammation and alter cytokine responses. The objective of the current study was to determine if a form of intermittent fasting known as time-restricted feeding (TRF) would alter immune parameters in response to exercise. Methods 8-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were divided into three groups based on feeding schedule; group one had access to food ad libitum (Control) and groups two and three had access to food in a time restricted manner. Access was allowed for six hours per day either immediately after running (TRF-imm) or six hours after running (TRF-del). Mice ran on a treadmill for 1 hour, 5 days per week for eight weeks. Diet consisted of 21% protein, 16% fat and 64% carbohydrate. Weight, glucose and ketone levels, and immune populations were analyzed. Systemic IL-6 and TNF-α levels were measured before and after running. In a subpopulation, cytokine response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) was also monitored. Results All mice gained weight during the eight-week intervention, but TRF-imm gained significantly less weight than Control (P = 0.02). No differences were detected in glucose levels. The ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) was significantly higher at week eight in TRF groups (P ≤ 0.03) but running induced BHB in all groups to approximately 1 mM. Running reduced the blood lymphocytes levels (P < 0.05), with a concomitant increase of granulocytes (P < 0.05) in all groups. There was a small increase in monocytes only in the Control group (P = 0.017). No differences were detected in splenic immune populations, including CD4 and CD8 T cells, and CD11b + cells. Both IL-6 and TNF-α levels were low in all groups before exercise; however, post exercise IL-6 was increased, but not to the same extend in all groups. The IL-6 response was blunted in the TRF groups. The reduced levels of IL-6 was not due to loss of immune function, as both IL-6 and TNF-α were readily induced by exposure of mice to LPS. Conclusions Time-restricted feeding protocols did not induce differences in immune cell composition in blood or spleen but resulted in attenuated exercise-induced IL-6 levels. Funding Sources University of Memphis, School of Health Studies.

Maternal undernutrition during the first week after conception results in decreased expression of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA in the absence of GR exon 17 hypermethylation in the fetal pituitary in late gestation

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 391-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Zhang ◽  
O. Williams-Wyss ◽  
S. M. MacLaughlin ◽  
S. K. Walker ◽  
D. O. Kleemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glucocorticoid Receptor ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Early Embryo ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Maternal Undernutrition ◽  
Stress Responsiveness ◽  
Periconceptional Period

Exposure to maternal undernutrition during the periconceptional period results in an earlier prepartum activation of the fetal hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and altered stress responsiveness in the offspring. It is not known whether such changes are a consequence of exposure of the oocyte and/or the early embryo to maternal undernutrition in the periconceptional period. We have compared the effects of ‘periconceptional’ undernutrition (PCUN: maternal undernutrition imposed from at least 45 days before until 6 days after conception), and ‘early preimplantation’ undernutrition (PIUN: maternal undernutrition imposed for only 6 days after conception) on the expression of genes in the fetal anterior pituitary that regulate adrenal growth and steroidogenesis, proopiomelanorcortin (POMC), prohormone convertase 1 (PC1), 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and 2 (11βHSD1 and 2) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in fetal sheep at 136–138 days of gestation. Pituitary GR mRNA expression was significantly lower in the PCUN and PIUN groups in both singletons and twins compared with controls, although this suppression of GR expression was not associated with hypermethylation of the exon 17 region of the GR gene. In twin fetuses, the pituitary 11βHSD1 mRNA expression was significantly higher in the PIUN group compared with the PCUN but not the control group. Thus, exposure of the single or twin embryo to maternal undernutrition for only 1 week after conception is sufficient to cause a suppression of the pituitary GR expression in late gestation. These changes may contribute to the increased stress responsiveness of the HPA axis in the offspring after exposure to poor nutrition during the periconceptional period.

scholarly journals The Role of Physiological Vitamin C Concentrations on Key Functions of Neutrophils Isolated from Healthy Individuals

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie M. Bozonet ◽  
Anitra C. Carr
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Dehydroascorbic Acid ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Neutrophil Function ◽  
Neutrophil Extracellular Trap ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
Ascorbate Uptake

Vitamin C (ascorbate) is important for neutrophil function and immune health. Studies showing improved immune function have primarily used cells from scorbutic animals or from individuals with infectious conditions or immune cell disorders. Few studies have focused on the requirements of neutrophils from healthy adults. Therefore, we have investigated the role of vitamin C, at concentrations equivalent to those obtained in plasma from oral intakes (i.e., 50–200 µmol/L), on key functions of neutrophils isolated from healthy individuals. Cells were either pre-loaded with dehydroascorbic acid, which is rapidly reduced intracellularly to ascorbate, or the cells were activated in the presence of extracellular ascorbate. We measured the effects of enhanced ascorbate uptake on the essential functions of chemotaxis, oxidant production, programmed cell death and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. We found that neutrophils isolated from healthy individuals already had replete ascorbate status (0.35 nmol/106 cells), therefore they did not uptake additional ascorbate. However, they readily took up dehydroascorbic acid, thus significantly increasing their intracellular ascorbate concentrations, although this was found to have no additional effect on superoxide production or chemotaxis. Interestingly, extracellular ascorbate appeared to enhance directional mobilityin the presence of the chemoattractant formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). Stimulation of the cells in the presence of ascorbate significantly increased intracellular ascorbate concentrations and, although this exhibited a non-significant increase in phosphatidylserine exposure, NET formation was significantly attenuated. Our findings demonstrate the ability of neutrophils to regulate their uptake of ascorbate from the plasma of healthy humans to maintain an optimal level within the cell for proper functioning. Higher oral intakes, however, may help reduce tissue damage and inflammatory pathologies associated with NET formation.

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